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{{Short description|1444 Japanese dictionary of Chinese characters}} |
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The {{nihongo|'''Kagakushū'''|下学集||"Collection of Low/Mundane Studies"}}, alternatively read as ''Gegakushū'', was a 1444 [[Japanese dictionary]] of [[Chinese characters]] arranged into semantic headings. The title alludes to Confucius' self-description in the ''[[Lunyu]]'': 下学而上達 "My studies lie low, and my penetration rises high." |
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{{Use shortened footnotes|date=May 2021}} |
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| ⚫ | The {{nihongo|'''''Kagakushū'''''|下学集||"Collection of Low/Mundane Studies"}}, alternatively read as ''Gegakushū'', was a 1444 [[Japanese dictionary]] of [[Chinese characters]] arranged into semantic headings. The title alludes to Confucius' self-description in the ''[[Lunyu]]'': 下学而上達 "My studies lie low, and my penetration rises high."{{r|Lunyu_XIV_35}} |
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The ''Kagakushū'''s [[Colophon (publishing)|colophon]] is dated 1444 CE, but does not name the dictionary's editor except for obscurely mentioning ''Tōroku Hanō'' (東麓破衲 "East-foothills Torn-robes"; possibly Hadō). Scholars presume this was a [[Muromachi Period]] Buddhist priest because ''Tōroku'' is a variant name for ''Tōzan'' (東山 "East Mountain"), which is the location of [[Kennin-ji]] (建仁寺), the head temple of the [[Sōtō]] school of [[Zen]]. |
The ''Kagakushū'''s [[Colophon (publishing)|colophon]] is dated 1444 CE, but does not name the dictionary's editor except for obscurely mentioning ''Tōroku Hanō'' (東麓破衲 "East-foothills Torn-robes"; possibly Hadō). Scholars presume this was a [[Muromachi Period]] Buddhist priest because ''Tōroku'' is a variant name for ''Tōzan'' (東山 "East Mountain"), which is the location of [[Kennin-ji]] (建仁寺), the head temple of the [[Sōtō]] school of [[Zen]].{{r|Kamei1944_137}} |
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The ''Kagakushū'' was one of the first Japanese dictionaries designed for common people rather than intelligentsia. In the lexicographical evolution of Japanese dictionaries, Nakao explains how |
The ''Kagakushū'' was one of the first Japanese dictionaries designed for common people rather than intelligentsia. In the lexicographical evolution of Japanese dictionaries, Nakao explains how |
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<blockquote>[R]eference books took a significant further step towards Japanese, and the dictionaries, which had been almost exclusively employed by scholars, priests, literati, and the learned minority of the country, consequently reached a wider audience and began to be used as practical guides to reading and writing. Moreover, the developing technology of printing enabled the literate public to obtain handy and practical dictionaries quite cheaply. ''Kagakushu'' (1444), produced in two volumes and edited by a monk in Kyoto, was a sort of Japanese language dictionary with encyclopedic information. It served as a textbook on Chinese characters and was reissued many times, each time with further additions. |
<blockquote>[R]eference books took a significant further step towards Japanese, and the dictionaries, which had been almost exclusively employed by scholars, priests, literati, and the learned minority of the country, consequently reached a wider audience and began to be used as practical guides to reading and writing. Moreover, the developing technology of printing enabled the literate public to obtain handy and practical dictionaries quite cheaply. ''Kagakushu'' (1444), produced in two volumes and edited by a monk in Kyoto, was a sort of Japanese language dictionary with encyclopedic information. It served as a textbook on Chinese characters and was reissued many times, each time with further additions.{{r|Nakao1998_37}} </blockquote> |
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This anonymous Japanese dictionary, in two [[fascicle (book)|fascicles]] (''kan'' [[Wikt:卷|卷]] "scroll; volume"), defines some 3000 words |
This anonymous Japanese dictionary, in two [[fascicle (book)|fascicles]] (''kan'' [[Wikt:卷|卷]] "scroll; volume"), defines some 3000 words.{{r|Kaneko1996_51}} Head entries in the ''Jikyōshū'' give the ''[[kanji]]'', Japanese readings in ''[[katakana]]'' to the right, definition, usage notes, and occasionally etymology. [[Collation]] for the entries involves 18 semantic headings, as shown below. |
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Compared with the semantic categorizations in earlier Japanese dictionaries such as the ''[[Wamyō Ruijushō]]'' or ''[[Iroha Jiruishō]]'', these simplified 18 in the ''Kagakushū'' are easier to understand. |
Compared with the semantic categorizations in earlier Japanese dictionaries such as the ''[[Wamyō Ruijushō]]'' or ''[[Iroha Jiruishō]]'', these simplified 18 in the ''Kagakushū'' are easier to understand. |
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Many ''Kagakushū'' editions have an appendix entitled ''Tenkaku-shōji'' (点画小異字 "characters differing only by one stroke") that lists pairs like ''ya'' [[Wikt:冶|冶]] "smelt; cast" and ''chi'' [[Wikt:治|治]] "govern; regulate". |
Many ''Kagakushū'' editions have an appendix entitled ''Tenkaku-shōji'' (点画小異字 "characters differing only by one stroke") that lists pairs like ''ya'' [[Wikt:冶|冶]] "smelt; cast" and ''chi'' [[Wikt:治|治]] "govern; regulate". |
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The origins of the ''Kagakushū'', like the ''[[Setsuyōshū]]'', are associated with an early type of Japanese textbook used in Buddhist ''[[Terakoya]]'' private schools, the ''ōraimono'' (往来物, "correspondences; model letter book; copybook"). According to Don Bailey: |
The origins of the ''Kagakushū'', like the ''[[Setsuyōshū]]'', are associated with an early type of Japanese textbook used in Buddhist ''[[Terakoya]]'' private schools, the ''ōraimono'' (往来物, "correspondences; model letter book; copybook"). According to Don Bailey: |
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<blockquote>The ''Kagakushū'', although only sparsely annotated, was in fact intended to serve as a small encyclopedia and textbook as well as a dictionary; the compiler, apparently realizing that many of the ''ōrai'' then in use were too detailed, cumbersome, and tome-like, condensed and abstracted from these texts in order to produce a reference tool containing minimally essential information and Chinese characters. That he succeeded is attested by the fact that over thirty copies of the ''Kagakushū'' have survived from the Muromachi period alone. |
<blockquote>The ''Kagakushū'', although only sparsely annotated, was in fact intended to serve as a small encyclopedia and textbook as well as a dictionary; the compiler, apparently realizing that many of the ''ōrai'' then in use were too detailed, cumbersome, and tome-like, condensed and abstracted from these texts in order to produce a reference tool containing minimally essential information and Chinese characters. That he succeeded is attested by the fact that over thirty copies of the ''Kagakushū'' have survived from the Muromachi period alone.{{r|Bailey1960_37}} </blockquote> |
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==Notes== |
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<references/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist|refs= |
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*Bailey, Don Clifford. (1960). "Early Japanese Lexicography". ''Monumenta Nipponica'' 16:1–52. |
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<ref name=Lunyu_XIV_35>{{cite web |title=Lun Yu – The Analects of Confucius translated by Legge and Lau (to English), and Couvreur (to French) |website=Chinese Classics & Translations |at=XIV.35 |url=http://www.afpc.asso.fr/wengu/wg/wengu.php?l=Lunyu&s=14 |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004949/http://www.afpc.asso.fr/wengu/wg/wengu.php?l=Lunyu&s=14}}</ref> |
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* {{cite book |
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| last = Kamei |
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<ref name=Kamei1944_137>{{cite book |last=Kamei |first=Takashi |date=1944 |title=Kagakushū: Gennabon |location=Tōkyō |publisher=Iwanami Shoten |page=137}}</ref> |
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| first = Takashi |
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| title = Kagakushū: Gennabon |
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| ⚫ | <ref name=Nakao1998_37>{{cite journal |last=Nakao |first=Keisuke |date=1998 |title=The state of bilingual lexicography in Japan: learners' English–Japanese / Japanese–English dictionaries |journal=International Journal of Lexicography |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=35–50|doi=10.1093/ijl/11.1.35 }} p. 37.</ref> |
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| publisher=Iwanami Shoten |
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| year = 1944 |
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| ⚫ | <ref name=Kaneko1996_51>Kaneko Akira 金子彰. (1996).『下学集 (''Kagakushū'').』In ''Nihon jisho jiten'' 日本辞書辞典 (''The Encyclopedia of Dictionaries Published in Japan''), Okimori Takuya 沖森卓也, et al., eds., pp. 50–52. Tokyo: Ōfū. {{ISBN|4-273-02890-5}} p. 51.</ref> |
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| location = Tōkyō |
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| url = |
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<ref name=Bailey1960_37>{{cite journal |last=Bailey |first=Don Clifford |date=1960 |title=Early Japanese Lexicography |journal=Monumenta Nipponica |volume=16 |issue=1/2 April/July |pages=1–52 |doi=10.2307/2383355|jstor=2383355 }} p. 37.</ref> |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[http://www.tulips.tsukuba.ac.jp/exhibition/jyousetu/tsukubane/kagakusyuu.html 下学集], first page of ''Kagakushū'', Tsukuba University |
*[http://www.tulips.tsukuba.ac.jp/exhibition/jyousetu/tsukubane/kagakusyuu.html 下学集], first page of ''Kagakushū'', Tsukuba University |
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*[http://www.venus.sannet.ne.jp/tigers/makino/china/afuchi.html 下学集の複写], ''Kagakushū'' entry for 楝 [[Chinaberry]], [[Tomitaro Makino]] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071013163735/http://www.venus.sannet.ne.jp/tigers/makino/china/afuchi.html 下学集の複写], ''Kagakushū'' entry for 楝 [[Chinaberry]], [[Tomitaro Makino]] |
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*Manuscript scans at [[Waseda University Library]]: [http://archive.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/ho02/ho02_00230/ 1669], [http://archive.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/ho02/ho02_00890/ho02_00890.html] |
*Manuscript scans at [[Waseda University Library]]: [http://archive.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/ho02/ho02_00230/ 1669], [http://archive.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/ho02/ho02_00890/ho02_00890.html] |
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{{Dictionaries of Japanese}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kagakushu}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kagakushu}} |
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The Kagakushū (下学集, "Collection of Low/Mundane Studies"), alternatively read as Gegakushū, was a 1444 Japanese dictionaryofChinese characters arranged into semantic headings. The title alludes to Confucius' self-description in the Lunyu: 下学而上達 "My studies lie low, and my penetration rises high."[1]
The Kagakushū'scolophon is dated 1444 CE, but does not name the dictionary's editor except for obscurely mentioning Tōroku Hanō (東麓破衲 "East-foothills Torn-robes"; possibly Hadō). Scholars presume this was a Muromachi Period Buddhist priest because Tōroku is a variant name for Tōzan (東山 "East Mountain"), which is the location of Kennin-ji (建仁寺), the head temple of the Sōtō school of Zen.[2]
The Kagakushū was one of the first Japanese dictionaries designed for common people rather than intelligentsia. In the lexicographical evolution of Japanese dictionaries, Nakao explains how
[R]eference books took a significant further step towards Japanese, and the dictionaries, which had been almost exclusively employed by scholars, priests, literati, and the learned minority of the country, consequently reached a wider audience and began to be used as practical guides to reading and writing. Moreover, the developing technology of printing enabled the literate public to obtain handy and practical dictionaries quite cheaply. Kagakushu (1444), produced in two volumes and edited by a monk in Kyoto, was a sort of Japanese language dictionary with encyclopedic information. It served as a textbook on Chinese characters and was reissued many times, each time with further additions.[3]
This anonymous Japanese dictionary, in two fascicles (kan 卷 "scroll; volume"), defines some 3000 words.[4] Head entries in the Jikyōshū give the kanji, Japanese readings in katakana to the right, definition, usage notes, and occasionally etymology. Collation for the entries involves 18 semantic headings, as shown below.
| Heading | Rōmaji | Kanji | Subject |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tenchi | 天地 | nature |
| 2 | Jisetsu | 時節 | seasons |
| 3 | Jingi | 神祇 | Shintō deities |
| 4 | Jinrin | 人倫 | human relations |
| 5 | Kan'i | 官位 | offices and ranks |
| 6 | Jinmei | 人名 | names of people |
| 7 | Kaoku | 家屋 | buildings |
| 8 | Kikei | 気形 | creatures |
| 9 | Shitai | 支体 | anatomy |
| 10 | Taigei | 態芸 | art and form |
| 11 | Kenpu | 絹布 | cloth |
| 12 | Inshoku | 飲食 | foods and drinks |
| 13 | Kizai | 器材 | utensils |
| 14 | Sōmoku | 草木 | plants |
| 15 | Saishiki | 彩色 | colors |
| 16 | Sūryō | 数量 | weights and measures |
| 17 | Genji | 言辞 | miscellaneous words |
| 18 | Jōji | 畳字 | synonym compounds |
Compared with the semantic categorizations in earlier Japanese dictionaries such as the Wamyō RuijushōorIroha Jiruishō, these simplified 18 in the Kagakushū are easier to understand.
Many Kagakushū editions have an appendix entitled Tenkaku-shōji (点画小異字 "characters differing only by one stroke") that lists pairs like ya 冶 "smelt; cast" and chi 治 "govern; regulate".
The origins of the Kagakushū, like the Setsuyōshū, are associated with an early type of Japanese textbook used in Buddhist Terakoya private schools, the ōraimono (往来物, "correspondences; model letter book; copybook"). According to Don Bailey:
The Kagakushū, although only sparsely annotated, was in fact intended to serve as a small encyclopedia and textbook as well as a dictionary; the compiler, apparently realizing that many of the ōrai then in use were too detailed, cumbersome, and tome-like, condensed and abstracted from these texts in order to produce a reference tool containing minimally essential information and Chinese characters. That he succeeded is attested by the fact that over thirty copies of the Kagakushū have survived from the Muromachi period alone.[5]
