m Reverted edits by 24.38.110.102 (talk) (HG) (3.4.12)
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| image = File:Americans with Korean Ancestry by state.svg |
| image = File:Americans with Korean Ancestry by state.svg |
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| pop = '''1,989,519''' (2023)<ref name="글로벌코리아본부">{{Cite web |title=글로벌코리아본부 |url=https://www.koreancenter.or.kr/ |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=글로벌코리아본부 |language=ko}}</ref><br />{{small|'''0.6%''' of the U.S. population (2023)}}<br />'''2,633,777''' including Koreans without U.S. citizenship (2021)<ref name="MOFA">{{cite web | url=https://www.mofa.go.kr/www/wpge/m_21509/contents.do | title=다수거주국가 | 재외동포 정의 및 현황 외교부 }}</ref><br /> |
| pop = '''1,989,519''' (2023)<ref name="글로벌코리아본부">{{Cite web |title=글로벌코리아본부 |url=https://www.koreancenter.or.kr/ |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=글로벌코리아본부 |language=ko}}</ref><br />{{small|'''0.6%''' of the U.S. population (2023)}}<br />'''2,633,777''' including Koreans without U.S. citizenship (2021)<ref name="MOFA">{{cite web | url=https://www.mofa.go.kr/www/wpge/m_21509/contents.do | title=다수거주국가 | 재외동포 정의 및 현황 외교부 }}</ref><br /> |
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| popplace = {{hlist|[[Los Angeles metropolitan area]]|[[New York metropolitan area]]|[[Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area]]|[[San Francisco Bay Area]]|[[Seattle metropolitan area]]|[[Delaware Valley|Philadelphia metropolitan area]]|[[Greater Boston|Boston metropolitan area]]|[[Chicago metropolitan area]]|[[Atlanta metropolitan area]]|[[Houston metropolitan area]]|[[Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex|Dallas–Fort Worth metropolitan area]]|[[Riverside, California]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=RODRIGUEZ-GITLER |first1=ARIANA |title=Top 10 U.S. metropolitan areas by Korean population, 2015 |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/chart/top-10-u-s-metropolitan-areas-by-korean-population/ |website=PEW RESEARCH CENTER: Social & Demographic Trends |publisher=PEW RESEARCH CENTER |access-date=2018-09-03 |archive-date=2018-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903215427/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/chart/top-10-u-s-metropolitan-areas-by-korean-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} |
| popplace = {{hlist|[[Los Angeles metropolitan area]]|[[New York metropolitan area]]|[[Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area]]|[[San Francisco Bay Area]]|[[Seattle metropolitan area]]|[[Delaware Valley|Philadelphia metropolitan area]]|[[Greater Boston|Boston metropolitan area]]|[[Chicago metropolitan area]]|[[Atlanta metropolitan area]]|[[Houston metropolitan area]]|[[Anchorage, Alaska]]|[[Portland metropolitan area]]|[[Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex|Dallas–Fort Worth metropolitan area]]|[[Riverside, California]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=RODRIGUEZ-GITLER |first1=ARIANA |title=Top 10 U.S. metropolitan areas by Korean population, 2015 |url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/chart/top-10-u-s-metropolitan-areas-by-korean-population/ |website=PEW RESEARCH CENTER: Social & Demographic Trends |date=8 September 2017 |publisher=PEW RESEARCH CENTER |access-date=2018-09-03 |archive-date=2018-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903215427/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/chart/top-10-u-s-metropolitan-areas-by-korean-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} |
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| langs = [[English language|English]], [[Korean language|Korean]] |
| langs = [[English language|English]], [[Korean language|Korean]] |
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| rels = 61% [[Protestantism]]<br />23% [[Irreligion|Unaffiliated]]<br />10% [[Roman Catholicism]]<br />6% [[Buddhism]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/Asian-Americans-A-Mosaic-of-Faiths-overview.aspx |title=Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths |website=Pew Forum |date=2012-07-19 |access-date=2013-02-16 |archive-date=2013-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716064702/http://www.pewforum.org/Asian-Americans-A-Mosaic-of-Faiths-overview.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://projects.pewforum.org/2012/07/18/religious-affiliation-of-asian-americans-2/asianamericans_affiliation-8-2/ |title=Pew Forum – Korean Americans' Religions |website=Pew Forum |date=2012-07-18 |access-date=2013-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202232852/http://projects.pewforum.org/2012/07/18/religious-affiliation-of-asian-americans-2/asianamericans_affiliation-8-2/ |archive-date=2013-02-02 }}</ref> |
| rels = 61% [[Protestantism]]<br />23% [[Irreligion|Unaffiliated]]<br />10% [[Roman Catholicism]]<br />6% [[Buddhism]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/Asian-Americans-A-Mosaic-of-Faiths-overview.aspx |title=Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths |website=Pew Forum |date=2012-07-19 |access-date=2013-02-16 |archive-date=2013-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716064702/http://www.pewforum.org/Asian-Americans-A-Mosaic-of-Faiths-overview.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://projects.pewforum.org/2012/07/18/religious-affiliation-of-asian-americans-2/asianamericans_affiliation-8-2/ |title=Pew Forum – Korean Americans' Religions |website=Pew Forum |date=2012-07-18 |access-date=2013-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202232852/http://projects.pewforum.org/2012/07/18/religious-affiliation-of-asian-americans-2/asianamericans_affiliation-8-2/ |archive-date=2013-02-02 }}</ref> |
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{{Korean people}} |
{{Korean people}} |
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'''Korean Americans''' ({{Korean|hangul=한국계 미국인}}) are [[Americans]] who are of full or partial [[Koreans|Korean ethnic descent]]. The majority of Korean Americans trace their ancestry to [[South Korea]]. |
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'''Korean Americans''' ([[Korean language|Korean]]: 한국계 미국인) are [[Americans]] with ancestry from [[Korea]], especially South Korea. The term ''Korean Americans'' (also rendered as ''Korean-Americans'') encompasses [[citizen]]s of the [[United States]] of full or partial Korean descent. While the broader term ''Overseas Korean in America'' ([[Korean language|Korean]]: 미주한인/재미교포/재미한인) may refer to ethnic Koreans residing in the U.S., the specific designation of Korean American implies that an individual holds [[Citizenship of the United States|American citizenship]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=인태정 |last2=오중환 |date=May 2012 |title=재미 한인의 미국과 한국사회 만족도 비교연구: 미국 북동부의 뉴욕, 뉴저지, 보스턴 지역을 중심으로 :미국 북동부의 뉴욕, 뉴저지, 보스턴 지역을 중심으로 |url=https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE01873472 |journal=문화와 사회 |language=ko |volume=12 |pages=147–189 |issn=1975-7239}}</ref> Korean Americans may, however, possess dual-citizenship with the Republic of Korea. Known as "dual citizens by birth" (or선천적 복수국적자), these individuals are the children of parents with South Korean citizenship born in the US. As of 2021, it is estimated that there are 20,000 2nd generation Korean Americans who are dual-citizens by birth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=선천적 복수국적제 피해, 여성의 경우 – 미주 한국일보 |url=http://www.koreatimes.com/article/20210624/1368659 |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=www.koreatimes.com |language=ko}}</ref> |
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The term ''Korean Americans'' (also rendered as ''Korean-Americans'') usually encompasses [[citizen]]s of the [[United States]]offull or partial Korean descent. While the broader term ''Overseas Korean in America'' ({{Korean|hangul=미주한인/재미교포/재미한인|labels=no}}) may refer to ethnic Koreans residing in the U.S., the specific designation of Korean American implies that an individual holds [[Citizenship of the United States|American citizenship]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=인 |first1=태정 |last2=오중환 |date=May 2012 |title=재미 한인의 미국과 한국사회 만족도 비교연구: 미국 북동부의 뉴욕, 뉴저지, 보스턴 지역을 중심으로 :미국 북동부의 뉴욕, 뉴저지, 보스턴 지역을 중심으로 |url=https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE01873472 |journal=문화와 사회 |language=ko |volume=12 |pages=147–189 |issn=1975-7239}}</ref> Korean Americans may, however, possess dual-citizenship with the Republic of Korea. Known as "dual citizens by birth" (or 선천적 복수국적자), these individuals are the childrenofparents with South Korean citizenship born in the US. Asof2021, it is estimated that there are 20,000 2nd generation Korean Americans who are dual-citizens by birth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=선천적 복수국적제 피해, 여성의 경우|url=http://www.koreatimes.com/article/20210624/1368659 |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=[[The Korea Times (Los Angeles)|The Korea Times]] |language=ko}}</ref> |
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In contrast to [[Northeast Asia]], which is grappling with a significant low birth rate issue, the number of Korean Americans with both parents from Korea is growing by 5.9%. Moreover, the population of those with mixed heritage is increasing at a rate of 16.5%. Prominent scholars and Korean associations have reported that the Korean American population surpassed 2.5–3 million in the [[2020s]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=장 |first=안리 |date=June 2019 |title='Korean American' 용어에 대한 재미한인들의 개념 정의 및 내포에 대한 연구 |url=https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE08745352 |journal=사회연구 |language=ko |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=321–354 |doi=10.14431/jms.2019.06.12.2.321 |s2cid=204367351 |issn=2005-2553}}</ref> However, the number of Korean Americans residing in the United States is fewer than that, according to some statistics. For example, ''[[The Korea Times]] USA'', analyzing the results of the [[U.S. census]] since 2020, reported that the population of Korean Americans in the U.S. was 1,989,519 as of February 2022.<ref name="글로벌코리아본부">{{Cite web |title=글로벌코리아본부 |url=https://www.koreancenter.or.kr/ |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=글로벌코리아본부 |language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-23 |title=제29차 미주총연 총회 덴버서 개최 |url=https://news.koreadaily.com/2022/02/22/society/generalsociety/20220222142412489.html |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=news.koreadaily.com |language=ko}}</ref> |
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⚫ |
As the largest group within the [[Korean diaspora|Overseas Korean]] community, Korean Americans often trace their lineage to |
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⚫ | As the largest group within the [[Korean diaspora|Overseas Korean]] community, Korean Americans often trace their lineage to [[South Korea]], which accounts for the majority of their ancestral origins.<ref>{{Cite web |title=재미 교포 在美僑胞 |trans-title=Foreign nationals in the United States |url=https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/entry/koko/27aaedbce8684a4aa30ebc516999ed41 |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=ko.dict.naver.com |language=ko |quote=1. 미국에 정착하여 미국 국민으로 살고 있는 동포. |trans-quote=1. A Korean who has settled in the United States and lives as an American citizen.}}</ref> |
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== Background == |
== Background == |
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As of 2023, Korean Americans made up about 0.6% of the U.S. population, numbering approximately 2 million people. They are the fifth-largest subgroup within the Asian American community, following [[Chinese Americans]], [[Filipino Americans]], [[Indian Americans]], and [[Vietnamese Americans]].<ref name="s2015">{{cite web|title=ASIAN ALONE OR IN ANY COMBINATION BY SELECTED GROUPS |date=2015 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_15_1YR_B02018&prodType=table|access-date=15 October 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214011110/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_15_1YR_B02018&prodType=table|archive-date=14 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=Jessica S. |last1=Barnes |first2=Claudette E. |last2=Bennett |title=The Asian Population: 2000 |series=U.S. Census 2000 |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce |date=February 2002 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/c2kbr01-16.pdf |access-date=2009-09-30 |archive-date=2020-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116102137/https://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/c2kbr01-16.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |
As of 2023, Korean Americans made up about 0.6% of the U.S. population, numbering approximately 2 million people. They are the fifth-largest subgroup within the Asian American community, following [[Chinese Americans]], [[Filipino Americans]], [[Indian Americans]], and [[Vietnamese Americans]].<ref name="s2015">{{cite web|title=ASIAN ALONE OR IN ANY COMBINATION BY SELECTED GROUPS |date=2015 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_15_1YR_B02018&prodType=table|access-date=15 October 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214011110/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_15_1YR_B02018&prodType=table|archive-date=14 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=Jessica S. |last1=Barnes |first2=Claudette E. |last2=Bennett |title=The Asian Population: 2000 |series=U.S. Census 2000 |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce |date=February 2002 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/c2kbr01-16.pdf |access-date=2009-09-30 |archive-date=2020-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116102137/https://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/c2kbr01-16.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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The [[United States]] is the residence of the world's most extensive |
The [[United States]] is the residence of the world's most extensive Korean diasporas, largely from South Korea. As of 2006, due to historical diplomatic challenges stemming from the [[Korean War]] in the 1950s, the number of immigrants from [[North Korea]] to the United States has remained below 220, constituting a negligible 0.008352 percent of the total Korean American demographic. Thus, it is evident that an overwhelming majority, approximately 99.991648 percent, of the Korean American population traces its roots to [[South Korea]]. The Republic of Korea is acknowledged as a principal [[Alliance|ally]] of the United States, fostering a relationship built on mutual values, intertwined economic interests, and strategic security cooperation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why The Number of North Korean Refugees in the United States Is So Low |url=http://www.nkhiddengulag.org/1/post/2021/08/why-the-number-of-north-korean-refugees-in-the-united-states-is-so-low.html |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=NKHIDDENGULAG |language=en}}</ref> |
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According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of South Korea, as of 2021, the population of Overseas Koreans residing in the United States was 2,633,777. This figure includes both U.S. citizens of Korean descent and South Korean nationals living in the U.S. Specifically, there were 1,529,855 U.S. citizens of Korean descent and 1,103,922 South Korean nationals.<ref name="MOFA"/> By 2021, the U.S. Census Bureau reported the number of Korean Americans as 1,469,854, considering only those who identified with a single race. Notably, about 1,011,589 of these individuals were born in Korea. The population has remained relatively stable into 2023, with the Overseas Koreans Foundation reporting a figure of 2,615,419.<ref name="MOFA"/> |
According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of South Korea, as of 2021, the population of Overseas Koreans residing in the United States was 2,633,777. This figure includes both U.S. citizens of Korean descent and South Korean nationals living in the U.S. Specifically, there were 1,529,855 U.S. citizens of Korean descent and 1,103,922 South Korean nationals.<ref name="MOFA"/> By 2021, the U.S. Census Bureau reported the number of Korean Americans as 1,469,854, considering only those who identified with a single race. Notably, about 1,011,589 of these individuals were born in Korea. The population has remained relatively stable into 2023, with the Overseas Koreans Foundation reporting a figure of 2,615,419.<ref name="MOFA"/> |
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|2000|1076872 |
|2000|1076872 |
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|2010|1423784 |
|2010|1423784 |
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|2020|1,508,575 |
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| estref = <ref name="population1">{{cite web |
| estref = <ref name="population1">{{cite web |
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|url=http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn31.html |
|url=http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn31.html |
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219012241/http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn31.html |
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219012241/http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn31.html |
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|archive-date=2011-02-19 |
|archive-date=2011-02-19 |
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States |publisher=Census.gov |access-date=2013-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archive-date=2008-07-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://proximityone.com/cen2010_asian.htm |title=America's Asian Population Patterns 2000–2010 |publisher=Proximityone.com |access-date=2013-02-16 |archive-date=2013-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323093118/http://proximityone.com/cen2010_asian.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> |
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States |publisher=Census.gov |access-date=2013-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archive-date=2008-07-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://proximityone.com/cen2010_asian.htm |title=America's Asian Population Patterns 2000–2010 |publisher=Proximityone.com |access-date=2013-02-16 |archive-date=2013-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323093118/http://proximityone.com/cen2010_asian.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html|title= |
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Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2023-09-23}}</ref> |
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}} |
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The two metropolitan areas with the highest Korean American populations as per the 2010 census were the [[Greater Los Angeles|Greater Los Angeles area]] [[Combined Statistical Area]] (334,329)<ref name=census2010>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov|title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside, CA CSA|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=2012-06-27|archive-date=2020-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820053605/https://www.census.gov/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[New York metropolitan area|Greater New York]] [[Combined Statistical Area]] (218,764).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov|title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=2012-06-27|archive-date=2020-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820053605/https://www.census.gov/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area]] ranks third, with approximately 93,000 Korean Americans clustered in Howard and Montgomery Counties in Maryland and Fairfax County in Virginia.<ref name="ktv">{{cite web|url=http://koreantvplus.com/pdf/mediakit/english/ktvplus-mediakit(English).pdf|title=KTV Plus Key Points |access-date=2011-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819134120/http://koreantvplus.com/pdf/mediakit/english/ktvplus-mediakit(English).pdf|archive-date=2011-08-19}}</ref> [[Southern California]] and the New York City metropolitan area<ref name=NYCSecondKorea>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCegCgAAQBAJ&q=new+york+second+largest+korean+population&pg=PA326 |title=Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover's Companion to New York City: A Food Lover's...|author=Chi-Hoon Kim|year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-026363-8 |access-date=October 11, 2015}}</ref> have the largest populations of Koreans outside of the Korean Peninsula.<ref>{{cite book |author=Pyong Gap Min|title=Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PSYZMs8TzEC&pg=PA236|year=2006|publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4129-0556-5|page=236|access-date=2015-10-18|archive-date=2017-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211173913/https://books.google.com/books?id=5PSYZMs8TzEC&pg=PA236|url-status=live}}<br/>{{cite journal |last=Ahn |first=Daniel |title=Profiling Culture: An Examination of Korean American Gangbangers in Southern California |url=http://www.boalt.org/aalj/archives/profiling-culture-an-examination-of-korean-american-gangbangers-in-southern-california.html |journal=Asian American Law Journal |publisher=University of California Berkeley School of Law |volume=11 |access-date=11 December 2014 |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525134721/http://www.boalt.org/aalj/archives/profiling-culture-an-examination-of-korean-american-gangbangers-in-southern-california.html |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite book|author=Charles K. Armstrong |title=The Koreas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQWCAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA82|date=22 August 2013|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-16132-2 |page=82|access-date=18 October 2015 |archive-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211235107/https://books.google.com/books?id=KQWCAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA82|url-status=live}}<br />{{cite book |author=Rough Guides|title=The Rough Guide to California |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uy5TLUbAwZAC&pg=PA89 |date=2 May 2011 |publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-4053-8302-8 |page=89|access-date=18 October 2015|archive-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211173929/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uy5TLUbAwZAC&pg=PA89|url-status=live}}</ref> Among Korean Americans ''born in Korea'', the Los Angeles metropolitan area had 226,000 as of 2012; New York (including [[North Jersey|Northern New Jersey]]) had 153,000 Korean-born Korean Americans; and Washington had 60,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/korean-immigrants-united-states#English|title=Korean Immigrants in the United States – Table 1. Top Concentrations by Metropolitan Area for the Foreign Born from Korea, 2008–12|author1=Jie Zong|author2=Jeanne Batalova|publisher=Migration Policy Institute|date=December 3, 2014|access-date=April 16, 2016|archive-date=September 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905065158/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/korean-immigrants-united-states#English|url-status=live}}</ref> |
The two metropolitan areas with the highest Korean American populations as per the 2010 census were the [[Greater Los Angeles|Greater Los Angeles area]] [[Combined Statistical Area]] (334,329)<ref name=census2010>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov|title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside, CA CSA|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=2012-06-27|archive-date=2020-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820053605/https://www.census.gov/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[New York metropolitan area|Greater New York]] [[Combined Statistical Area]] (218,764).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov|title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=2012-06-27|archive-date=2020-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820053605/https://www.census.gov/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area]] ranks third, with approximately 93,000 Korean Americans clustered in Howard and Montgomery Counties in Maryland and Fairfax County in Virginia.<ref name="ktv">{{cite web|url=http://koreantvplus.com/pdf/mediakit/english/ktvplus-mediakit(English).pdf|title=KTV Plus Key Points |access-date=2011-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819134120/http://koreantvplus.com/pdf/mediakit/english/ktvplus-mediakit(English).pdf|archive-date=2011-08-19}}</ref> [[Southern California]] and the New York City metropolitan area<ref name=NYCSecondKorea>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCegCgAAQBAJ&q=new+york+second+largest+korean+population&pg=PA326 |title=Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover's Companion to New York City: A Food Lover's...|author=Chi-Hoon Kim|year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-026363-8 |access-date=October 11, 2015}}</ref> have the largest populations of Koreans outside of the Korean Peninsula.<ref>{{cite book |author=Pyong Gap Min|title=Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PSYZMs8TzEC&pg=PA236|year=2006|publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4129-0556-5|page=236|access-date=2015-10-18|archive-date=2017-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211173913/https://books.google.com/books?id=5PSYZMs8TzEC&pg=PA236|url-status=live}}<br/>{{cite journal |last=Ahn |first=Daniel |title=Profiling Culture: An Examination of Korean American Gangbangers in Southern California |url=http://www.boalt.org/aalj/archives/profiling-culture-an-examination-of-korean-american-gangbangers-in-southern-california.html |journal=Asian American Law Journal |publisher=University of California Berkeley School of Law |volume=11 |access-date=11 December 2014 |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525134721/http://www.boalt.org/aalj/archives/profiling-culture-an-examination-of-korean-american-gangbangers-in-southern-california.html |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite book|author=Charles K. Armstrong |title=The Koreas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQWCAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA82|date=22 August 2013|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-16132-2 |page=82|access-date=18 October 2015 |archive-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211235107/https://books.google.com/books?id=KQWCAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA82|url-status=live}}<br />{{cite book |author=Rough Guides|title=The Rough Guide to California |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uy5TLUbAwZAC&pg=PA89 |date=2 May 2011 |publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-4053-8302-8 |page=89|access-date=18 October 2015|archive-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211173929/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uy5TLUbAwZAC&pg=PA89|url-status=live}}</ref> Among Korean Americans ''born in Korea'', the Los Angeles metropolitan area had 226,000 as of 2012; New York (including [[North Jersey|Northern New Jersey]]) had 153,000 Korean-born Korean Americans; and Washington had 60,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/korean-immigrants-united-states#English|title=Korean Immigrants in the United States – Table 1. Top Concentrations by Metropolitan Area for the Foreign Born from Korea, 2008–12|author1=Jie Zong|author2=Jeanne Batalova|publisher=Migration Policy Institute|date=December 3, 2014|access-date=April 16, 2016|archive-date=September 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905065158/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/korean-immigrants-united-states#English|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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The percentage of Korean Americans in [[Bergen County, New Jersey#Korean American|Bergen County, New Jersey]], in the [[New York metropolitan area|New York City Metropolitan Area]], 6.3% by the 2010 United States census<ref name="Karen Sudol and Dave Sheingold">{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/bergen/Korean_language_ballots_coming_to_Bergen_County.html|title=Korean language ballots coming to Bergen County|author1=Karen Sudol|author2=Dave Sheingold|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=2011-10-12|access-date=2011-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512220215/http://www.northjersey.com/news/bergen/Korean_language_ballots_coming_to_Bergen_County.html |archive-date=2012-05-12|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Richard Newman">{{cite web |author=Richard Newman |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/business/167951555_Korean_company_to_buy_Fort_Lee_bank_buying_local_lender.html |title=Korean company to buy Fort Lee bank |work=North Jersey Media Group |date=2012-08-30 |access-date=2012-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014140239/http://www.northjersey.com/news/business/167951555_Korean_company_to_buy_Fort_Lee_bank_buying_local_lender.html |archive-date=2013-10-14 }}</ref> (increased to 6.9% by the 2011 [[American Community Survey]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_1YR_DP05&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212210151/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_1YR_DP05&prodType=table|archive-date=2020-02-12|title=ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates 2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates – Geographies – Bergen County, New Jersey|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=2013-04-15}}</ref> is the highest of any county in the United States.<ref name="Richard Newman"/> [[List of U.S. cities with significant Korean-American populations#Top ten municipalities as ranked by Korean-American percentage of overall population in 2010|All of the nation's top ten municipalities by percentage of Korean population as per the 2010 census]] are located within Bergen County,<ref name=BergenCountyKoreanPercentage>{{cite web|url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/mahwah-library-hosts-korean-tea-ceremony-to-celebrate-new-year-1.1275756|title=Mahwah library hosts Korean tea ceremony to celebrate new year|author=James O'Neill|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=February 22, 2015|access-date=February 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222201039/http://www.northjersey.com/news/mahwah-library-hosts-korean-tea-ceremony-to-celebrate-new-year-1.1275756|archive-date=February 22, 2015}}</ref> while the concentration of Korean Americans in [[Koreatown, Palisades Park|Palisades Park, New Jersey]], in Bergen County, is the highest of any municipality in the United States,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/16/nyregion/16palisades.html|title=Palisades Park Journal As Koreans Pour In, a Town Is Remade|work=The New York Times Company|author=Richard Pérez-Peña|date=2010-12-15|access-date=2011-10-12|archive-date=2018-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209134834/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/16/nyregion/16palisades.html|url-status=live}}</ref> at 52% of the population.<ref name="Karen Sudol and Dave Sheingold"/> Between 1990 and 2000, Georgia was home to the fastest-growing Korean community in the U.S., growing at a rate of 88.2% over that decade.<ref>[http://www.naka.org/resources/index.asp Korean American Population Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904225911/http://www.naka.org/resources/index.asp |date=2018-09-04 }} National Association of Korean Americans (Source: 2000 U.S. Census)</ref> There is a significant Korean American population in the [[Atlanta metropolitan area]], mainly in [[Gwinnett County, Georgia|Gwinnett County]] (2.7% Korean) and [[Fulton County, Georgia|Fulton County]] (1.0% Korean).<ref name=census2010/> |
The percentage of Korean Americans in [[Bergen County, New Jersey#Korean American|Bergen County, New Jersey]], in the [[New York metropolitan area|New York City Metropolitan Area]], 6.3% by the 2010 United States census<ref name="Karen Sudol and Dave Sheingold">{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/bergen/Korean_language_ballots_coming_to_Bergen_County.html|title=Korean language ballots coming to Bergen County|author1=Karen Sudol|author2=Dave Sheingold|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=2011-10-12|access-date=2011-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512220215/http://www.northjersey.com/news/bergen/Korean_language_ballots_coming_to_Bergen_County.html |archive-date=2012-05-12|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Richard Newman">{{cite web |author=Richard Newman |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/business/167951555_Korean_company_to_buy_Fort_Lee_bank_buying_local_lender.html |title=Korean company to buy Fort Lee bank |work=North Jersey Media Group |date=2012-08-30 |access-date=2012-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014140239/http://www.northjersey.com/news/business/167951555_Korean_company_to_buy_Fort_Lee_bank_buying_local_lender.html |archive-date=2013-10-14 }}</ref> (increased to 6.9% by the 2011 [[American Community Survey]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_1YR_DP05&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212210151/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_1YR_DP05&prodType=table|archive-date=2020-02-12|title=ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates 2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates – Geographies – Bergen County, New Jersey|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=2013-04-15}}</ref> is the highest of any county in the United States.<ref name="Richard Newman"/> [[List of U.S. cities with significant Korean-American populations#Top ten municipalities as ranked by Korean-American percentage of overall population in 2010|All of the nation's top ten municipalities by percentage of Korean population as per the 2010 census]] are located within Bergen County,<ref name=BergenCountyKoreanPercentage>{{cite web|url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/mahwah-library-hosts-korean-tea-ceremony-to-celebrate-new-year-1.1275756|title=Mahwah library hosts Korean tea ceremony to celebrate new year|author=James O'Neill|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=February 22, 2015|access-date=February 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222201039/http://www.northjersey.com/news/mahwah-library-hosts-korean-tea-ceremony-to-celebrate-new-year-1.1275756|archive-date=February 22, 2015}}</ref> while the concentration of Korean Americans in [[Koreatown, Palisades Park|Palisades Park, New Jersey]], in Bergen County, is the highest of any municipality in the United States,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/16/nyregion/16palisades.html|title=Palisades Park Journal As Koreans Pour In, a Town Is Remade|work=[[The New York Times]] Company|author=Richard Pérez-Peña|date=2010-12-15|access-date=2011-10-12|archive-date=2018-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209134834/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/16/nyregion/16palisades.html|url-status=live}}</ref> at 52% of the population.<ref name="Karen Sudol and Dave Sheingold"/> Between 1990 and 2000, Georgia was home to the fastest-growing Korean community in the U.S., growing at a rate of 88.2% over that decade.<ref>[http://www.naka.org/resources/index.asp Korean American Population Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904225911/http://www.naka.org/resources/index.asp |date=2018-09-04 }} National Association of Korean Americans (Source: 2000 U.S. Census)</ref> There is a significant Korean American population in the [[Atlanta metropolitan area]], mainly in [[Gwinnett County, Georgia|Gwinnett County]] (2.7% Korean) and [[Fulton County, Georgia|Fulton County]] (1.0% Korean).<ref name=census2010/> |
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[[File:Census Bureau 2000, Koreans in the United States.png|thumb|right|upright=1.8|Koreans in the United States, on the census 2000]] |
[[File:Census Bureau 2000, Koreans in the United States.png|thumb|right|upright=1.8|Koreans in the United States, on the census 2000]] |
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In a 2005 [[United States Census Bureau]] survey, an estimated 432,907 ethnic Koreans in the U.S. were native-born Americans, and 973,780 were foreign-born. Korean Americans that were naturalized citizens numbered at 530,100, while 443,680 Koreans in the U.S. were not American citizens.<ref name="Census2005">{{citation|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:042;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:042;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:042;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:042&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=|publisher=United States Census Bureau|title=S0201. Selected Population Profile in the United States|access-date=2007-09-22|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212040142/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:042;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:042;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:042;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:042&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=|archive-date=2020-02-12}}</ref> |
In a 2005 [[United States Census Bureau]] survey, an estimated 432,907 ethnic Koreans in the U.S. were native-born Americans, and 973,780 were foreign-born. Korean Americans that were naturalized citizens numbered at 530,100, while 443,680 Koreans in the U.S. were not American citizens.<ref name="Census2005">{{citation|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:042;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:042;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:042;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:042&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=|publisher=United States Census Bureau|title=S0201. Selected Population Profile in the United States|access-date=2007-09-22|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212040142/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:042;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:042;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:042;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:042&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=|archive-date=2020-02-12}}</ref> |
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While people living in North Korea cannot—except under rare circumstances—leave their country, there are many people of North Korean origin living in the U.S., a substantial portion who fled to the south during the [[Korean War]] and later emigrated to the United States. Since the [[North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004]] allowed [[North Korean defectors]] to be admitted as refugees, about 130 have settled in the U.S. under that status after 2004.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/03/24/us/north-korean-refugees/?hpt=hp_t1 | work=CNN | title=In North Korea, a brutal choice | date=2012-03-26 | access-date=2012-03-28 | archive-date=2013-08-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828194156/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/03/24/us/north-korean-refugees/?hpt=hp_t1 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jan/10/local/la-me-north-koreans-la-20120110 | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Victoria | last=Kim | title=Wary of notice and trying to fit in | date=2012-01-10 | access-date=2012-03-28 | archive-date=2012-05-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516044739/http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jan/10/local/la-me-north-koreans-la-20120110 | url-status=live }}</ref> |
While people living in North Korea cannot—except under rare circumstances—leave their country, there are many people of North Korean origin living in the U.S., a substantial portion who fled to the south during the [[Korean War]] and later emigrated to the United States. Since the [[North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004]] allowed [[North Korean defectors]] to be admitted as refugees, about 130 have settled in the U.S. under that status after 2004.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/03/24/us/north-korean-refugees/?hpt=hp_t1 | work=CNN | title=In North Korea, a brutal choice | date=2012-03-26 | access-date=2012-03-28 | archive-date=2013-08-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828194156/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/03/24/us/north-korean-refugees/?hpt=hp_t1 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jan/10/local/la-me-north-koreans-la-20120110 | work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | first=Victoria | last=Kim | title=Wary of notice and trying to fit in | date=2012-01-10 | access-date=2012-03-28 | archive-date=2012-05-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516044739/http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jan/10/local/la-me-north-koreans-la-20120110 | url-status=live }}</ref> |
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The counties with largest Korean population are [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]] and [[Orange County, California|Orange County]] in California, [[Bergen County, New Jersey|Bergen County]] in New Jersey, and [[Queens County, New York|Queens County]] in New York.<ref>[https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/korean-immigrants-united-states#:~:text=The%20top%20counties%20with%20Korean,population%20in%20the%20United%20States. Korean Immigrants in the United States]</ref> |
The counties with largest Korean population are [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]] and [[Orange County, California|Orange County]] in California, [[Bergen County, New Jersey|Bergen County]] in New Jersey, and [[Queens County, New York|Queens County]] in New York.<ref>[https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/korean-immigrants-united-states#:~:text=The%20top%20counties%20with%20Korean,population%20in%20the%20United%20States. Korean Immigrants in the United States]</ref> |
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# Immigration following the 1965 Immigration Act |
# Immigration following the 1965 Immigration Act |
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=== Small-scale immigration around 1884 === |
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Around 1884, following the establishment of diplomatic relations between the US and Korea (then referred to as Chosen) through the [[Joseon–United States Treaty of 1882|Treaty of Peace, Anmity, Commerce, and Navigation]], a small number of students and politicians entered the US as part of the Bobingsa Diplomatic Mission (보빙사절단). Included among the members of this mission are Min Yeong-Ik and Yu Gil Jun, the later of whom is considered to be the first Korean student in the US.<ref name=":1" /> |
Around 1884, following the establishment of diplomatic relations between the US and Korea (then referred to as Chosen) through the [[Joseon–United States Treaty of 1882|Treaty of Peace, Anmity, Commerce, and Navigation]], a small number of students and politicians entered the US as part of the Bobingsa Diplomatic Mission (보빙사절단). Included among the members of this mission are Min Yeong-Ik and Yu Gil Jun, the later of whom is considered to be the first Korean student in the US.<ref name=":1" /> |
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=== Early Immigration from 1903 to 1950 === |
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One of the first Korean Americans was [[Soh Jaipil]] (Philip Jaisohn), who came to America in 1884 and became a leader in the movement for [[Korean independence movement|Korean independence]].<ref>Se Eung Oh, ''Dr. Philip Jaisohn's Reform Movement, 1896–1898'' (1995).</ref> Another prominent figure among the Korean immigrant community is [[Ahn Chang Ho]], [[pen name]] Dosan, a Protestant social activist. He came to the United States in 1902 for education. He founded the Friendship Society in 1903 and the Mutual Assistance Society. He was also a political activist during the [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese occupation of Korea]]. |
One of the first Korean Americans was [[Soh Jaipil]] (Philip Jaisohn), who came to America in 1884 and became a leader in the movement for [[Korean independence movement|Korean independence]].<ref>Se Eung Oh, ''Dr. Philip Jaisohn's Reform Movement, 1896–1898'' (1995).</ref> Another prominent figure among the Korean immigrant community is [[Ahn Chang Ho]], [[pen name]] Dosan, a Protestant social activist. He came to the United States in 1902 for education. He founded the Friendship Society in 1903 and the Mutual Assistance Society. He was also a political activist during the [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese occupation of Korea]]. |
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Between 1905 and 1910, political activities in Korean American communities surged in opposition towards Japanese aggression towards Korea. |
Between 1905 and 1910, political activities in Korean American communities surged in opposition towards Japanese aggression towards Korea. |
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Korean Americans formed organizations throughout the US, with a concentration in Hawaii and California. In 1903, the same year that the first Korean laborers arrived in Hawai, Koreans formed the [[New People's Association|Sinminhoe]] (New People's Association).<ref name=":2" /> In 1909, two of the largest Korean American organizations would merge to form the [[Korean National Association]], the largest Korean immigrant organization in North America. Established in San Francisco, The Korean National Association, would eventually expand to 130 chapters.<ref name=":2" /> The organization coordinated the activities of Korean Americans across North America, holding mass protests and positioning itself as the official representative of Korean Americans. Leaders included An Changho, Syngman Rhee, and [[Park Yong-man]]. This organization, along with many others, would play a key role in the [[Korean independence movement]] between 1910 and 1945.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-05-16 |title=[지평선]"사진 신부" |url=https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/200305160094196526?t=20231122001854 |access-date=2023-11-21 |website= |
Korean Americans formed organizations throughout the US, with a concentration in Hawaii and California. In 1903, the same year that the first Korean laborers arrived in Hawai, Koreans formed the [[New People's Association|Sinminhoe]] (New People's Association).<ref name=":2" /> In 1909, two of the largest Korean American organizations would merge to form the [[Korean National Association]], the largest Korean immigrant organization in North America. Established in San Francisco, The Korean National Association, would eventually expand to 130 chapters.<ref name=":2" /> The organization coordinated the activities of Korean Americans across North America, holding mass protests and positioning itself as the official representative of Korean Americans. Leaders included An Changho, Syngman Rhee, and [[Park Yong-man]]. This organization, along with many others, would play a key role in the [[Korean independence movement]] between 1910 and 1945.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-05-16 |title=[지평선]"사진 신부" |url=https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/200305160094196526?t=20231122001854 |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=[[Hankook Ilbo]] |language=ko-KR}}</ref> |
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After the annexation of [[Korea]] by [[Japan]] in 1910, Korean migration to the United States came to a virtual halt. The Japanese colonial government had initially allowed Koreans to immigrate to the US starting in 1902, but later banned Korean emigration in order to secure manpower on the Korean peninsula and to protect Japanese Americans from Korean competition in the US. The Japanese government did, however, allow Korean women to immigrate to the US (many of whom arrived as picture brides) to pacify nationalist sentiment in Korean American communities.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Erika |title=The making of Asian America: a history |date=2016 |publisher=Simon & Schuster paperbacks |isbn=978-1-4767-3940-3 |location=New York}}</ref> The [[Immigration Act of 1924]] (also referred to as the ''Oriental Exclusion Act)'' also worked to systematically exclude Korean immigrants from coming to the US. |
After the annexation of [[Korea]] by [[Japan]] in 1910, Korean migration to the United States came to a virtual halt. The Japanese colonial government had initially allowed Koreans to immigrate to the US starting in 1902, but later banned Korean emigration in order to secure manpower on the Korean peninsula and to protect Japanese Americans from Korean competition in the US. The Japanese government did, however, allow Korean women to immigrate to the US (many of whom arrived as picture brides) to pacify nationalist sentiment in Korean American communities.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Erika |title=The making of Asian America: a history |date=2016 |publisher=Simon & Schuster paperbacks |isbn=978-1-4767-3940-3 |location=New York}}</ref> The [[Immigration Act of 1924]] (also referred to as the ''Oriental Exclusion Act)'' also worked to systematically exclude Korean immigrants from coming to the US. |
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=== Immigration following the Korean War (1950–1964) === |
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Due to the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952]], opportunities were more open to [[Asian Americans]], enabling Korean Americans to move out of enclaves into middle-class neighborhoods. When the [[Korean War]] ended in 1953, small numbers of students and professionals entered the United States. A larger group of immigrants included women married with [[USFK|U.S. servicemen]] commonly referred to as "war brides". These women faced discrimination in the US as well as in South Korea, where many were labelled as whores or traitors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Tatiana |title=The Pattern of American Society: Treatment of Korean War Brides in the United States Following the Korean War |journal=Undergraduate Research Journal |volume=24 |article-number=7 |year=2020}}</ref> Following In 1953, South Korea had allowed international adoption. This had stemmed from the result of the Korean war as it left many children displaced. As a result of allowing external adoption in South Korea, a majority of the children have been adopted from families across the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nash|first=Amy|date=2014|title=Korean Americans|url=http://lpclibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galegale/korean_americans/0?|access-date=2021-10-25|website=Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America}}</ref> With the passage of the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]], Koreans became one of the fastest growing Asian groups in the United States, surpassed only by [[Filipino American|Filipinos]]. |
Due to the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952]], opportunities were more open to [[Asian Americans]], enabling Korean Americans to move out of enclaves into middle-class neighborhoods. When the [[Korean War]] ended in 1953, small numbers of students and professionals entered the United States. A larger group of immigrants included women married with [[USFK|U.S. servicemen]] commonly referred to as "war brides". These women faced discrimination in the US as well as in South Korea, where many were labelled as whores or traitors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Tatiana |title=The Pattern of American Society: Treatment of Korean War Brides in the United States Following the Korean War |journal=Undergraduate Research Journal |volume=24 |article-number=7 |year=2020}}</ref> Following In 1953, South Korea had allowed international adoption. This had stemmed from the result of the Korean war as it left many children displaced. As a result of allowing external adoption in South Korea, a majority of the children have been adopted from families across the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nash|first=Amy|date=2014|title=Korean Americans|url=http://lpclibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galegale/korean_americans/0?|access-date=2021-10-25|website=Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America}}</ref> With the passage of the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]], Koreans became one of the fastest growing Asian groups in the United States, surpassed only by [[Filipino American|Filipinos]]. |
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=== Immigration following the 1965 Immigration Act === |
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The [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]] abolished the quota system that had restricted the numbers of Asians allowed to enter the United States. Over 560,000 Koreans have immigrated to the US from 1970 to 1990.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Park |first=Edward |date=2020-06-30 |title=A Divergent Path: Korean American Politics in an Age of Globalization |journal=Journal of Global and Area Studies(JGA) |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–43 |doi=10.31720/jga.4.1.2 |issn=2586-0305}}</ref> Large numbers of Koreans, including some from North Korea who had come via South Korea, have immigrated ever since, placing Korea in the top six countries of origin of immigrants to the United States<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhs.gov/yearbook-immigration-statistics-2013-lawful-permanent-residents|title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2013 Lawful Permanent Residents Supplemental Table 1|publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security|access-date=June 25, 2014|archive-date=October 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013214828/https://www.dhs.gov/yearbook-immigration-statistics-2013-lawful-permanent-residents|url-status=live}}</ref> since 1975. The reasons for immigration vary and include the desire for [[Liberty|freedom]] and to seek better economic opportunities. The 1965 Immigration Act also generated a shift in the demographics of the Korean American community, with "new immigrants" making up the majority of the Korean American population. |
The [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]] abolished the quota system that had restricted the numbers of Asians allowed to enter the United States. Over 560,000 Koreans have immigrated to the US from 1970 to 1990.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Park |first=Edward |date=2020-06-30 |title=A Divergent Path: Korean American Politics in an Age of Globalization |journal=Journal of Global and Area Studies(JGA) |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–43 |doi=10.31720/jga.4.1.2 |s2cid=225788551 |issn=2586-0305}}</ref> Large numbers of Koreans, including some from North Korea who had come via South Korea, have immigrated ever since, placing Korea in the top six countries of origin of immigrants to the United States<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhs.gov/yearbook-immigration-statistics-2013-lawful-permanent-residents|title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2013 Lawful Permanent Residents Supplemental Table 1|publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security|access-date=June 25, 2014|archive-date=October 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013214828/https://www.dhs.gov/yearbook-immigration-statistics-2013-lawful-permanent-residents|url-status=live}}</ref> since 1975. The reasons for immigration vary and include the desire for [[Liberty|freedom]] and to seek better economic opportunities. The 1965 Immigration Act also generated a shift in the demographics of the Korean American community, with "new immigrants" making up the majority of the Korean American population. |
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=== The Korean American Experience after the 1980s === |
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[[File:Korean Americans.jpg|thumb|left|A wide range of Korean Americans]] |
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In the 1980s and 1990s, Koreans became noted not only for starting small businesses such as dry cleaners or convenience stores, but also for diligently planting churches. They would venture into abandoned cities and start up businesses which happened to be predominantly African American in demographics. This would sometimes lead to publicized tensions with customers as dramatized in movies such as Spike Lee's ''[[Do the Right Thing]]''. |
In the 1980s and 1990s, Koreans became noted not only for starting small businesses such as dry cleaners or convenience stores, but also for diligently planting churches. They would venture into abandoned cities and start up businesses which happened to be predominantly African American in demographics. This would sometimes lead to publicized tensions with customers as dramatized in movies such as Spike Lee's ''[[Do the Right Thing]]''. |
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Their children, along with those of other Asian Americans, would also be noted in headlines and magazine covers in the 1980s for their numbers in [[Ivy League|prestigious universities]] and highly skilled [[white-collar worker|white collar]] professions. Favorable [[socioeconomic status]] and [[Education in the United States|education]] have led to the painting of [[Asian Americans]], including Korean Americans, as a "[[model minority]]". However, this label is a controversial one: many individuals claim that the "model minority" label derides other communities [[Person of color|of color]] and dismisses the challenges that the Korean Americans, and other Asian American ethnic groups, face.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Model Minority Myth |url=https://thepractice.law.harvard.edu/article/the-model-minority-myth/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=The Practice|language=en|archive-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111172247/https://thepractice.law.harvard.edu/article/the-model-minority-myth/|url-status=live}}</ref> For instance, 12.8% of all Korean Americans live at or below the poverty line.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Koreans {{!}} Data on Asian Americans |url=https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/asian-americans-koreans-in-the-u-s/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112014503/https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/asian-americans-koreans-in-the-u-s/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
Their children, along with those of other Asian Americans, would also be noted in headlines and magazine covers in the 1980s for their numbers in [[Ivy League|prestigious universities]] and highly skilled [[white-collar worker|white collar]] professions. Favorable [[socioeconomic status]] and [[Education in the United States|education]] have led to the painting of [[Asian Americans]], including Korean Americans, as a "[[model minority]]". However, this label is a controversial one: many individuals claim that the "model minority" label derides other communities [[Person of color|of color]] and dismisses the challenges that the Korean Americans, and other Asian American ethnic groups, face.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Model Minority Myth |url=https://thepractice.law.harvard.edu/article/the-model-minority-myth/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=The Practice|language=en|archive-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111172247/https://thepractice.law.harvard.edu/article/the-model-minority-myth/|url-status=live}}</ref> For instance, 12.8% of all Korean Americans live at or below the poverty line.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Koreans {{!}} Data on Asian Americans |url=https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/asian-americans-koreans-in-the-u-s/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112014503/https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/asian-americans-koreans-in-the-u-s/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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[[File:Juju_Chang.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Juju Chang]] is an American [[television journalist]] for [[ABC News]], and currently serves as an anchor of ''[[Nightline]]''.]] |
[[File:Juju_Chang.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Juju Chang]] is an American [[television journalist]] for [[ABC News]], and currently serves as an anchor of ''[[Nightline]]''.]] |
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A large number of Korean Americans do not have health insurance<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Korean American Community |url=http://www.koreanamericanhealthconference.com/the-korean-american-community.html|access-date=2020-11-12 |website=Korean American Health Conference|language=en|archive-date=2020-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024165533/https://www.koreanamericanhealthconference.com/the-korean-american-community.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-03-24 |title=Health Problems of Korean Americans: Access to Health Care |url=https://geriatrics.stanford.edu/ethnomed/korean/patterns/access.html|access-date=2020-11-12|website=Geriatrics|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123114743/https://geriatrics.stanford.edu/ethnomed/korean/patterns/access.html|url-status=live}}</ref> due to language access barriers.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Antonio-Vila|first=Lydia|date=April 17, 2020|title=NAKASEC: Highlighting discrepancies in language access in the Asian American community|work=Fairfax County Times|url=http://www.fairfaxtimes.com/articles/fairfax_county/nakasec-highlighting-discrepancies-in-language-access-in-the-asian-american-community/article_1a831186-8045-11ea-9dd3-9378d333e769.html|access-date=November 11, 2020|archive-date=May 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515133626/http://www.fairfaxtimes.com/articles/fairfax_county/nakasec-highlighting-discrepancies-in-language-access-in-the-asian-american-community/article_1a831186-8045-11ea-9dd3-9378d333e769.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bharath|first=Deepa |date=November 14, 2019|title=Undocumented, uninsured Korean Americans find safe havens in nonprofit clinics |work=The Orange County Register |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2019/11/14/undocumented-uninsured-korean-americans-find-safe-havens-in-nonprofit-clinics/|access-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-date=October 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021051436/https://www.ocregister.com/2019/11/14/undocumented-uninsured-korean-americans-find-safe-havens-in-nonprofit-clinics/|url-status=live}}</ref> Furthermore, older Korean Americans, who are at significant risk of developing mental health conditions, are less likely to access mental health services even when exhibiting symptoms. This is due to stigma and cultural misconceptions regarding mental health conditions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fewer older Korean Americans utilize mental health services |work=University of Hawaiʻi News |url=https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2020/10/20/korean-americans-mental-health/|access-date=2020-11-12 |language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105045322/https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2020/10/20/korean-americans-mental-health/|archive-date=2020-11-05 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sohn|first=Linda|date=2010|title=Health and health care of Korean American Older Adults |url=https://geriatrics.stanford.edu/ethnomed/korean.html |journal=ECampus-Geriatrics|via=Stanford School of Medicine |access-date=2020-11-12 |archive-date=2020-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027064410/https://geriatrics.stanford.edu/ethnomed/korean.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
A large number of Korean Americans do not have health insurance<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Korean American Community |url=http://www.koreanamericanhealthconference.com/the-korean-american-community.html|access-date=2020-11-12 |website=Korean American Health Conference|language=en|archive-date=2020-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024165533/https://www.koreanamericanhealthconference.com/the-korean-american-community.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-03-24 |title=Health Problems of Korean Americans: Access to Health Care |url=https://geriatrics.stanford.edu/ethnomed/korean/patterns/access.html|access-date=2020-11-12|website=Geriatrics|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123114743/https://geriatrics.stanford.edu/ethnomed/korean/patterns/access.html|url-status=live}}</ref> due to language access barriers.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Antonio-Vila|first=Lydia|date=April 17, 2020|title=NAKASEC: Highlighting discrepancies in language access in the Asian American community|work=Fairfax County Times|url=http://www.fairfaxtimes.com/articles/fairfax_county/nakasec-highlighting-discrepancies-in-language-access-in-the-asian-american-community/article_1a831186-8045-11ea-9dd3-9378d333e769.html|access-date=November 11, 2020|archive-date=May 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515133626/http://www.fairfaxtimes.com/articles/fairfax_county/nakasec-highlighting-discrepancies-in-language-access-in-the-asian-american-community/article_1a831186-8045-11ea-9dd3-9378d333e769.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bharath|first=Deepa |date=November 14, 2019|title=Undocumented, uninsured Korean Americans find safe havens in nonprofit clinics |work=The Orange County Register |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2019/11/14/undocumented-uninsured-korean-americans-find-safe-havens-in-nonprofit-clinics/|access-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-date=October 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021051436/https://www.ocregister.com/2019/11/14/undocumented-uninsured-korean-americans-find-safe-havens-in-nonprofit-clinics/|url-status=live}}</ref> Furthermore, older Korean Americans, who are at significant risk of developing mental health conditions, are less likely to access mental health services even when exhibiting symptoms. This is due to stigma and cultural misconceptions regarding mental health conditions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fewer older Korean Americans utilize mental health services |work=University of Hawaiʻi News |date=20 October 2020 |url=https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2020/10/20/korean-americans-mental-health/|access-date=2020-11-12 |language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105045322/https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2020/10/20/korean-americans-mental-health/|archive-date=2020-11-05 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sohn|first=Linda|date=2010|title=Health and health care of Korean American Older Adults |url=https://geriatrics.stanford.edu/ethnomed/korean.html |journal=ECampus-Geriatrics|via=Stanford School of Medicine |access-date=2020-11-12 |archive-date=2020-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027064410/https://geriatrics.stanford.edu/ethnomed/korean.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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Los Angeles has emerged as a major center of the Korean American community. The city has undergone a rapid transition in the 1990s marked by an influx of Koreans and investment by Korean banks and corporations.<ref>{{cite book |first1=H. C. |last1=Laux |first2=G. |last2=Theme |chapter=Koreans in Greater Los Angeles: socioeconomic polarization, ethnic attachment, and residential patterns |editor-first=W. |editor-last=Li |title=From urban enclave to ethnic suburb: New Asian communities in Pacific Rim countries |year=2006 |isbn=0-8248-2911-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fromurbanenclave00weil/page/95 95–118] |location=Honolulu |publisher=U of Hawaii Press |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/fromurbanenclave00weil/page/95}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Youngmin Lee |author2=Kyonghwan Park |title=Negotiating hybridity: transnational reconstruction of migrant subjectivity in Koreatown, Los Angeles |journal=Journal of Cultural Geography |year=2008 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=245–262 |doi=10.1080/08873630802433822 |s2cid=145462855}}</ref> Many entrepreneurs opened small businesses, and were hard hit by the [[1992 Los Angeles riots]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abelmann |first1=Nancy |last2=Lie |first2=John |title=Blue dreams: Korean Americans and the Los Angeles riots |year=1997 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=0-674-07705-9 |pages=}}{{page needed|date=November 2023}}</ref> More recently, L.A.'s Koreatown has been perceived to have experienced declining political power secondary to re-districting,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-0801-koreatown-lawsuit-20120801,0,7093984.story|title=Koreatown residents sue L.A. over redistricting|author=David Zahniser|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=2012-08-01|access-date=2012-08-27 |archive-date=2012-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923005720/http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-0801-koreatown-lawsuit-20120801,0,7093984.story}}</ref> and an increased crime rate,<ref>{{cite news |title=Koreatown Crime|newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=http://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/neighborhood/koreatown/crime/ |access-date=2012-08-27|archive-date=2013-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801231321/http://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/neighborhood/koreatown/crime/|url-status=live}}</ref> prompting an exodus of Koreans from the area. Furthermore, the aftermath of the 1992 riots witnessed a large number of Koreans from Southern California moving to the [[San Francisco Bay Area]] and opening businesses and buying property near downtown [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], furthering the growth of that city's [[Koreatown#Oakland, California|Koreatown]] until the early 2000s.<ref name="Oakland's got Seoul">{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Oakland-s-got-Seoul-Koreatown-emerges-as-hub-of-2810111.php#page-1|title=Oakland's got Seoul / Koreatown emerges as hub of Asian culture and downtown's rebirth|date=June 13, 2002|work=[[SF Gate]] |location=Oakland|access-date=March 2, 2013|archive-date=May 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517220405/http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Oakland-s-got-Seoul-Koreatown-emerges-as-hub-of-2810111.php#page-1|url-status=live}}</ref> |
Los Angeles has emerged as a major center of the Korean American community. The city has undergone a rapid transition in the 1990s marked by an influx of Koreans and investment by Korean banks and corporations.<ref>{{cite book |first1=H. C. |last1=Laux |first2=G. |last2=Theme |chapter=Koreans in Greater Los Angeles: socioeconomic polarization, ethnic attachment, and residential patterns |editor-first=W. |editor-last=Li |title=From urban enclave to ethnic suburb: New Asian communities in Pacific Rim countries |year=2006 |isbn=0-8248-2911-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fromurbanenclave00weil/page/95 95–118] |location=Honolulu |publisher=U of Hawaii Press |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/fromurbanenclave00weil/page/95}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Youngmin Lee |author2=Kyonghwan Park |title=Negotiating hybridity: transnational reconstruction of migrant subjectivity in Koreatown, Los Angeles |journal=Journal of Cultural Geography |year=2008 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=245–262 |doi=10.1080/08873630802433822 |s2cid=145462855}}</ref> Many entrepreneurs opened small businesses, and were hard hit by the [[1992 Los Angeles riots]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abelmann |first1=Nancy |last2=Lie |first2=John |title=Blue dreams: Korean Americans and the Los Angeles riots |year=1997 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=0-674-07705-9 |pages=}}{{page needed|date=November 2023}}</ref> More recently, L.A.'s Koreatown has been perceived to have experienced declining political power secondary to re-districting,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-0801-koreatown-lawsuit-20120801,0,7093984.story|title=Koreatown residents sue L.A. over redistricting|author=David Zahniser|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=2012-08-01|access-date=2012-08-27 |archive-date=2012-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923005720/http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-0801-koreatown-lawsuit-20120801,0,7093984.story}}</ref> and an increased crime rate,<ref>{{cite news |title=Koreatown Crime|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=http://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/neighborhood/koreatown/crime/ |access-date=2012-08-27|archive-date=2013-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801231321/http://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/neighborhood/koreatown/crime/|url-status=live}}</ref> prompting an exodus of Koreans from the area. Furthermore, the aftermath of the 1992 riots witnessed a large number of Koreans from Southern California moving to the [[San Francisco Bay Area]] and opening businesses and buying property near downtown [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], furthering the growth of that city's [[Koreatown#Oakland, California|Koreatown]] until the early 2000s.<ref name="Oakland's got Seoul">{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Oakland-s-got-Seoul-Koreatown-emerges-as-hub-of-2810111.php#page-1|title=Oakland's got Seoul / Koreatown emerges as hub of Asian culture and downtown's rebirth|date=June 13, 2002|work=[[SF Gate]] |location=Oakland|access-date=March 2, 2013|archive-date=May 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517220405/http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Oakland-s-got-Seoul-Koreatown-emerges-as-hub-of-2810111.php#page-1|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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According to Park (1998), the violence against Korean Americans in 1992 stimulated a new wave of political activism among Korean Americans, but it also split them into two main camps. The "liberals" sought to unite with other minorities in Los Angeles to fight against racial oppression and scapegoating. The "conservatives," emphasized [[law and order (politics)|law and order]] and generally favored the economic and social policies of the Republican Party. The conservatives tended to emphasize the political differences between Koreans and other minorities, specifically blacks and Hispanics.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Park |first=Edward J. W. |title=Competing visions: Political formation of Korean Americans in Los Angeles, 1992–1997 |journal=Amerasia Journal |year=1998 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=41–57 |doi=10.17953/amer.24.1.320208pj23401021 |s2cid=146498339 |url=http://aascpress.metapress.com/content/320208pj23401021/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826231444/http://aascpress.metapress.com/content/320208pj23401021/ |archive-date=2013-08-26}}</ref> Abelmann and Lie, (1997) report that the most profound result was the politicization of Korean Americans, all across the U.S. The younger generation especially realized they had been too uninvolved in American politics, and the riot shifted their political attention from South Korea to conditions in the United States.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abelmann |first1=Nancy |last2=Lie |first2=John |title=Blue dreams: Korean Americans and the Los Angeles riots |year=1997 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=0-674-07705-9 |pages=184–185}}</ref> |
According to Park (1998), the violence against Korean Americans in 1992 stimulated a new wave of political activism among Korean Americans, but it also split them into two main camps. The "liberals" sought to unite with other minorities in Los Angeles to fight against racial oppression and scapegoating. The "conservatives," emphasized [[law and order (politics)|law and order]] and generally favored the economic and social policies of the Republican Party. The conservatives tended to emphasize the political differences between Koreans and other minorities, specifically blacks and Hispanics.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Park |first=Edward J. W. |title=Competing visions: Political formation of Korean Americans in Los Angeles, 1992–1997 |journal=Amerasia Journal |year=1998 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=41–57 |doi=10.17953/amer.24.1.320208pj23401021 |s2cid=146498339 |url=http://aascpress.metapress.com/content/320208pj23401021/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826231444/http://aascpress.metapress.com/content/320208pj23401021/ |archive-date=2013-08-26}}</ref> Abelmann and Lie, (1997) report that the most profound result was the politicization of Korean Americans, all across the U.S. The younger generation especially realized they had been too uninvolved in American politics, and the riot shifted their political attention from South Korea to conditions in the United States.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abelmann |first1=Nancy |last2=Lie |first2=John |title=Blue dreams: Korean Americans and the Los Angeles riots |year=1997 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=0-674-07705-9 |pages=184–185}}</ref> |
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Also accelerated by the 1992 riots, [[Orange County, California|Orange County's]] Korean population grew from its starting point in [[Koreatown, Garden Grove]]. As of 2020, Orange County had the second largest number of Korean Americans of any county in America, neighboring Los Angeles County has the most, numbering over 229,593.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |
Also accelerated by the 1992 riots, [[Orange County, California|Orange County's]] Korean population grew from its starting point in [[Koreatown, Garden Grove]]. As of 2020, Orange County had the second largest number of Korean Americans of any county in America, neighboring Los Angeles County has the most, numbering over 229,593.<ref>{{Cite web |last=왕 |first=길환 |date=2022-03-18 |title=재미동포 인구 192만명…캘리포니아주에55만7천여명 거주 |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20220318039200371 |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=[[Yonhap News Agency]] |language=ko}}</ref> Koreans originally moved into [[Garden Grove, California|Garden Grove]] after Olympic gold medalist [[Sammy Lee (diver)|Sammy Lee]] bought a home in the 1950s signaling to other ethnic minorities that they could move into Orange County. Since then, Koreans have spread throughout northern Orange County, mainly concentrating in [[Buena Park, California|Buena Park]], [[Fullerton, California|Fullerton]], [[Cerritos, California|Cerritos]], [[La Palma, California|La Palma]], [[Cypress, California|Cypress]], and [[Irvine, California|Irvine]]. Garden Grove is now{{When|date=November 2022}} home to more than 1,500 Korean businesses, and has held a Korean festival, night market, and parade every year since 1983.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NRxROUKX-TU | title=Korean Festival 2009 | website=[[YouTube]] | date=15 October 2009 }}</ref> Mostly older and more traditional Korean businesses and food are found in Garden Grove, while newer and trendier Seoul based chains often locate in Buena Park and Irvine.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.latimes.com/food/story/2019-11-27/koreatown-orange-county-garden-grove-guide | title=A guide to Koreatown in Garden Grove: Orange County's Korean cultural center | website=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=27 November 2019 }}</ref> [[The Source OC]] is a multi-level Korean themed mall in Buena Park that houses over 100 restaurants, as well as Korean themed bars, a school, K-pop stores, and a PC gaming café.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://voiceofoc.org/2022/08/a-vibrant-korean-community-is-thriving-in-north-o-c/ | title=A Vibrant Korean Community is Thriving in North O.C. | date=26 August 2022 }}</ref> |
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[[File:Randall_Park_2015.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Actor [[Randall Park]], who since 2015 portrayed [[Eddie Huang]]'s father, Taiwanese-American restaurateur Louis Huang, in [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]'s television show ''[[Fresh Off the Boat]]''.]] |
[[File:Randall_Park_2015.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Actor [[Randall Park]], who since 2015 portrayed [[Eddie Huang]]'s father, Taiwanese-American restaurateur Louis Huang, in [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]'s television show ''[[Fresh Off the Boat]]''.]] |
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A substantial number of affluent Korean American [[professional]]s have settled in [[Bergen County, New Jersey]] since the early 2000s (decade) and have founded various academically and communally supportive organizations, including the Korean Parent Partnership Organization at the [[Bergen County Academies]] [[magnet school|magnet]] high school<ref>{{cite web|url=http://academyppo.com/Korean%20PPO/index.shtml|title=Bergen County Academies Parent Partnership Organization – Korean PPO|access-date=2010-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905223922/http://academyppo.com/Korean%20PPO/index.shtml |archive-date=2010-09-05}}</ref> and The Korean-American Association of New Jersey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kaanj.org/eng/index.html|title=The Korean-American Association of New Jersey|access-date=2010-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916142323/http://www.kaanj.org/eng/index.html|archive-date=2009-09-16}}</ref> [[Holy Name Medical Center]] in [[Teaneck, New Jersey]], within Bergen County, has undertaken an effort to provide comprehensive health care services to [[Health insurance coverage in the United States|underinsured]] and uninsured Korean patients from a wide area with its ''Korean Medical Program'', drawing over 1,500 Korean American patients to its annual health festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/korean-medical-program-draws-1-500-to-holy-name-medical-center-in-teaneck-1.1097631|title=Korean Medical Program draws 1,500 to Holy Name Medical Center in Teaneck|author=Aaron Morrison|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=September 27, 2014|access-date=September 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928131008/http://www.northjersey.com/news/korean-medical-program-draws-1-500-to-holy-name-medical-center-in-teaneck-1.1097631|archive-date=September 28, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/225683871_North_Jersey_Korean_health_fair_data_help_track_risks.html|title=North Jersey Korean health fair data help track risks|author=Karen Rouse|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=September 29, 2013|access-date=September 29, 2013}} {{dead link|date=March 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/health/events/Annual_Korean_Health_Fair_draws_crowds_at_Holy_Name_Medical_Center_in_Teaneck.html|title=Annual Korean health fair draws crowds at Holy Name Medical Center in Teaneck|author=Barbara Williams|work=2012 North Jersey Media Group|date=2012-10-20|access-date=2012-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003045808/http://www.northjersey.com/news/health/events/Annual_Korean_Health_Fair_draws_crowds_at_Holy_Name_Medical_Center_in_Teaneck.html|archive-date=2013-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/180665391_Holy_Name_will_screen_2_000_for_Hepatitis_B.html|title=Holy Name will screen 2,000 for Hepatitis B |author=Barbara Williams|work=2012 North Jersey Media Group|date=2012-11-24|access-date=2012-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003045818/http://www.northjersey.com/news/180665391_Holy_Name_will_screen_2_000_for_Hepatitis_B.html|archive-date=2013-10-03}}</ref> Bergen County's Broad Avenue [[Koreatown, Palisades Park|Koreatown in Palisades Park]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PSYZMs8TzEC&q=fort+lee+koreatown+pyong+min&pg=PA237|title=Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues Second Edition, Edited by Pyong Gap Min |publisher=Pine Forge Press – An Imprint of Sage Publications, Inc.|year=2006|isbn=978-1-4129-0556-5|access-date=2010-11-08}}</ref> has emerged as a dominant nexus of Korean American culture,<ref>{{cite web |author=BrianYarvin |url=http://newyork.seriouseats.com/2008/06/new-jersey-palisades-park-koreatown-korean-banchan-nj.html |title=Jersey Dispatch: Bergen County Koreatown |publisher=Newyork.seriouseats.com |date=2008-06-13 |access-date=2013-02-16 |archive-date=2017-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619204220/http://newyork.seriouseats.com/2008/06/new-jersey-palisades-park-koreatown-korean-banchan-nj.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and its Senior Citizens Center provides a popular gathering place where even Korean grandmothers were noted to follow the dance trend of the worldwide viral hit ''[[Gangnam Style]]'' by South Korean "[[K-pop]]" rapper [[Psy (rapper)|Psy]] in September 2012;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northjersey.com/arts_entertainment/celebrities/170803886__Gangnam_Style__dance_craze_catches_fire_in_North_Jersey.html|title='Gangnam Style' dance craze catches fire in North Jersey|author1=Sachi Fujimori|author2=Elyse Toribio|work=2012 North Jersey Media Group|date=2012-09-22|access-date=2012-09-22|archive-date=2013-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233816/http://www.northjersey.com/arts_entertainment/celebrities/170803886__Gangnam_Style__dance_craze_catches_fire_in_North_Jersey.html|url-status=live}}</ref> while the nearby [[Koreatown, Fort Lee|Fort Lee Koreatown]] is also emerging as such. The [[Chuseok|Chusok]] Korean Thanksgiving [[harvest festival]] has become an annual tradition in Bergen County, attended by several tens of thousands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/community/Koreans_in_North_Jersey_give_thanks_at_harvest_festival___.html|title=Koreans in North Jersey give thanks at harvest festival|author=Mary Diduch|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=September 14, 2013|access-date=September 15, 2013|archive-date=September 18, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918144755/http://www.northjersey.com/community/Koreans_in_North_Jersey_give_thanks_at_harvest_festival___.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
A substantial number of affluent Korean American [[professional]]s have settled in [[Bergen County, New Jersey]] since the early 2000s (decade) and have founded various academically and communally supportive organizations, including the Korean Parent Partnership Organization at the [[Bergen County Academies]] [[magnet school|magnet]] high school<ref>{{cite web|url=http://academyppo.com/Korean%20PPO/index.shtml|title=Bergen County Academies Parent Partnership Organization – Korean PPO|access-date=2010-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905223922/http://academyppo.com/Korean%20PPO/index.shtml |archive-date=2010-09-05}}</ref> and The Korean-American Association of New Jersey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kaanj.org/eng/index.html|title=The Korean-American Association of New Jersey|access-date=2010-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916142323/http://www.kaanj.org/eng/index.html|archive-date=2009-09-16}}</ref> [[Holy Name Medical Center]] in [[Teaneck, New Jersey]], within Bergen County, has undertaken an effort to provide comprehensive health care services to [[Health insurance coverage in the United States|underinsured]] and uninsured Korean patients from a wide area with its ''Korean Medical Program'', drawing over 1,500 Korean American patients to its annual health festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/korean-medical-program-draws-1-500-to-holy-name-medical-center-in-teaneck-1.1097631|title=Korean Medical Program draws 1,500 to Holy Name Medical Center in Teaneck|author=Aaron Morrison|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=September 27, 2014|access-date=September 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928131008/http://www.northjersey.com/news/korean-medical-program-draws-1-500-to-holy-name-medical-center-in-teaneck-1.1097631|archive-date=September 28, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/225683871_North_Jersey_Korean_health_fair_data_help_track_risks.html|title=North Jersey Korean health fair data help track risks|author=Karen Rouse|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=September 29, 2013|access-date=September 29, 2013}} {{dead link|date=March 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/health/events/Annual_Korean_Health_Fair_draws_crowds_at_Holy_Name_Medical_Center_in_Teaneck.html|title=Annual Korean health fair draws crowds at Holy Name Medical Center in Teaneck|author=Barbara Williams|work=2012 North Jersey Media Group|date=2012-10-20|access-date=2012-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003045808/http://www.northjersey.com/news/health/events/Annual_Korean_Health_Fair_draws_crowds_at_Holy_Name_Medical_Center_in_Teaneck.html|archive-date=2013-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/180665391_Holy_Name_will_screen_2_000_for_Hepatitis_B.html|title=Holy Name will screen 2,000 for Hepatitis B |author=Barbara Williams|work=2012 North Jersey Media Group|date=2012-11-24|access-date=2012-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003045818/http://www.northjersey.com/news/180665391_Holy_Name_will_screen_2_000_for_Hepatitis_B.html|archive-date=2013-10-03}}</ref> Bergen County's Broad Avenue [[Koreatown, Palisades Park|Koreatown in Palisades Park]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PSYZMs8TzEC&q=fort+lee+koreatown+pyong+min&pg=PA237|title=Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues Second Edition, Edited by Pyong Gap Min |publisher=Pine Forge Press – An Imprint of Sage Publications, Inc.|year=2006|isbn=978-1-4129-0556-5|access-date=2010-11-08}}</ref> has emerged as a dominant nexus of Korean American culture,<ref>{{cite web |author=BrianYarvin |url=http://newyork.seriouseats.com/2008/06/new-jersey-palisades-park-koreatown-korean-banchan-nj.html |title=Jersey Dispatch: Bergen County Koreatown |publisher=Newyork.seriouseats.com |date=2008-06-13 |access-date=2013-02-16 |archive-date=2017-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619204220/http://newyork.seriouseats.com/2008/06/new-jersey-palisades-park-koreatown-korean-banchan-nj.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and its Senior Citizens Center provides a popular gathering place where even Korean grandmothers were noted to follow the dance trend of the worldwide viral hit ''[[Gangnam Style]]'' by South Korean "[[K-pop]]" rapper [[Psy (rapper)|Psy]] in September 2012;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northjersey.com/arts_entertainment/celebrities/170803886__Gangnam_Style__dance_craze_catches_fire_in_North_Jersey.html|title='Gangnam Style' dance craze catches fire in North Jersey|author1=Sachi Fujimori|author2=Elyse Toribio|work=2012 North Jersey Media Group|date=2012-09-22|access-date=2012-09-22|archive-date=2013-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233816/http://www.northjersey.com/arts_entertainment/celebrities/170803886__Gangnam_Style__dance_craze_catches_fire_in_North_Jersey.html|url-status=live}}</ref> while the nearby [[Koreatown, Fort Lee|Fort Lee Koreatown]] is also emerging as such. The [[Chuseok|Chusok]] Korean Thanksgiving [[harvest festival]] has become an annual tradition in Bergen County, attended by several tens of thousands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/community/Koreans_in_North_Jersey_give_thanks_at_harvest_festival___.html|title=Koreans in North Jersey give thanks at harvest festival|author=Mary Diduch|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=September 14, 2013|access-date=September 15, 2013|archive-date=September 18, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918144755/http://www.northjersey.com/community/Koreans_in_North_Jersey_give_thanks_at_harvest_festival___.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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Bergen County's growing Korean community<ref name = BergenCountyComfortWomen1>{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/bergen/index.ssf/2013/06/japanese-american_congressman_visits_nj_comfort_women_memorial.html#incart_m-rpt-1|title=Sexual slavery issue, discussed internationally, pivots around one little monument in N.J.|author=S.P. Sullivan|date=June 8, 2013|access-date=June 9, 2013|archive-date=August 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812111721/https://www.nj.com/bergen/index.ssf/2013/06/japanese-american_congressman_visits_nj_comfort_women_memorial.html#incart_m-rpt-1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/bergen/bergen_news/North_Jersey_Korean-Americans_relieved_but_worried_about_transition.html|title=North Jersey Korean-Americans relieved but worried about transition|author=John C. Ensslin|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=2011-12-20|access-date=2011-12-20|archive-date=2013-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014140157/http://www.northjersey.com/news/bergen/bergen_news/North_Jersey_Korean-Americans_relieved_but_worried_about_transition.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=atty>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/Korean_War_vets_honored__at_Cresskill_church.html|title=Korean War vets honored at Cresskill church|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=2011-06-26|access-date=2011-06-27|archive-date=2013-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014140203/http://www.northjersey.com/news/Korean_War_vets_honored__at_Cresskill_church.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/crime_courts/113719969_Kim_named_Central_Municipal_Court_judge.html|title=Hackensack attorney appointed to court|date=2011-01-15|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|access-date=2011-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120003001/http://www.northjersey.com/news/crime_courts/113719969_Kim_named_Central_Municipal_Court_judge.html|archive-date=2011-01-20}}</ref> was cited by county executive Kathleen Donovan in the context of [[Hackensack, New Jersey]] attorney Jae Y. Kim's appointment to Central Municipal Court [[judge]]ship in January 2011.<ref name=atty/> Subsequently, in January 2012, New Jersey Governor Chris Christie nominated attorney Phillip Kwon of Bergen County for [[New Jersey Supreme Court]] justice,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/North_Jersey_Koreans_welcome_state_Supreme_Court_nomination.html|title=North Jersey Koreans welcome state Supreme Court nomination|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|author=Monsy Alvarado|date=January 24, 2012|access-date=2012-01-25|archive-date=2013-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003045756/http://www.northjersey.com/news/North_Jersey_Koreans_welcome_state_Supreme_Court_nomination.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/24/nyregion/christie-names-gay-and-asian-men-to-nj-supreme-court.html|title=Christie Names a Gay Man and an Asian for the Top Court|author=Kate Zernike|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 23, 2012|access-date=2012-01-24|archive-date=2012-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124022459/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/24/nyregion/christie-names-gay-and-asian-men-to-nj-supreme-court.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/state/012312_Christie_nominates_gay_black_man_Asian_to_NJ_Supreme_Court.html|title=Christie nominates gay black man, Asian to N.J. Supreme Court – video|author=Juliet Fletcher|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=January 23, 2012|access-date=2012-01-24|archive-date=2013-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003045738/http://www.northjersey.com/news/state/012312_Christie_nominates_gay_black_man_Asian_to_NJ_Supreme_Court.html|url-status=live}}</ref> although this nomination was rejected by the state's Senate Judiciary Committee,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/03/in_rejecting_supreme_court_nom.html|last=Baxter|first=Christopher|title=In rejecting Supreme Court nominee Phillip Kwon, Dems send Gov. Christie a message|access-date=September 29, 2013|newspaper=Star Ledger|date=March 25, 2012|archive-date=July 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723005436/https://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/03/in_rejecting_supreme_court_nom.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and in July 2012, Kwon was appointed instead as deputy general counsel of the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/Philip_Kwon_hired_at_high-ranking_job_at_Port_Authority.html|title=Update: Philip Kwon, rejected N.J. Supreme Court nominee, scores a top Port Authority job|author=SHAWN BOBURG AND JOHN REITMEYER|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=2012-07-26|access-date=2012-07-29 |archive-date=2012-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728031127/http://www.northjersey.com/news/Philip_Kwon_hired_at_high-ranking_job_at_Port_Authority.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to ''[[The Record (Bergen County)|The Record]]'' of Bergen County, the U.S. Census Bureau has determined the county's Korean American population—2010 census figures put it at 56,773<ref name="Monsy Alvarado">{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/leonia/Bergen_County_swears_in_first_female_Korean-American_assistant_prosecutor.html|title=Bergen County swears in first female Korean-American assistant prosecutor|author=Monsy Alvarado|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=2012-09-04|access-date=2012-09-04|archive-date=2013-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014140207/http://www.northjersey.com/leonia/Bergen_County_swears_in_first_female_Korean-American_assistant_prosecutor.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/bergen/Korean_language_ballots_coming_to_Bergen_County.html|title=Korean language ballots coming to Bergen County|author1=Karen Sudol|author2=Dave Sheingold|work=2012 North Jersey Media Group|date=2011-10-12|access-date=2012-09-04|archive-date=2012-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512220215/http://www.northjersey.com/news/bergen/Korean_language_ballots_coming_to_Bergen_County.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (increasing to 63,247 by the 2011 [[American Community Survey]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_1YR_DP05&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212210151/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_1YR_DP05&prodType=table|archive-date=2020-02-12|title=ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates – Geographies – Bergen County, New Jersey|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=2013-04-16}}</ref>—grew enough to warrant language assistance during elections,<ref name="Karen Sudol and Dave Sheingold"/> and Bergen County's Koreans have earned significant political respect{{Weasel inline|date=November 2022}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/166724576_After_decades_of_work__Bergen_County_Koreans_have_earned_political_respect.html|title=After decades of work, Bergen County Koreans have earned political respect|author=John C. Ensslin|work=2012 North Jersey Media Group|date=2012-08-20|access-date=2012-08-23|archive-date=2012-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823205257/http://www.northjersey.com/news/166724576_After_decades_of_work__Bergen_County_Koreans_have_earned_political_respect.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rebecca D. O'Brien">{{cite web|url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/174039211.html|title=New Jersey's Korean community awakens politically|work=2012 North Jersey Media Group|author=Rebecca D. O'Brien|date=2012-10-14|access-date=2012-10-19|archive-date=2013-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003045742/http://www.northjersey.com/news/174039211.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/173234571_Korean-Americans_to_sponsor_three_debates.html|title=Korean-Americans to sponsor three debates|author=Monsy Alvarado|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=2012-10-09|access-date=May 12, 2014|archive-date=2013-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014140159/http://www.northjersey.com/news/173234571_Korean-Americans_to_sponsor_three_debates.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As of May 2014, Korean Americans had garnered at least four borough council seats in Bergen County.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/south-korean-officials-menendez-lead-englewood-discussion-on-improving-joint-economy-1.1014570|title=South Korean officials, Menendez lead Englewood discussion on improving joint economy|author=Monsy Alvarado|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=May 12, 2014|access-date=May 12, 2014|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081227/http://www.northjersey.com/news/south-korean-officials-menendez-lead-englewood-discussion-on-improving-joint-economy-1.1014570|url-status=live}}</ref> |
Bergen County's growing Korean community<ref name = BergenCountyComfortWomen1>{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/bergen/index.ssf/2013/06/japanese-american_congressman_visits_nj_comfort_women_memorial.html#incart_m-rpt-1|title=Sexual slavery issue, discussed internationally, pivots around one little monument in N.J.|author=S.P. Sullivan|date=June 8, 2013|access-date=June 9, 2013|archive-date=August 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812111721/https://www.nj.com/bergen/index.ssf/2013/06/japanese-american_congressman_visits_nj_comfort_women_memorial.html#incart_m-rpt-1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/bergen/bergen_news/North_Jersey_Korean-Americans_relieved_but_worried_about_transition.html|title=North Jersey Korean-Americans relieved but worried about transition|author=John C. Ensslin|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=2011-12-20|access-date=2011-12-20|archive-date=2013-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014140157/http://www.northjersey.com/news/bergen/bergen_news/North_Jersey_Korean-Americans_relieved_but_worried_about_transition.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=atty>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/Korean_War_vets_honored__at_Cresskill_church.html|title=Korean War vets honored at Cresskill church|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=2011-06-26|access-date=2011-06-27|archive-date=2013-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014140203/http://www.northjersey.com/news/Korean_War_vets_honored__at_Cresskill_church.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/crime_courts/113719969_Kim_named_Central_Municipal_Court_judge.html|title=Hackensack attorney appointed to court|date=2011-01-15|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|access-date=2011-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120003001/http://www.northjersey.com/news/crime_courts/113719969_Kim_named_Central_Municipal_Court_judge.html|archive-date=2011-01-20}}</ref> was cited by county executive Kathleen Donovan in the context of [[Hackensack, New Jersey]] attorney Jae Y. Kim's appointment to Central Municipal Court [[judge]]ship in January 2011.<ref name=atty/> Subsequently, in January 2012, New Jersey Governor Chris Christie nominated attorney Phillip Kwon of Bergen County for [[New Jersey Supreme Court]] justice,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/North_Jersey_Koreans_welcome_state_Supreme_Court_nomination.html|title=North Jersey Koreans welcome state Supreme Court nomination|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|author=Monsy Alvarado|date=January 24, 2012|access-date=2012-01-25|archive-date=2013-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003045756/http://www.northjersey.com/news/North_Jersey_Koreans_welcome_state_Supreme_Court_nomination.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/24/nyregion/christie-names-gay-and-asian-men-to-nj-supreme-court.html|title=Christie Names a Gay Man and an Asian for the Top Court|author=Kate Zernike|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 23, 2012|access-date=2012-01-24|archive-date=2012-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124022459/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/24/nyregion/christie-names-gay-and-asian-men-to-nj-supreme-court.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/state/012312_Christie_nominates_gay_black_man_Asian_to_NJ_Supreme_Court.html|title=Christie nominates gay black man, Asian to N.J. Supreme Court – video|author=Juliet Fletcher|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=January 23, 2012|access-date=2012-01-24|archive-date=2013-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003045738/http://www.northjersey.com/news/state/012312_Christie_nominates_gay_black_man_Asian_to_NJ_Supreme_Court.html|url-status=live}}</ref> although this nomination was rejected by the state's Senate Judiciary Committee,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/03/in_rejecting_supreme_court_nom.html|last=Baxter|first=Christopher|title=In rejecting Supreme Court nominee Phillip Kwon, Dems send Gov. Christie a message|access-date=September 29, 2013|newspaper=Star Ledger|date=March 25, 2012|archive-date=July 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723005436/https://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/03/in_rejecting_supreme_court_nom.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and in July 2012, Kwon was appointed instead as deputy general counsel of the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/Philip_Kwon_hired_at_high-ranking_job_at_Port_Authority.html|title=Update: Philip Kwon, rejected N.J. Supreme Court nominee, scores a top Port Authority job|author=SHAWN BOBURG AND JOHN REITMEYER|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=2012-07-26|access-date=2012-07-29 |archive-date=2012-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728031127/http://www.northjersey.com/news/Philip_Kwon_hired_at_high-ranking_job_at_Port_Authority.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to ''[[The Record (Bergen County)|The Record]]'' of Bergen County, the U.S. Census Bureau has determined the county's Korean American population—2010 census figures put it at 56,773<ref name="Monsy Alvarado">{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/leonia/Bergen_County_swears_in_first_female_Korean-American_assistant_prosecutor.html|title=Bergen County swears in first female Korean-American assistant prosecutor|author=Monsy Alvarado|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=2012-09-04|access-date=2012-09-04|archive-date=2013-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014140207/http://www.northjersey.com/leonia/Bergen_County_swears_in_first_female_Korean-American_assistant_prosecutor.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/bergen/Korean_language_ballots_coming_to_Bergen_County.html|title=Korean language ballots coming to Bergen County|author1=Karen Sudol|author2=Dave Sheingold|work=2012 North Jersey Media Group|date=2011-10-12|access-date=2012-09-04|archive-date=2012-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512220215/http://www.northjersey.com/news/bergen/Korean_language_ballots_coming_to_Bergen_County.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (increasing to 63,247 by the 2011 [[American Community Survey]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_1YR_DP05&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212210151/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_1YR_DP05&prodType=table|archive-date=2020-02-12|title=ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates – Geographies – Bergen County, New Jersey|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=2013-04-16}}</ref>—grew enough to warrant language assistance during elections,<ref name="Karen Sudol and Dave Sheingold"/> and Bergen County's Koreans have earned significant political respect{{Weasel inline|date=November 2022}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/166724576_After_decades_of_work__Bergen_County_Koreans_have_earned_political_respect.html|title=After decades of work, Bergen County Koreans have earned political respect|author=John C. Ensslin|work=2012 North Jersey Media Group|date=2012-08-20|access-date=2012-08-23|archive-date=2012-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823205257/http://www.northjersey.com/news/166724576_After_decades_of_work__Bergen_County_Koreans_have_earned_political_respect.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rebecca D. O'Brien">{{cite web|url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/174039211.html|title=New Jersey's Korean community awakens politically|work=2012 North Jersey Media Group|author=Rebecca D. O'Brien|date=2012-10-14|access-date=2012-10-19|archive-date=2013-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003045742/http://www.northjersey.com/news/174039211.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/173234571_Korean-Americans_to_sponsor_three_debates.html|title=Korean-Americans to sponsor three debates|author=Monsy Alvarado|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=2012-10-09|access-date=May 12, 2014|archive-date=2013-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014140159/http://www.northjersey.com/news/173234571_Korean-Americans_to_sponsor_three_debates.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As of May 2014, Korean Americans had garnered at least four borough council seats in Bergen County.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/south-korean-officials-menendez-lead-englewood-discussion-on-improving-joint-economy-1.1014570|title=South Korean officials, Menendez lead Englewood discussion on improving joint economy|author=Monsy Alvarado|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=May 12, 2014|access-date=May 12, 2014|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081227/http://www.northjersey.com/news/south-korean-officials-menendez-lead-englewood-discussion-on-improving-joint-economy-1.1014570|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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===Flatbush boycott=== |
===Flatbush boycott=== |
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===Comfort women controversy=== |
===Comfort women controversy=== |
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In May 2012, officials in Bergen County's [[Palisades Park, New Jersey|borough of]] [[Koreatown, Palisades Park|Palisades Park, New Jersey]] rejected requests by two [[international diplomacy|diplomatic]] delegations from Japan to remove a small [[monument]] from a public park, a [[brass]] plaque on a block of stone, dedicated in 2010 to the memory of [[comfort women]], thousands of women, many Koreans, who were forced into sexual slavery by [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese soldiers]] during [[World War II]].<ref name = BergenCountyComfortWomen1/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/19/nyregion/monument-in-palisades-park-nj-irritates-japanese-officials.html|title=In New Jersey, Memorial for 'Comfort Women' Deepens Old Animosity|newspaper=The New York Times|author=Kirk Semple|date=May 18, 2012|access-date=June 9, 2013|archive-date=May 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529231015/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/19/nyregion/monument-in-palisades-park-nj-irritates-japanese-officials.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Days later, a South Korean delegation endorsed the borough's decision.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/community/at_the_library/news/Palisades_Park_monument_to_comfort_women_stirs_support_anger.html|title=Palisades Park monument to 'comfort women' stirs support, anger|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|author=Monsy Alvarado|date=July 12, 2012|access-date=2012-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714013436/http://www.northjersey.com/community/at_the_library/news/Palisades_Park_monument_to_comfort_women_stirs_support_anger.html|archive-date=July 14, 2012}}</ref> However, in neighboring Fort Lee, various Korean American groups could not reach consensus on the design and wording for such a monument as of early April 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nj.com/bergen/index.ssf/2013/04/critics_cause_fort_lee_to_reconsider_monument_honoring_korean_wwii_prostitutes.html#incart_river_default |title=Critics cause Fort Lee to reconsider monument honoring Korean WWII prostitutes|author=Dan Ivers|date=April 6, 2013 |access-date=April 8, 2013|archive-date=July 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712060208/https://www.nj.com/bergen/index.ssf/2013/04/critics_cause_fort_lee_to_reconsider_monument_honoring_korean_wwii_prostitutes.html#incart_river_default|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/fortlee/Controversy_puts_planned_comfort_women_memorial_in_Fort_Lee_on_hold.html|title=Controversy puts planned 'comfort women' memorial in Fort Lee on hold|author=Linh Tat|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=April 4, 2013|access-date=April 8, 2013|archive-date=April 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415081032/http://www.northjersey.com/fortlee/Controversy_puts_planned_comfort_women_memorial_in_Fort_Lee_on_hold.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2012, a similar memorial was announced in nearby Hackensack, to be raised behind the [[Bergen County Court House|Bergen County Courthouse]], alongside memorials to the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]], the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Irish Famine]], the [[Armenian genocide]], and [[Slavery in the United States]]<ref name="Rebecca D. O'Brien"/> and was unveiled in March 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nj.com/bergen/index.ssf/2013/03/bergen_county_marks_international_womens_day_with_korean_comfort_women_memorial.html#incart_river_default |title=Bergen County marks International Women's Day with Korean 'comfort women' memorial|author=S.P. Sullivan |date=March 8, 2013|access-date=2013-03-08|archive-date=2018-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712032000/https://www.nj.com/bergen/index.ssf/2013/03/bergen_county_marks_international_womens_day_with_korean_comfort_women_memorial.html#incart_river_default|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/Bergen_County_officials_.html |title=Memorial dedicated to women forced into sexual slavery during WWII |author=Monsy Alvarado|publisher=North Jersey Media Group, Inc.|date=March 8, 2013|access-date=2013-03-08}}</ref> An apology and monetary compensation of roughly $8,000,000 by Japan to South Korea in December 2015 for these crimes largely fell flat in Bergen County, where the first U.S. monument to pay respects to comfort women was erected.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/mixed-reaction-to-japan-apology-on-comfort-women-1.1481398|title=Mixed reaction to Japan apology on 'comfort women'|author=Matthew McGrath |publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=December 28, 2015|access-date=December 29, 2015|archive-date=December 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229041247/http://www.northjersey.com/news/mixed-reaction-to-japan-apology-on-comfort-women-1.1481398|url-status=live}}</ref> |
In May 2012, officials in Bergen County's [[Palisades Park, New Jersey|borough of]] [[Koreatown, Palisades Park|Palisades Park, New Jersey]] rejected requests by two [[international diplomacy|diplomatic]] delegations from Japan to remove a small [[monument]] from a public park, a [[brass]] plaque on a block of stone, dedicated in 2010 to the memory of [[comfort women]], thousands of women, many Koreans, who were forced into sexual slavery by [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese soldiers]] during [[World War II]].<ref name = BergenCountyComfortWomen1/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/19/nyregion/monument-in-palisades-park-nj-irritates-japanese-officials.html|title=In New Jersey, Memorial for 'Comfort Women' Deepens Old Animosity|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|author=Kirk Semple|date=May 18, 2012|access-date=June 9, 2013|archive-date=May 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529231015/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/19/nyregion/monument-in-palisades-park-nj-irritates-japanese-officials.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Days later, a South Korean delegation endorsed the borough's decision.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/community/at_the_library/news/Palisades_Park_monument_to_comfort_women_stirs_support_anger.html|title=Palisades Park monument to 'comfort women' stirs support, anger|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|author=Monsy Alvarado|date=July 12, 2012|access-date=2012-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714013436/http://www.northjersey.com/community/at_the_library/news/Palisades_Park_monument_to_comfort_women_stirs_support_anger.html|archive-date=July 14, 2012}}</ref> However, in neighboring Fort Lee, various Korean American groups could not reach consensus on the design and wording for such a monument as of early April 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nj.com/bergen/index.ssf/2013/04/critics_cause_fort_lee_to_reconsider_monument_honoring_korean_wwii_prostitutes.html#incart_river_default |title=Critics cause Fort Lee to reconsider monument honoring Korean WWII prostitutes|author=Dan Ivers|date=April 6, 2013 |access-date=April 8, 2013|archive-date=July 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712060208/https://www.nj.com/bergen/index.ssf/2013/04/critics_cause_fort_lee_to_reconsider_monument_honoring_korean_wwii_prostitutes.html#incart_river_default|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/fortlee/Controversy_puts_planned_comfort_women_memorial_in_Fort_Lee_on_hold.html|title=Controversy puts planned 'comfort women' memorial in Fort Lee on hold|author=Linh Tat|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=April 4, 2013|access-date=April 8, 2013|archive-date=April 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415081032/http://www.northjersey.com/fortlee/Controversy_puts_planned_comfort_women_memorial_in_Fort_Lee_on_hold.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2012, a similar memorial was announced in nearby Hackensack, to be raised behind the [[Bergen County Court House|Bergen County Courthouse]], alongside memorials to the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]], the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Irish Famine]], the [[Armenian genocide]], and [[Slavery in the United States]]<ref name="Rebecca D. O'Brien"/> and was unveiled in March 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nj.com/bergen/index.ssf/2013/03/bergen_county_marks_international_womens_day_with_korean_comfort_women_memorial.html#incart_river_default |title=Bergen County marks International Women's Day with Korean 'comfort women' memorial|author=S.P. Sullivan |date=March 8, 2013|access-date=2013-03-08|archive-date=2018-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712032000/https://www.nj.com/bergen/index.ssf/2013/03/bergen_county_marks_international_womens_day_with_korean_comfort_women_memorial.html#incart_river_default|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/Bergen_County_officials_.html |title=Memorial dedicated to women forced into sexual slavery during WWII |author=Monsy Alvarado|publisher=North Jersey Media Group, Inc.|date=March 8, 2013|access-date=2013-03-08}}</ref> An apology and monetary compensation of roughly $8,000,000 by Japan to South Korea in December 2015 for these crimes largely fell flat in Bergen County, where the first U.S. monument to pay respects to comfort women was erected.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/mixed-reaction-to-japan-apology-on-comfort-women-1.1481398|title=Mixed reaction to Japan apology on 'comfort women'|author=Matthew McGrath |publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=December 28, 2015|access-date=December 29, 2015|archive-date=December 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229041247/http://www.northjersey.com/news/mixed-reaction-to-japan-apology-on-comfort-women-1.1481398|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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===East Sea controversy=== |
===East Sea controversy=== |
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===Nail salon abuse=== |
===Nail salon abuse=== |
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According to a 2015 investigation by ''[[The New York Times]]'', abuse by Korean [[nail salon]] owners in [[Korean Americans in New York City|New York City]] and [[Koreatown, Long Island|Long Island]] was rampant, with 70 to 80% of nail salon owners in New York being Korean, per the Korean American Nail Salon Association; with the growth and concentration in the number of salons in New York City far outstripping the remainder of the United States since 2000, according to the [[U.S. Census Bureau]]. Abuses routinely included underpayment and non-payment to employees for services rendered, exacting poor working conditions, and stratifying pay scales and working conditions for Korean employees above non-Koreans.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/10/nyregion/at-nail-salons-in-nyc-manicurists-are-underpaid-and-unprotected.html|title=The Price of Nice Nails |author=Sarah Maslin Nir |others=Reporting was contributed by Sarah Cohen, Jiha Ham, Jeanne Li, Yuhan Liu, Julie Turkewitz, Isvett Verde, Yeong-Ung Yang and Heyang Zhang, and research by Susan C. Beachy|newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 7, 2015 |access-date=May 7, 2015 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription|archive-date=May 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507135300/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/10/nyregion/at-nail-salons-in-nyc-manicurists-are-underpaid-and-unprotected.html}}</ref> |
According to a 2015 investigation by ''[[The New York Times]]'', abuse by Korean [[nail salon]] owners in [[Korean Americans in New York City|New York City]] and [[Koreatown, Long Island|Long Island]] was rampant, with 70 to 80% of nail salon owners in New York being Korean, per the Korean American Nail Salon Association; with the growth and concentration in the number of salons in New York City far outstripping the remainder of the United States since 2000, according to the [[U.S. Census Bureau]]. Abuses routinely included underpayment and non-payment to employees for services rendered, exacting poor working conditions, and stratifying pay scales and working conditions for Korean employees above non-Koreans.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/10/nyregion/at-nail-salons-in-nyc-manicurists-are-underpaid-and-unprotected.html|title=The Price of Nice Nails |author=Sarah Maslin Nir |others=Reporting was contributed by Sarah Cohen, Jiha Ham, Jeanne Li, Yuhan Liu, Julie Turkewitz, Isvett Verde, Yeong-Ung Yang and Heyang Zhang, and research by Susan C. Beachy|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 7, 2015 |access-date=May 7, 2015 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription|archive-date=May 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507135300/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/10/nyregion/at-nail-salons-in-nyc-manicurists-are-underpaid-and-unprotected.html}}</ref> |
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=== Recent statistics === |
=== Recent statistics === |
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==Languages== |
==Languages== |
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[[File:Korean newspaper machines labeled in two languages.png|thumb|upright|Korean-language newspapers being sold in the United States (2018)]] |
[[File:Korean newspaper machines labeled in two languages.png|thumb|upright|Korean-language newspapers being sold in the United States (2018)]] |
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Korean Americans can speak a combination of [[American English|English]] and [[Korean language|Korean]] depending on where they were born and when they immigrated to the United States. New immigrants often use a mixture of Korean and English ([[Konglish]]), a practice also known as [[code-switching]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2012/02/137_104323.html |title=Konglish |publisher= |
Korean Americans can speak a combination of [[American English|English]] and [[Korean language|Korean]] depending on where they were born and when they immigrated to the United States. New immigrants often use a mixture of Korean and English ([[Konglish]]), a practice also known as [[code-switching]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2012/02/137_104323.html |title=Konglish |publisher=[[The Korea Times]] |date=2012-02-07 |access-date=2013-02-16 |archive-date=2018-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904225837/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2012/02/137_104323.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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==Memorials and celebrities== |
==Memorials and celebrities== |
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== Socio-economic status == |
== Socio-economic status == |
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According to a 2019 analysis of 2017-2019 American Community Survey by the Pew Research Center, the median annual household income of all Koreans in the |
According to a 2019 analysis of 2017-2019 American Community Survey by the Pew Research Center, the median annual household income of all Koreans in the U.S. was $72,200 (less than the $85,800 for all Asians in the U.S.). The median household income of US-born Koreans, however, was $88,100 exceeding the median household income for all Asians in the U.S. |
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In terms of employment (of civilians aged 16 or older), 62% of all Koreans in the |
In terms of employment (of civilians aged 16 or older), 62% of all Koreans in the U.S. were employed as compared to 62% for all Asians in the U.S. At an employment rate of 68%, U.S. born Koreans were slightly more likely to be employed than foreign born Koreans who have an employment rate of 59%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Budiman |first=Abby |title=Koreans in the U.S. Fact Sheet |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/fact-sheet/asian-americans-koreans-in-the-u-s/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project |date=29 April 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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==Cuisine== |
==Cuisine== |
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[[File:David_Chang_David_Shankbone_2010.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[David Chang]], at the [[Time 100]] gala in [[Manhattan]], is an American restaurateur, author, and television personality.]] |
[[File:David_Chang_David_Shankbone_2010.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[David Chang]], at the [[Time 100]] gala in [[Manhattan]], is an American restaurateur, author, and television personality.]] |
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"Korean American cuisine" can be described as a fusion of traditional [[Korean cuisine]] with American culture and tastes.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Authenticity and representation: cuisines and identities in Korean-American diaspora |journal=Postcolonial Studies|volume=8|year=2005 |first=Young-Rae|last=Oum |doi=10.1080/13688790500134380|issue=1|page=109 |s2cid=145365993}}</ref> Dishes such as "[[Korean taco]]s" have emerged from the contacts between Korean bodega owners and their Mexican workers in the Los Angeles area, spreading from one [[food truck]] ([[Kogi Korean BBQ]]) in November 2008 to the national stage eighteen months later.<ref>{{cite news |last=Edge |first=John T. |date=2010-07-28 |title=The Tortilla Takes a Road Trip to Korea|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/28/dining/28united.html |access-date=2010-07-28 |archive-date=2010-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729044233/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/28/dining/28united.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
"Korean American cuisine" can be described as a fusion of traditional [[Korean cuisine]] with American culture and tastes.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Authenticity and representation: cuisines and identities in Korean-American diaspora |journal=Postcolonial Studies|volume=8|year=2005 |first=Young-Rae|last=Oum |doi=10.1080/13688790500134380|issue=1|page=109 |s2cid=145365993}}</ref> Dishes such as "[[Korean taco]]s" have emerged from the contacts between Korean bodega owners and their Mexican workers in the Los Angeles area, spreading from one [[food truck]] ([[Kogi Korean BBQ]]) in November 2008 to the national stage eighteen months later.<ref>{{cite news |last=Edge |first=John T. |date=2010-07-28 |title=The Tortilla Takes a Road Trip to Korea|work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/28/dining/28united.html |access-date=2010-07-28 |archive-date=2010-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729044233/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/28/dining/28united.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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According to Chef [[Roy Choi]] (of Kogi Korean BBQ fame), [[sundubu-jjigae]] was a dish developed by Korean immigrants in Los Angeles. In 2021, ''[[Thrillist]]'' named Bergen County, New Jersey as America's best Korean barbecue destination.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Musni |first=Lauren |date=2022-09-26 |title=New Jersey's 10 best Korean barbecue restaurants, ranked |url=https://www.nj.com/entertainment/2022/09/new-jerseys-10-best-korean-barbecue-restaurants-ranked.html |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=nj |language=en}}</ref> |
According to Chef [[Roy Choi]] (of Kogi Korean BBQ fame), [[sundubu-jjigae]] was a dish developed by Korean immigrants in Los Angeles. In 2021, ''[[Thrillist]]'' named Bergen County, New Jersey as America's best Korean barbecue destination.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Musni |first=Lauren |date=2022-09-26 |title=New Jersey's 10 best Korean barbecue restaurants, ranked |url=https://www.nj.com/entertainment/2022/09/new-jerseys-10-best-korean-barbecue-restaurants-ranked.html |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=nj |language=en}}</ref> |
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Often, chefs borrow from Korean flavors and preparation techniques that they will integrate into the style they are most comfortable with (whether it be [[Tex-Mex]], [[American Chinese cuisine|Chinese]] or purely American). Even a classic staple of the American diet, the [[hamburger]], is available with a Korean twist—[[bulgogi]] (Korean BBQ) burgers. |
Often, chefs borrow from Korean flavors and preparation techniques that they will integrate into the style they are most comfortable with (whether it be [[Tex-Mex]], [[American Chinese cuisine|Chinese]] or purely American). Even a classic staple of the American diet, the [[hamburger]], is available with a Korean twist—[[bulgogi]] (Korean BBQ) burgers. |
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With the popularity of cooking and culinary sampling, chefs, housewives, food junkies and culinary aficionados have been bolder in their choices, favoring more inventive, specialty and ethnic dishes. Already popular in its subset populations peppered throughout the United States, Korean food debuted in the many Koreatowns found in metropolitan areas including in [[Koreatown, Los Angeles|Los Angeles]]; [[Koreatown, Garden Grove|Garden Grove]] and [[Buena Park, California|Buena Park]] in [[Orange County, California]]; [[Koreatown, Long Island|Queens]] and [[Koreatown, Manhattan|Manhattan]] in [[New York City]]; [[Koreatown, Palisades Park|Palisades Park]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://snoh.wordpress.com/2007/06/11/palisades-park-nj-k-town-west-of-hudson/|title=Palisades Park, NJ: K-Town West of Hudson|date=11 June 2007 |publisher=WordPress.com|access-date=June 5, 2014|archive-date=September 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905023327/https://snoh.wordpress.com/2007/06/11/palisades-park-nj-k-town-west-of-hudson/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Koreatown, Fort Lee|Fort Lee]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://njmonthly.com/articles/best-of-Jersey/seoul_mates.html |title=Thriving Korean communities make Fort Lee and Palisades Park a boon to epicures.|publisher=Copyright © 2012 New Jersey Monthly Magazine|author=Karen Tina Harrison|date=2007-12-19|access-date=June 5, 2014|archive-date=2014-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215042934/http://njmonthly.com/articles/best-of-Jersey/seoul_mates.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704330404576291030180585192|title=Bergen County's Fort Lee: Town With a View |author=Melanie Lefkowitz|work=The Wall Street Journal |date=2011-04-30 |access-date=June 5, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904230002/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704330404576291030180585192|archive-date=2018-09-04|url-status=live}}</ref> in [[Bergen County, New Jersey]]; [[Annandale, Virginia]]; [[Koreatown, Philadelphia|Philadelphia]]; [[Buford Highway|Atlanta]]; [[Dallas]]; and [[Albany Park, Chicago|Chicago]]. Korean cuisine has unique and bold flavors, colors and styles; these include [[kimchi]], an often spicy dish made of salted and fermented vegetables ([[baechu-kimchi]], [[Kkakdugi|kkaktugi]]), long-fermented pastes ([[gochujang]], [[doenjang]]), rice cake or noodle dishes and stews ([[tteok-bokki]], [[Naengmyeon|naengmyun]]), marinated and grilled meats ([[bulgogi]], [[galbi]]), and many seafood dishes using [[fish cake]]s, octopus, squid, shellfish and fish. |
With the popularity of cooking and culinary sampling, chefs, housewives, food junkies and culinary aficionados have been bolder in their choices, favoring more inventive, specialty and ethnic dishes. Already popular in its subset populations peppered throughout the United States, Korean food debuted in the many Koreatowns found in metropolitan areas including in [[Koreatown, Los Angeles|Los Angeles]]; [[Koreatown, Garden Grove|Garden Grove]] and [[Buena Park, California|Buena Park]] in [[Orange County, California]]; [[Koreatown, Long Island|Queens]] and [[Koreatown, Manhattan|Manhattan]] in [[New York City]]; [[Koreatown, Palisades Park|Palisades Park]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://snoh.wordpress.com/2007/06/11/palisades-park-nj-k-town-west-of-hudson/|title=Palisades Park, NJ: K-Town West of Hudson|date=11 June 2007 |publisher=WordPress.com|access-date=June 5, 2014|archive-date=September 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905023327/https://snoh.wordpress.com/2007/06/11/palisades-park-nj-k-town-west-of-hudson/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Koreatown, Fort Lee|Fort Lee]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://njmonthly.com/articles/best-of-Jersey/seoul_mates.html |title=Thriving Korean communities make Fort Lee and Palisades Park a boon to epicures.|publisher=Copyright © 2012 New Jersey Monthly Magazine|author=Karen Tina Harrison|date=2007-12-19|access-date=June 5, 2014|archive-date=2014-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215042934/http://njmonthly.com/articles/best-of-Jersey/seoul_mates.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704330404576291030180585192|title=Bergen County's Fort Lee: Town With a View |author=Melanie Lefkowitz|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=2011-04-30 |access-date=June 5, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904230002/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704330404576291030180585192|archive-date=2018-09-04|url-status=live}}</ref> in [[Bergen County, New Jersey]]; [[Annandale, Virginia]]; [[Koreatown, Philadelphia|Philadelphia]]; [[Buford Highway|Atlanta]]; [[Dallas]]; and [[Albany Park, Chicago|Chicago]]. Korean cuisine has unique and bold flavors, colors and styles; these include [[kimchi]], an often spicy dish made of salted and fermented vegetables ([[baechu-kimchi]], [[Kkakdugi|kkaktugi]]), long-fermented pastes ([[gochujang]], [[doenjang]]), rice cake or noodle dishes and stews ([[tteok-bokki]], [[Naengmyeon|naengmyun]]), marinated and grilled meats ([[bulgogi]], [[galbi]]), and many seafood dishes using [[fish cake]]s, octopus, squid, shellfish and fish. |
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The Korean dining scene was noted to have grown sharply in New Jersey during 2018.<ref name="KoreanFoodNewJersey">[https://www.nj.com/expo/life-and-culture/g66l-2019/01/17cb8ba3108536/the-18-most-popular-new-jersey.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103212049/https://www.nj.com/expo/life-and-culture/g66l-2019/01/17cb8ba3108536/the-18-most-popular-new-jersey.html|date=2019-01-03}} Accessed January 3, 2019.</ref> Broad Avenue in Bergen County's Palisades Park Koreatown in New Jersey has evolved into a [[List of Korean desserts|Korean dessert]] destination as well;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/food_dining/244591021_The_sweets_of_Palisades_Park.html|title=Ung: Destination spot for desserts|author=Elisa Ung|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=February 9, 2014|access-date=February 9, 2014|archive-date=March 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302065908/http://www.northjersey.com/food_dining/244591021_The_sweets_of_Palisades_Park.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northjersey.com/food-and-dining-news/dining-news/five-korean-dishes-to-try-this-summer-1.1034170|title=Five Korean dishes to try this summer|author=Elisa Ung|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=June 12, 2014|access-date=June 12, 2014|archive-date=October 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025214209/http://www.northjersey.com/food-and-dining-news/dining-news/five-korean-dishes-to-try-this-summer-1.1034170|url-status=live}}</ref> while a five-mile long "[[Kimchi|Kimchi Belt]]" has emerged in the [[Koreatown, Long Island|Long Island Koreatown]] in New York.<ref name=KimchiQueens>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/17/dining/critics-notebook-pete-wells-explores-korean-restaurants-in-queens.html|title=In Queens, Kimchi Is Just the Start – Pete Wells Explores Korean Restaurants in Queens|author=Pete Wells|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 16, 2014 |access-date=December 16, 2014|archive-date=December 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216200832/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/17/dining/critics-notebook-pete-wells-explores-korean-restaurants-in-queens.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
The Korean dining scene was noted to have grown sharply in New Jersey during 2018.<ref name="KoreanFoodNewJersey">[https://www.nj.com/expo/life-and-culture/g66l-2019/01/17cb8ba3108536/the-18-most-popular-new-jersey.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103212049/https://www.nj.com/expo/life-and-culture/g66l-2019/01/17cb8ba3108536/the-18-most-popular-new-jersey.html|date=2019-01-03}} Accessed January 3, 2019.</ref> Broad Avenue in Bergen County's Palisades Park Koreatown in New Jersey has evolved into a [[List of Korean desserts|Korean dessert]] destination as well;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/food_dining/244591021_The_sweets_of_Palisades_Park.html|title=Ung: Destination spot for desserts|author=Elisa Ung|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=February 9, 2014|access-date=February 9, 2014|archive-date=March 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302065908/http://www.northjersey.com/food_dining/244591021_The_sweets_of_Palisades_Park.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northjersey.com/food-and-dining-news/dining-news/five-korean-dishes-to-try-this-summer-1.1034170|title=Five Korean dishes to try this summer|author=Elisa Ung|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=June 12, 2014|access-date=June 12, 2014|archive-date=October 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025214209/http://www.northjersey.com/food-and-dining-news/dining-news/five-korean-dishes-to-try-this-summer-1.1034170|url-status=live}}</ref> while a five-mile long "[[Kimchi|Kimchi Belt]]" has emerged in the [[Koreatown, Long Island|Long Island Koreatown]] in New York.<ref name=KimchiQueens>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/17/dining/critics-notebook-pete-wells-explores-korean-restaurants-in-queens.html|title=In Queens, Kimchi Is Just the Start – Pete Wells Explores Korean Restaurants in Queens|author=Pete Wells|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 16, 2014 |access-date=December 16, 2014|archive-date=December 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216200832/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/17/dining/critics-notebook-pete-wells-explores-korean-restaurants-in-queens.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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Korean [[coffeehouse]] chain [[Caffe Bene]], also serving [[misu (drink)|misugaru]], has attracted Korean American [[entrepreneur]]s as [[franchisee]]s to launch its initial expansion into the United States, starting with Bergen County, New Jersey and the New York City Metropolitan Area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/business/coffee-with-a-taste-of-korea-1.1029736|title=Korean coffee chain expanding in North Jersey|author=Joan Verdon|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=June 5, 2014|access-date=June 5, 2014|archive-date=June 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606224341/http://www.northjersey.com/news/business/coffee-with-a-taste-of-korea-1.1029736|url-status=live}}</ref> |
Korean [[coffeehouse]] chain [[Caffe Bene]], also serving [[misu (drink)|misugaru]], has attracted Korean American [[entrepreneur]]s as [[franchisee]]s to launch its initial expansion into the United States, starting with Bergen County, New Jersey and the New York City Metropolitan Area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/business/coffee-with-a-taste-of-korea-1.1029736|title=Korean coffee chain expanding in North Jersey|author=Joan Verdon|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=June 5, 2014|access-date=June 5, 2014|archive-date=June 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606224341/http://www.northjersey.com/news/business/coffee-with-a-taste-of-korea-1.1029736|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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{{Demographics of the United States}} |
{{Demographics of the United States}} |
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[[Category:Korean diaspora in the United States|*]] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Korean American}} |
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[[Category:American people of Korean descent| |
[[Category:American people of Korean descent|*]] |
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[[Category:Korean diaspora by country|American]] |
[[Category:Korean diaspora by country|American]] |
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[[Category:Asian diaspora in the United States]] |
[[Category:East Asian diaspora in the United States]] |
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[[Category:East Asian American]] |
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[[Category:Korean-American society| ]] |
한국계 미국인
hangukgye migugin | |
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![]() | |
Total population | |
1,989,519 (2023)[1] 0.6% of the U.S. population (2023) 2,633,777 including Koreans without U.S. citizenship (2021)[2] | |
Regions with significant populations | |
| |
Languages | |
English, Korean | |
Religion | |
61% Protestantism 23% Unaffiliated 10% Roman Catholicism 6% Buddhism[4][5] |
Korean Americans | |
Hangul | 한국계 미국인 |
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Hanja | 韓國系美國人 |
Revised Romanization | Hangukgye Migugin |
McCune–Reischauer | Han'gukkye Migugin |
Koreans in America | |
Hangul | 미주 한인 |
Hanja | 美洲韓人 |
Revised Romanization | Miju Hanin |
McCune–Reischauer | Miju Hanin |
Part of a series on |
Korean people |
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Korean Americans (Korean: 한국계 미국인) are Americans who are of full or partial Korean ethnic descent. The majority of Korean Americans trace their ancestry to South Korea.
The term Korean Americans (also rendered as Korean-Americans) usually encompasses citizens of the United States of full or partial Korean descent. While the broader term Overseas Korean in America (미주한인/재미교포/재미한인) may refer to ethnic Koreans residing in the U.S., the specific designation of Korean American implies that an individual holds American citizenship.[8] Korean Americans may, however, possess dual-citizenship with the Republic of Korea. Known as "dual citizens by birth" (or선천적 복수국적자), these individuals are the children of parents with South Korean citizenship born in the US. As of 2021, it is estimated that there are 20,000 2nd generation Korean Americans who are dual-citizens by birth.[9]
In contrast to Northeast Asia, which is grappling with a significant low birth rate issue, the number of Korean Americans with both parents from Korea is growing by 5.9%. Moreover, the population of those with mixed heritage is increasing at a rate of 16.5%. Prominent scholars and Korean associations have reported that the Korean American population surpassed 2.5–3 million in the 2020s.[10] However, the number of Korean Americans residing in the United States is fewer than that, according to some statistics. For example, The Korea Times USA, analyzing the results of the U.S. census since 2020, reported that the population of Korean Americans in the U.S. was 1,989,519 as of February 2022.[1][11]
As the largest group within the Overseas Korean community, Korean Americans often trace their lineage to South Korea, which accounts for the majority of their ancestral origins.[12]
As of 2023, Korean Americans made up about 0.6% of the U.S. population, numbering approximately 2 million people. They are the fifth-largest subgroup within the Asian American community, following Chinese Americans, Filipino Americans, Indian Americans, and Vietnamese Americans.[13][14]
The United States is the residence of the world's most extensive Korean diasporas, largely from South Korea. As of 2006, due to historical diplomatic challenges stemming from the Korean War in the 1950s, the number of immigrants from North Korea to the United States has remained below 220, constituting a negligible 0.008352 percent of the total Korean American demographic. Thus, it is evident that an overwhelming majority, approximately 99.991648 percent, of the Korean American population traces its roots to South Korea. The Republic of Korea is acknowledged as a principal ally of the United States, fostering a relationship built on mutual values, intertwined economic interests, and strategic security cooperation.[15]
According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of South Korea, as of 2021, the population of Overseas Koreans residing in the United States was 2,633,777. This figure includes both U.S. citizens of Korean descent and South Korean nationals living in the U.S. Specifically, there were 1,529,855 U.S. citizens of Korean descent and 1,103,922 South Korean nationals.[2] By 2021, the U.S. Census Bureau reported the number of Korean Americans as 1,469,854, considering only those who identified with a single race. Notably, about 1,011,589 of these individuals were born in Korea. The population has remained relatively stable into 2023, with the Overseas Koreans Foundation reporting a figure of 2,615,419.[2]
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1910 | 462 | — |
1920 | 1,224 | +164.9% |
1930 | 1,860 | +52.0% |
1940 | 1,711 | −8.0% |
1970 | 69,130 | +3940.3% |
1980 | 354,593 | +412.9% |
1990 | 798,849 | +125.3% |
2000 | 1,076,872 | +34.8% |
2010 | 1,423,784 | +32.2% |
2020 | 1,508,575 | +6.0% |
As of 2023, the United States, which is home to the largest population of overseas Koreans, has the following distribution of Korean Americans.
In 2023, the proportion of Korean Americans in the population varies significantly across the United States. The highest proportion is in Hawaii, accounting for 3.87% of the state's total population. California follows with 1.43%, hosting a large Korean American community; this is notably high considering the overall Korean ethnicity ratio of 0.59% in the U.S. Washington State (1.28%), New Jersey (1.19%), and Virginia (1.09%) also have relatively large Korean American communities. Maryland's proportion is 0.97%, and Alaska's is 0.95%. Nevada has 0.72%, New York 0.71%, and Georgia 0.69%.[21]
The two metropolitan areas with the highest Korean American populations as per the 2010 census were the Greater Los Angeles area Combined Statistical Area (334,329)[22] and the Greater New York Combined Statistical Area (218,764).[23] The Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area ranks third, with approximately 93,000 Korean Americans clustered in Howard and Montgomery Counties in Maryland and Fairfax County in Virginia.[24] Southern California and the New York City metropolitan area[25] have the largest populations of Koreans outside of the Korean Peninsula.[26] Among Korean Americans born in Korea, the Los Angeles metropolitan area had 226,000 as of 2012; New York (including Northern New Jersey) had 153,000 Korean-born Korean Americans; and Washington had 60,000.[27]
The percentage of Korean Americans in Bergen County, New Jersey, in the New York City Metropolitan Area, 6.3% by the 2010 United States census[28][29] (increased to 6.9% by the 2011 American Community Survey),[30] is the highest of any county in the United States.[29] All of the nation's top ten municipalities by percentage of Korean population as per the 2010 census are located within Bergen County,[31] while the concentration of Korean Americans in Palisades Park, New Jersey, in Bergen County, is the highest of any municipality in the United States,[32] at 52% of the population.[28] Between 1990 and 2000, Georgia was home to the fastest-growing Korean community in the U.S., growing at a rate of 88.2% over that decade.[33] There is a significant Korean American population in the Atlanta metropolitan area, mainly in Gwinnett County (2.7% Korean) and Fulton County (1.0% Korean).[22]
According to the statistics of the Overseas Korean Foundation and the Republic of Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 107,145 South Korean children were adopted into the United States between 1953 and 2007.[34]
In a 2005 United States Census Bureau survey, an estimated 432,907 ethnic Koreans in the U.S. were native-born Americans, and 973,780 were foreign-born. Korean Americans that were naturalized citizens numbered at 530,100, while 443,680 Koreans in the U.S. were not American citizens.[35]
While people living in North Korea cannot—except under rare circumstances—leave their country, there are many people of North Korean origin living in the U.S., a substantial portion who fled to the south during the Korean War and later emigrated to the United States. Since the North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004 allowed North Korean defectors to be admitted as refugees, about 130 have settled in the U.S. under that status after 2004.[36][37]
The counties with largest Korean population are Los Angeles County and Orange County in California, Bergen County in New Jersey, and Queens County in New York.[38]
Korean Immigration to the US can be divided into four phases:[39]
Around 1884, following the establishment of diplomatic relations between the US and Korea (then referred to as Chosen) through the Treaty of Peace, Anmity, Commerce, and Navigation, a small number of students and politicians entered the US as part of the Bobingsa Diplomatic Mission (보빙사절단). Included among the members of this mission are Min Yeong-Ik and Yu Gil Jun, the later of whom is considered to be the first Korean student in the US.[39]
One of the first Korean Americans was Soh Jaipil (Philip Jaisohn), who came to America in 1884 and became a leader in the movement for Korean independence.[40] Another prominent figure among the Korean immigrant community is Ahn Chang Ho, pen name Dosan, a Protestant social activist. He came to the United States in 1902 for education. He founded the Friendship Society in 1903 and the Mutual Assistance Society. He was also a political activist during the Japanese occupation of Korea.
Another prominent figure among the Korean immigrant community was Syngman Rhee (이승만), a Methodist.[3] He came to the United States in 1904 and earned a bachelor's degree at George Washington University in 1907, a master's degree at Harvard University, and a PhD from Princeton University in 1910. In 1910, he returned to Korea and became a political activist. He later became the first president of the Republic of Korea.
In 1903, the first group of Korean laborers came to Hawaii on January 13, now known annually as Korean American Day.[41] The migration of Koreans to Hawaii can be explained by conditions in both the US and Korea. Koreans suffered from a series of natural disasters and heavy taxation. In Hawaii, plantation owners who had relied upon Chinese and Japanese labor faced a labor shortage after the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. Koreans were brought in as an alternative labor source. King Kojong promoted Korean immigration by establishing a Korean Department of Emigration and granting American businessmen permission to recruit Koreans for immigration to Korea.[42]
Between 1904 and 1907, about 1,000 Koreans entered the mainland from Hawaii through San Francisco.[43] Many Koreans dispersed along the Pacific Coast as farm workers or as wage laborers in mining companies and as section hands on the railroads. Picture brides became a common practice for marriage to Korean men.
Other than those seeking better economic opportunities in the US, there were also Koreans who left for the US as refugees of the Japanese empire. Between 1910 and 1918, 541 students escaped Japan and arrived in the US through a third country. Individuals such as Whang Sa Sun, who were deeply involved in the Korean independence movement also came to the US to escape Japanese persecution.
Between 1905 and 1910, political activities in Korean American communities surged in opposition towards Japanese aggression towards Korea.
Korean Americans formed organizations throughout the US, with a concentration in Hawaii and California. In 1903, the same year that the first Korean laborers arrived in Hawai, Koreans formed the Sinminhoe (New People's Association).[42] In 1909, two of the largest Korean American organizations would merge to form the Korean National Association, the largest Korean immigrant organization in North America. Established in San Francisco, The Korean National Association, would eventually expand to 130 chapters.[42] The organization coordinated the activities of Korean Americans across North America, holding mass protests and positioning itself as the official representative of Korean Americans. Leaders included An Changho, Syngman Rhee, and Park Yong-man. This organization, along with many others, would play a key role in the Korean independence movement between 1910 and 1945.[44]
After the annexation of KoreabyJapan in 1910, Korean migration to the United States came to a virtual halt. The Japanese colonial government had initially allowed Koreans to immigrate to the US starting in 1902, but later banned Korean emigration in order to secure manpower on the Korean peninsula and to protect Japanese Americans from Korean competition in the US. The Japanese government did, however, allow Korean women to immigrate to the US (many of whom arrived as picture brides) to pacify nationalist sentiment in Korean American communities.[42] The Immigration Act of 1924 (also referred to as the Oriental Exclusion Act) also worked to systematically exclude Korean immigrants from coming to the US.
Due to the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, opportunities were more open to Asian Americans, enabling Korean Americans to move out of enclaves into middle-class neighborhoods. When the Korean War ended in 1953, small numbers of students and professionals entered the United States. A larger group of immigrants included women married with U.S. servicemen commonly referred to as "war brides". These women faced discrimination in the US as well as in South Korea, where many were labelled as whores or traitors.[45] Following In 1953, South Korea had allowed international adoption. This had stemmed from the result of the Korean war as it left many children displaced. As a result of allowing external adoption in South Korea, a majority of the children have been adopted from families across the United States.[46] With the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, Koreans became one of the fastest growing Asian groups in the United States, surpassed only by Filipinos.
The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 abolished the quota system that had restricted the numbers of Asians allowed to enter the United States. Over 560,000 Koreans have immigrated to the US from 1970 to 1990.[47] Large numbers of Koreans, including some from North Korea who had come via South Korea, have immigrated ever since, placing Korea in the top six countries of origin of immigrants to the United States[48] since 1975. The reasons for immigration vary and include the desire for freedom and to seek better economic opportunities. The 1965 Immigration Act also generated a shift in the demographics of the Korean American community, with "new immigrants" making up the majority of the Korean American population.
In the 1980s and 1990s, Koreans became noted not only for starting small businesses such as dry cleaners or convenience stores, but also for diligently planting churches. They would venture into abandoned cities and start up businesses which happened to be predominantly African American in demographics. This would sometimes lead to publicized tensions with customers as dramatized in movies such as Spike Lee's Do the Right Thing. Their children, along with those of other Asian Americans, would also be noted in headlines and magazine covers in the 1980s for their numbers in prestigious universities and highly skilled white collar professions. Favorable socioeconomic status and education have led to the painting of Asian Americans, including Korean Americans, as a "model minority". However, this label is a controversial one: many individuals claim that the "model minority" label derides other communities of color and dismisses the challenges that the Korean Americans, and other Asian American ethnic groups, face.[49] For instance, 12.8% of all Korean Americans live at or below the poverty line.[50]
A large number of Korean Americans do not have health insurance[51][52] due to language access barriers.[53][54] Furthermore, older Korean Americans, who are at significant risk of developing mental health conditions, are less likely to access mental health services even when exhibiting symptoms. This is due to stigma and cultural misconceptions regarding mental health conditions.[55][56]
Los Angeles has emerged as a major center of the Korean American community. The city has undergone a rapid transition in the 1990s marked by an influx of Koreans and investment by Korean banks and corporations.[57][58] Many entrepreneurs opened small businesses, and were hard hit by the 1992 Los Angeles riots[59] More recently, L.A.'s Koreatown has been perceived to have experienced declining political power secondary to re-districting,[60] and an increased crime rate,[61] prompting an exodus of Koreans from the area. Furthermore, the aftermath of the 1992 riots witnessed a large number of Koreans from Southern California moving to the San Francisco Bay Area and opening businesses and buying property near downtown Oakland, furthering the growth of that city's Koreatown until the early 2000s.[62]
According to Park (1998), the violence against Korean Americans in 1992 stimulated a new wave of political activism among Korean Americans, but it also split them into two main camps. The "liberals" sought to unite with other minorities in Los Angeles to fight against racial oppression and scapegoating. The "conservatives," emphasized law and order and generally favored the economic and social policies of the Republican Party. The conservatives tended to emphasize the political differences between Koreans and other minorities, specifically blacks and Hispanics.[63] Abelmann and Lie, (1997) report that the most profound result was the politicization of Korean Americans, all across the U.S. The younger generation especially realized they had been too uninvolved in American politics, and the riot shifted their political attention from South Korea to conditions in the United States.[64]
Also accelerated by the 1992 riots, Orange County's Korean population grew from its starting point in Koreatown, Garden Grove. As of 2020, Orange County had the second largest number of Korean Americans of any county in America, neighboring Los Angeles County has the most, numbering over 229,593.[65] Koreans originally moved into Garden Grove after Olympic gold medalist Sammy Lee bought a home in the 1950s signaling to other ethnic minorities that they could move into Orange County. Since then, Koreans have spread throughout northern Orange County, mainly concentrating in Buena Park, Fullerton, Cerritos, La Palma, Cypress, and Irvine. Garden Grove is now[when?] home to more than 1,500 Korean businesses, and has held a Korean festival, night market, and parade every year since 1983.[66] Mostly older and more traditional Korean businesses and food are found in Garden Grove, while newer and trendier Seoul based chains often locate in Buena Park and Irvine.[67] The Source OC is a multi-level Korean themed mall in Buena Park that houses over 100 restaurants, as well as Korean themed bars, a school, K-pop stores, and a PC gaming café.[68]
A substantial number of affluent Korean American professionals have settled in Bergen County, New Jersey since the early 2000s (decade) and have founded various academically and communally supportive organizations, including the Korean Parent Partnership Organization at the Bergen County Academies magnet high school[69] and The Korean-American Association of New Jersey.[70] Holy Name Medical CenterinTeaneck, New Jersey, within Bergen County, has undertaken an effort to provide comprehensive health care services to underinsured and uninsured Korean patients from a wide area with its Korean Medical Program, drawing over 1,500 Korean American patients to its annual health festival.[71][72][73][74] Bergen County's Broad Avenue Koreatown in Palisades Park[75] has emerged as a dominant nexus of Korean American culture,[76] and its Senior Citizens Center provides a popular gathering place where even Korean grandmothers were noted to follow the dance trend of the worldwide viral hit Gangnam Style by South Korean "K-pop" rapper Psy in September 2012;[77] while the nearby Fort Lee Koreatown is also emerging as such. The Chusok Korean Thanksgiving harvest festival has become an annual tradition in Bergen County, attended by several tens of thousands.[78]
Bergen County's growing Korean community[79][80][81][82] was cited by county executive Kathleen Donovan in the context of Hackensack, New Jersey attorney Jae Y. Kim's appointment to Central Municipal Court judgeship in January 2011.[81] Subsequently, in January 2012, New Jersey Governor Chris Christie nominated attorney Phillip Kwon of Bergen County for New Jersey Supreme Court justice,[83][84][85] although this nomination was rejected by the state's Senate Judiciary Committee,[86] and in July 2012, Kwon was appointed instead as deputy general counsel of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.[87] According to The Record of Bergen County, the U.S. Census Bureau has determined the county's Korean American population—2010 census figures put it at 56,773[88][89] (increasing to 63,247 by the 2011 American Community Survey)[90]—grew enough to warrant language assistance during elections,[28] and Bergen County's Koreans have earned significant political respect[weasel words].[91][92][93] As of May 2014, Korean Americans had garnered at least four borough council seats in Bergen County.[94]
In 1990, Korean American owned shops were boycotted in the Flatbush section of the boroughofBrooklyn in New York City. The boycott started by Black Nationalist, Sonny Carson, lasted for six months and became known as the Flatbush boycott.
In May 2012, officials in Bergen County's borough of Palisades Park, New Jersey rejected requests by two diplomatic delegations from Japan to remove a small monument from a public park, a brass plaque on a block of stone, dedicated in 2010 to the memory of comfort women, thousands of women, many Koreans, who were forced into sexual slavery by Japanese soldiers during World War II.[79][95] Days later, a South Korean delegation endorsed the borough's decision.[96] However, in neighboring Fort Lee, various Korean American groups could not reach consensus on the design and wording for such a monument as of early April 2013.[97][98] In October 2012, a similar memorial was announced in nearby Hackensack, to be raised behind the Bergen County Courthouse, alongside memorials to the Holocaust, the Great Irish Famine, the Armenian genocide, and Slavery in the United States[92] and was unveiled in March 2013.[99][100] An apology and monetary compensation of roughly $8,000,000 by Japan to South Korea in December 2015 for these crimes largely fell flat in Bergen County, where the first U.S. monument to pay respects to comfort women was erected.[101]
According to The Record, the Korean American Association of New Jersey petitioned Bergen County school officials in 2013 to use textbooks that refer to the Sea of Japan as the East Sea as well.[102] In February 2014, Bergen County lawmakers announced legislative efforts to include the name East Sea in future New Jersey school textbooks.[103][104] In April 2014, a bill to recognize references to the Sea of Japan also as the East Sea in Virginia textbooks was signed into law.[105]
In May 2014, the Palisades Park Public Library in New Jersey created a memorial dedicated to the victims of the tragic sinking of the Sewol ferry off the South Korean coast on April 16, 2014.[106]
According to a 2015 investigation by The New York Times, abuse by Korean nail salon owners in New York City and Long Island was rampant, with 70 to 80% of nail salon owners in New York being Korean, per the Korean American Nail Salon Association; with the growth and concentration in the number of salons in New York City far outstripping the remainder of the United States since 2000, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. Abuses routinely included underpayment and non-payment to employees for services rendered, exacting poor working conditions, and stratifying pay scales and working conditions for Korean employees above non-Koreans.[107]
It is hard to determine the accuracy of this reporting due to the figures being sourced from the Korean Consulate in Korea, and the channels of various Korean-affiliated organizations. For example, tens of thousands of immigrant women who have been married to USFK since the 1950s and who have been adopted since the liberation of the United States have not been identified in the Korean consulate statistics.[108]
Korean Americans can speak a combination of English and Korean depending on where they were born and when they immigrated to the United States. New immigrants often use a mixture of Korean and English (Konglish), a practice also known as code-switching.[109]
Korean American Day, celebrated on January 13, commemorates the arrival of the first Korean immigrants to the United States on January 13, 1903. This day was first proclaimed by President George W. Bush in 2003 and officially recognized by the U.S. Congress in 2005. It honors the significant contributions of Korean Americans in various fields such as small business, the military, faith leadership, medicine, the arts, and politics, reflecting over a century of their impact on American society.[110]
Celebrities are named at List of Korean Americans.
In a poll from the Asia Times before the 2004 U.S. presidential election, Korean Americans narrowly favored Republican candidate George W. Bush by a 41% to 38% margin over Democrat John Kerry, with the remaining 19% undecided or voting for other candidates.[111] However, according to a poll done by the AALDEF, the majority of Korean Americans that voted in the 2004 presidential election favored Democrat John Kerry by a 66% to 33% margin over Republican candidate George W. Bush.[112] And another poll done by the AALDEF suggest the majority of Korean Americans that voted in the 2008 presidential election favored Democrat Barack Obama by a 64% to 35% margin over Republican John McCain[112] In the 2008 U.S. presidential election, Korean Americans favored Democrat Barack Obama over Republican John McCain, around 59% to 41%.[113] However, there are still more registered Republican Korean Americans than registered Democrats. Korean Americans, due to their Republican and Christian leanings, overwhelmingly supported California's constitutional gay marriage ban, Proposition 8.[114]
According to a multilingual exit poll from the 2012 election, 77% of Korean Americans voted for Democrat Barack Obama, while only 20% voted for Republican Mitt Romney.[115] The poll also showed that 60% of Korean Americans identify themselves as being Democrats, while only 14% of Korean Americans identify themselves as being Republican.[115]
In the 2016 presidential election, a majority of Korean Americans (75%) voted for Hillary Clinton.[116]
Elected in 1992, Jay Kim was the first Korean American person elected to Congress.[117] He represented portions of Orange County, California. He was defeated for re-election in the Republican primary in 1998.
In 2018, Andy Kim was elected to Congress from central New Jersey, becoming the first Democratic and second overall Korean American to serve in Congress.[118]
The 2020 elections saw the first three Korean American women elected to Congress, Republicans Young Kim and Michelle Steel of California and Democrat Marilyn Strickland of Washington.
Out of the five Korean Americans elected to the U.S. Congress, only Andy Kim was born in the United States: Jay Kim, Young Kim, Michelle Steel, and Marilyn Strickland were all born in Korea and immigrated, with Strickland having a father in the American military.[119]
Religious Makeup of Korean-Americans (2012)[120]
Korean Americans have historically had a very strong Christian—particularly Protestant—heritage. Between 60% and 65% identify as Christian; 40% of those consist of immigrants who were not Christians at the time of their arrival in the United States. There are about 4,000 Korean Christian churches in the United States.[121] According to a 2016 survey, Presbyterian churches accounted for 42%, followed by Baptists (17%) and Methodists (12%).[122] However, according to a study by UC Riverside in 2020, 64% of Korean American Christians identify as Presbyterians, followed by Methodists (11%) and Baptists (7%).[123]
According to a survey conducted in 2022–2023, Korean Americans have the second largest percentage of individuals who identity as Christian. Fifty-nine percent of Korean Americans identify as Christian. These statistics are in contrast with other Asian American groups such as the Chinese, Japanese, Indian, and Vietnamese of whom 15 to 36% identify as Christian.[124]
The majority of Korean Americans across various social categories go to church. Won Moo Hurh attributes this to 4 factors, including the Christian backgrounds of both early and recent immigrants and the ethnic function of the Korean American Church.[125] Many early Korean immigrants were Christians in Korea who came to the US through the support of American missionaries. The churches established by early Korean immigrants thus became associated with ethnic organizations. Korean immigrants who arrived in the US following the US Immigration Act of 1965 also came from urban middle-class backgrounds and were predominantly Christian.[125]
In 2004, there are 89 Korean Buddhist temples in the United States; the largest such temple, Los Angeles' Sa Chal Temple, was established in 1974.[126] A small minority, about 2 to 10% of Korean Americans are Buddhist.[127] Reasons given for the conversion of immigrant Korean families to Christianity include the responsiveness of Christian churches to immigrant needs as well as their communal nature, whereas Buddhist temples foster individual spirituality and practice and provide fewer social networking and business opportunities, as well as social pressure from other Koreans to convert.[128] Most Korean American Christians do not practice traditional Confucian ancestral rites practiced in Korea (in Korea, most Catholics, Buddhists, and nonbelievers practice these rites).[127][129]
According to a 2019 analysis of 2017-2019 American Community Survey by the Pew Research Center, the median annual household income of all Koreans in the U.S. was $72,200 (less than the $85,800 for all Asians in the U.S.). The median household income of US-born Koreans, however, was $88,100 exceeding the median household income for all Asians in the U.S.
In terms of employment (of civilians aged 16 or older), 62% of all Koreans in the U.S. were employed as compared to 62% for all Asians in the U.S. At an employment rate of 68%, U.S. born Koreans were slightly more likely to be employed than foreign born Koreans who have an employment rate of 59%.[130]
"Korean American cuisine" can be described as a fusion of traditional Korean cuisine with American culture and tastes.[131] Dishes such as "Korean tacos" have emerged from the contacts between Korean bodega owners and their Mexican workers in the Los Angeles area, spreading from one food truck (Kogi Korean BBQ) in November 2008 to the national stage eighteen months later.[132]
According to Chef Roy Choi (of Kogi Korean BBQ fame), sundubu-jjigae was a dish developed by Korean immigrants in Los Angeles. In 2021, Thrillist named Bergen County, New Jersey as America's best Korean barbecue destination.[133]
Often, chefs borrow from Korean flavors and preparation techniques that they will integrate into the style they are most comfortable with (whether it be Tex-Mex, Chinese or purely American). Even a classic staple of the American diet, the hamburger, is available with a Korean twist—bulgogi (Korean BBQ) burgers.
With the popularity of cooking and culinary sampling, chefs, housewives, food junkies and culinary aficionados have been bolder in their choices, favoring more inventive, specialty and ethnic dishes. Already popular in its subset populations peppered throughout the United States, Korean food debuted in the many Koreatowns found in metropolitan areas including in Los Angeles; Garden Grove and Buena ParkinOrange County, California; Queens and ManhattaninNew York City; Palisades Park[134] and Fort Lee[135][136]inBergen County, New Jersey; Annandale, Virginia; Philadelphia; Atlanta; Dallas; and Chicago. Korean cuisine has unique and bold flavors, colors and styles; these include kimchi, an often spicy dish made of salted and fermented vegetables (baechu-kimchi, kkaktugi), long-fermented pastes (gochujang, doenjang), rice cake or noodle dishes and stews (tteok-bokki, naengmyun), marinated and grilled meats (bulgogi, galbi), and many seafood dishes using fish cakes, octopus, squid, shellfish and fish.
The Korean dining scene was noted to have grown sharply in New Jersey during 2018.[137] Broad Avenue in Bergen County's Palisades Park Koreatown in New Jersey has evolved into a Korean dessert destination as well;[138][139] while a five-mile long "Kimchi Belt" has emerged in the Long Island Koreatown in New York.[140]
Korean coffeehouse chain Caffe Bene, also serving misugaru, has attracted Korean American entrepreneursasfranchisees to launch its initial expansion into the United States, starting with Bergen County, New Jersey and the New York City Metropolitan Area.[141]
In 2012, the Department of Homeland Security estimated that there were 230,000 "unauthorized immigrants" born in South Korea; they are the seventh-largest nationality of unauthorized immigrants behind those from Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, the Philippines and India.[142]
1. 미국에 정착하여 미국 국민으로 살고 있는 동포.[1. A Korean who has settled in the United States and lives as an American citizen.]
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