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{{Short description|Polynesian edible underwater plants}} |
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[[File:Ahi limu poke.jpg|thumb|right|Ahi limu [[Poke (Hawaii)|poke]]: raw fish with limu]] |
[[File:Ahi limu poke.jpg|thumb|right|Ahi limu [[Poke (Hawaii)|poke]]: raw fish with limu]] |
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'''Limu''', otherwise known as ''' |
'''Limu''', otherwise known as '''rimu''', '''remu''' or '''{{okina}}imu''' (from [[Proto-Austronesian language|Proto-Austronesian]] *''limut'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://acd.clld.org/cognatesets/30638#2/-10.7/151.9|title=*''limut'': moss, algae|last1=Blust|first1=Robert|author-link1=Robert Blust|last2=Trussel|first2=Stephen|website=Austronesian Comparative Dictionary|date=2010|publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology|access-date=7 December 2022}}</ref> is a general [[Polynesian languages|Polynesian]] term for edible plants living underwater, such as [[seaweed]], or plants living near water, like [[algae]].<ref name=LRimu>{{Cite web|url=http://www.temarareo.org/PPN-Limu.html|title=Limu: Seaweed, mosses and algae of polynesia|website=Te Māra Reo: The Language Garden|year=2022|publisher=Benton Family Trust}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4-------0-1lpm--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-limu--00-3-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D11135|title=Nā Puke Wehewehe ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi|website=wehewehe.org|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref> In Hawaii, there are approximately one hundred names for kinds of limu, sixty of which can be matched with scientific names.<ref name="LimuNames">{{Cite web | url = http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/ethnobotany/pdf/Limu-092107AKC.pdf | title = Limu | accessdate = 2008-09-05 | first = Isabella | last = Aiona Abbott |
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| website = }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Hundreds of species |
| website = }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Hundreds of species of marine algae were once found in Hawaii.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=MacCaughey|first=Vaughan|date=1916|title=The Seaweeds of Hawaii|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=3|issue=8|pages=474–479|doi=10.1002/j.1537-2197.1916.tb05429.x|issn=0002-9122|jstor=2435240|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/312671}}</ref> Many limu are edible, and used in the cuisine throughout most of [[Polynesia]]. |
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== Uses == |
== Uses == |
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Several species of limu are used as food throughout |
Several species of limu are used as food throughout Polynesia and is typically eaten raw as accompaniment to meals, usually fish. |
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In Hawaii, limu was seen as a major component of the [[Native |
In Hawaii, limu was seen as a major component of the [[Native cuisine of Hawaii|Hawaiian diet]] alongside fish and [[Poi (food)|poi]].<ref name=":2" /> Hawaiians cultivated several varieties of seaweed for food as well as to feed fish [[Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture|farmed within fish ponds]]. As many as 75 types of limu were used for food, more than the 35 used in [[Japanese cuisine]], which is also well known for its use of seaweed.<ref name=":1" /> In modern times, limu is often used as a condiment, typically in raw fish dishes such as [[Poke (Hawaiian dish)|poke]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/gk-12/evolution/pdfs/algae.uses.highschool.pdf|title=Got limu? Uses for algae in Hawaii and beyond|last=Spalding|first=Heather|website=University of Hawaii|access-date=April 25, 2019}}</ref> |
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Limu was used in ''[[hoʻoponopono]]'', the ancient Hawaiian process of conflict resolution. Injured and accused parties gathered to pray, seek forgiveness and eat |
Limu was used in ''[[hoʻoponopono]]'', the ancient Hawaiian process of conflict resolution. Injured and accused parties gathered to pray, seek forgiveness and eat {{lang|haw|limu kala}} leaves as a symbol of reconciliation.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mauimagazine.net/the-lure-of-limu/|title=The Lure of Limu|last=Wianecki|first=Shannon|date=2010-03-01|website=mauimagazine.net|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref> It is also used in traditional [[hula]] attire<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/news/new_species_algae.html|title=New Algae Species Discovered in Hawaii's Deep Waters|website=www.papahanaumokuakea.gov|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref> and as medicine.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/42229|title=Economic seaweeds of Hawaii and their food value.|last=Reed|first=Minnie|date=1907|publisher=Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office|hdl=10125/42229}}</ref> |
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Due to the shape of its foliage, the |
Due to the shape of its foliage, the Maori also applied the name {{lang|mi|rimu}} to the native tree ''[[Dacrydium cupressinum]]''.<ref name=LRimu/> |
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== Types == |
== Types == |
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''Limu'' comes from multiple [[genus|genera]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/reefalgae/publications/ediblelimu/|title=Edible Limu of Hawaii|website=www.hawaii.edu|access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref> |
''Limu'' comes from multiple [[genus|genera]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/reefalgae/publications/ediblelimu/|title=Edible Limu of Hawaii|website=www.hawaii.edu|access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref> |
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=== Hawaii === |
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*''Limu ‘ele‘ele'' ''([[Enteromorpha]] prolifera'') |
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*''Limu kala'' (''[[Sargassum]] echinocarpum'') – employed during ''hoʻoponopono.'' |
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*''Limu koele'' – "dry or hard"<ref name=":1" /> |
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*''Limu a kohu'' ''([[Asparagopsis]] taxiformis'') – most popular |
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*''Limu huluhulu waena'' ''(Grateloupia filicina'' or "pubic hair") – favorite of [[Liliʻuokalani]].<ref name=":0" /> |
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*''Limu hina'' (''[[Hypnea]] spp.)'' |
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*''Limu lipoa'' (''Dictyopteris plagiogramma'') – once found in almost continuous beds around [[O‘ahu]]. Disappeared from [[Waikiki Beach]] in the 1960s, crowded out by pollution and the invasive ''Gracilaria salicornia''. |
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*''Limu loloa'' (''Gymnogongrus'' long or slender) <ref name=":1" /> |
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*''Limu manauea'' ''([[Gracilaria]] coronopifolia, ogo'' [Japanese]) – cooked with meats to form a savory jelly. Later diced raw with poke, mixed with chili and salt.<ref name=":0" /> |
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*''Limu palahalaha'' (''[[Ulva]] fasciata'') – used in [[hula]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikikiaquarium.org/experience/plants-seaweeds/seaweeds/limu-palahalaha/|title=Limu Palahalaha|date=2013-11-11|website=Waikīkī Aquarium|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref> |
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*''Limu wawae‘iole'' ''([[Codium]] edule'') |
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*''Pakaiea'' (green sea lettuce) – named after a shark god who was swaddled in its silken leaves.<ref name=":0" /> |
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*''Lepelepe-o-Hina –'' shawl of the goddess [[Hina (goddess)|Hina]]. Shares its name with a native butterfly and a family of [[nudibranchs]].<ref name=":0" /> |
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=== |
===Cook Islands=== |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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*''Kapoke whero'' ([[Gracilaria]] chilensis) |
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*''Karengo'' ([[Pyropia]] spp.) |
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!Image |
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*''Karepō'' ([[Zostera]] spp.) |
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!English name |
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*''Rehia'' ([[Gigartina]] spp.) |
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!Indigenous name |
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*''Rimurapa'' ([[Durvillaea antarctica]]) |
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!Description and use |
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*''Rimurimu'' ([[Caulerpa brownii]]) |
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*''Rimurimu kura'' ([[Polysiphonia]] spp.) |
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|[[File:Turbinaria ornata (Cnidaria).jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Turbinaria ornata|Crowned sea bells]] (''Turbinaria ornata'') |
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|{{lang|rar|Remu taratara}} (''Rarotonga'' and ''Mauke''), {{lang|rar|Rimu taratara}} (''Aitutaki''), {{lang|pkp|Limu}} (''Pukapuka'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/species.asp?id=6762|title=Cook Islands Biodiversity: Turbinaria ornata - Spiny-leaf Seaweed|website=Cook Islands Biodiversity & Natural Heritage|access-date=December 8, 2023}}</ref> |
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|[[File:Sargassum - 1.jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Sargassum aquifolium|Double-edge sargassum]] (''Sargassum aquifolium'') |
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|{{lang|rar|Rimu akau}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/species.asp?id=6630|title=Cook Islands Biodiversity: Sargassum echinocarpum|website=Cook Islands Biodiversity & Natural Heritage|access-date=December 8, 2023}}</ref> |
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|[[File:Hydroclathrus sp.jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Hydroclathrus clathratus|Open-sponge seaweed]] (''Hydroclathrus clathratus'') |
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|{{lang|rar|Remu oma}} (''Rarotonga'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/species.asp?id=6249|title=Cook Islands Biodiversity: Hydroclathrus clathratus - Sponge Seaweed|website=Cook Islands Biodiversity & Natural Heritage|access-date=December 8, 2023}}</ref> |
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|[[File:Sargassum - 1.jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Sargassum obtusifolium]] (''Sargassum obtusifolium'') |
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|{{lang|rar|Remu {{okina}}ūmoemoe}} (''Rarotonga'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/species.asp?id=6631|title=Cook Islands Biodiversity: Sargassum obtusifolium|website=Cook Islands Biodiversity & Natural Heritage|access-date=December 8, 2023}}</ref> |
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|[[File:Caulerpa racemosa.jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Caulerpa racemosa|Sea grapes]] (''Caulerpa racemosa'') |
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|{{lang|rar|Remu kai}} (''Rarotonga'' and ''Mauke''), {{lang|rar|Remu kōnini}} (''Mangaia''), {{lang|rar|Rimu kai}} (''Aitutaki'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/species.asp?id=5895|title=Cook Islands Biodiversity: Caulerpa racemosa - Sea-Grapes Seaweed|website=Cook Islands Biodiversity & Natural Heritage|access-date=December 8, 2023}}</ref> |
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|[[File:Padina boryana.JPG|70px]] |
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|[[Padina boryana|Turkeytail seaweed]] (''Padina boryana'') |
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|{{lang|rar|Remu ta{{okina}}iri{{okina}}iri}} (''Rarotonga'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/species.asp?id=6467|title=Cook Islands Biodiversity: Padina australis - Fan-leaf Seaweed|website=Cook Islands Biodiversity & Natural Heritage|access-date=December 8, 2023}}</ref> |
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===Easter Island=== |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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|- |
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!Image |
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!English name |
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!Indigenous name |
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!Description and use |
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|- |
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|[[File:Dictyopteris membranacea herbarium item.jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Dictyopteris australis]] (''Dictyopteris australis'') |
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|{{lang|rap|Auke}} |
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| |
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|- |
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|[[File:Sargassum - 1.jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Sargassum obtusifolium]] (''Sargassum obtusifolium'') |
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|{{lang|rap|Miritoni}} |
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|} |
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===French Polynesia=== |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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|- |
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!Image |
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!English name |
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!Indigenous name |
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!Description and use |
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|- |
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| |
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|[[Chnoospora minima]] (''Chnoospora minima'') |
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|{{lang|mrq|Imu keikei aoa}} (''Marquesan'') |
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|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://journals.openedition.org/jso/pdf/1481|title=La consommation des algues en Polynésie française : premiers résultats d’une enquête|last=Conte|first=Éric|website=Journal de la Société des Océanistes|access-date=November 21, 2023}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|[[File:Cladophora.JPG|70px]] |
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|[[Cladophora patentiramea]] (''Cladophora patentiramea'') |
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|{{lang|mrq|Imu ouoho}} (''Marquesan'') |
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|<ref name=":4" /> |
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|- |
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|[[File:Gracilaria sp.jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Gracilaria]] (''Gracilaria'') |
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|{{lang|ty|Remu {{okina}}ura}} (''Tahitian'') |
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| |
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|[[File:Ulva flexuosa subsp. paradoxa Crouan.jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Ulva flexuosa|Grass kelp]] (''Enteromorpha flexuosa'') |
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|{{lang|mrq|Imu vai}} (''Marquesan'') |
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|<ref name=":4" /> |
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|- |
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|[[File:Codium arabicum.jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Codium arabicum|Green sea cushion]] (''Codium arabicum'') |
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|{{lang|mrq|Imu tutae kioe}} (''Marquesan'') |
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|<ref name=":4" /> |
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|[[File:Caulerpa racemosa.jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Caulerpa racemosa|Sea grapes]] (''Caulerpa racemosa'') |
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|{{lang|ty|{{okina}}onini}} (''Tahitian''), {{lang|mrq|Imu topua}} (''Marquesan''), {{lang|aut|Remu vine}} (''Austral''), {{lang|ray|Konini}} (''Rapan'') |
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|<ref name=":4" /> |
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|[[File:Sea lettuce in Brofjorden 1 - cropped.jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Ulva lactuca|Sea lettuce]] (''Ulva lactuca'') |
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|{{lang|ty|Rimu miti}} (''Tahitian''), {{lang|mrq|Imu kokuu}} (''Marquesan'') |
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|<ref name=":4" /> |
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|} |
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===Hawaii=== |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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|- |
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!Image |
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!English name |
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!Indigenous name |
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!Description and use |
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|- |
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|[[File:Codium sp..jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Codium reediae|Antler seaweed]] (''Codium reediae'') |
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|{{lang|haw|Limu a{{okina}}ala{{okina}}ula}} |
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|[[File:Codium sp.jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Codium edule|Branched sea cushion]] (''Codium edule'') |
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|{{lang|haw|Limu wawae{{okina}}iole}} |
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| |
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|- |
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|[[File:Ulva sp Jurmo24072018.jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Ulva prolifera|Branched string lettuce]] (''Ulva prolifera'') |
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|{{lang|haw|Limu {{okina}}ele{{okina}}ele}} |
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|[[File:FMIB 52480 Champia parvula, magnified.jpeg|70px]] |
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|[[Champia]] (''Champia'') |
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|{{lang|haw|Limu {{okina}}o{{okina}}olu}} |
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|[[File:Chondria-capillaris-19980602b.jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Chondria (alga)|Chondria tenuissima]] (''Chondria tenuissima'') |
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|{{lang|haw|Limu {{okina}}o{{okina}}olu}} |
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|[[File:Turbinaria ornata (Cnidaria).jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Turbinaria ornata|Crowned sea bells]] (''Turbinaria ornata'') |
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|{{lang|haw|Limu kahili}} |
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|[[File:Dictyopteris membranacea herbarium item.jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Dictyopteris]] (''Dictyopteris'') |
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|{{lang|haw|Limu lipoa}} |
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|once found in almost continuous beds around [[O‘ahu]]. Disappeared from [[Waikiki Beach]] in the 1960s, crowded out by pollution and the invasive ''[[Gracilaria salicornia]]''. |
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|- |
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|[[File:Dictyota dichotoma 43980064.jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Dictyota]] (''Dictyota'') |
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|{{lang|haw|Limu alani}} |
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|[[File:Sargassum - 1.jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Sargassum aquifolium|Double-edge sargassum]] (''Sargassum aquifolium'') |
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|{{lang|haw|Limu kala}} |
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|employed during {{lang|haw|ho{{okina}}oponopono}}. |
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|[[File:FMIB 53642 Rhodophycees ou Floridees (Algues rouges) Grateloupia filicina (Wulf) J Ag.jpeg|70px]] |
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|[[Grateloupia filicina]] (''Grateloupia filicina'') |
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|{{lang|haw|Limu huluhuluwaena}} |
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|or "pubic hair") – favorite of [[Liliʻuokalani]].<ref name=":0" /> |
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|[[File:Gelidium sp.jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Gelidium]] (''Gelidium'') |
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|{{lang|haw|Limu loloa}} |
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|long or slender<ref name=":1" /> |
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|- |
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|[[File:Gymnogongrus torulosus (Hook.f. and Harv.) Schmitz (AM AK295286-1).jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Gymnogongrus]] (''Gymnogongrus'') |
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|{{lang|haw|Limu koele}} |
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|dry or hard<ref name=":1" /> |
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|- |
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|[[File:Halymenia floresii.jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Halymenia formosa]] (''Halymenia formosa'') |
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|{{lang|haw|Lepelepe-o-Hina}} |
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|shawl of the goddess [[Hina (goddess)|Hina]]. Shares its name with a [[Monarch butterfly|native butterfly]] and a family of [[nudibranch]]s.<ref name=":0" /> |
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|- |
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|[[File:Laurencia Aquarium of the Pacific.jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Laurencia|Laurencia nidifica]] (''Laurencia nidifica'') |
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|{{lang|haw|Limu mane{{okina}}one{{okina}}o}} |
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|[[File:Purple Laver (Porphyra umbilicalis) - Oslo, Norway 2020-08-12 (03).jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Porphyra|Laver]] (''Porphyra'') |
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|{{lang|haw|Limu luau}}, {{lang|haw|Lipahe{{okina}}e}} |
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|[[File:Martensia spp, Bittangabee Bay, Beowa National Park NSW.jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Martensia fragilis]] (''Martensia fragilis'') |
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|{{lang|haw|Limu ha{{okina}}ula}} |
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|[[File:Gracilaria sp.jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Gracilaria coronopifolia|Ogo]] (''Gracilaria coronopifolia'') |
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|{{lang|haw|Limu manauea}} |
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|cooked with meats to form a savory jelly. Later diced raw with poke, mixed with chili and salt.<ref name=":0" /> |
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|- |
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|[[File:Polysiphonia sp. - Stavanger, Norway 2021-08-03.jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Polysiphonia]] (''Polysiphonia'') |
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|{{lang|haw|Limu hāwane}} |
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| |
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|- |
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|[[File:Asparagopsis taxiformis Réunion 2 cropped.JPG|70px]] |
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|[[Asparagopsis taxiformis|Red sea plume]] (''Asparagopsis taxiformis'') |
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|{{lang|haw|Limu kohu}} |
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|[[File:Unidentified Valonia - Kew 3.jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Valonia utricularis|Sailor’s eye]] (''Valonia utricularis'') |
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|{{lang|haw|Limu lipu{{okina}}upu{{okina}}u}} |
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|- |
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|[[File:Sea lettuce in Brofjorden 1 - cropped.jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Ulva lactuca|Sea lettuce]] (''Ulva lactuca'') |
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|{{lang|haw|Limu palahalaha}}, {{lang|haw|Pakaiea}} |
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|named after a shark god who was swaddled in its silken leaves.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lincoln|first=Noa Kekuewa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1QAEAAAQBAJ&dq=green+sea+lettuce+%22pakaiea%22&pg=PA87|title=Kō: An Ethnobotanical Guide to Hawaiian Sugarcane Cultivars|date=2020-10-31|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-8307-2|language=en}}</ref> used in [[hula]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikikiaquarium.org/experience/plants-seaweeds/seaweeds/limu-palahalaha/|title=Limu Palahalaha|date=2013-11-11|website=Waikīkī Aquarium|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|[[File:FMIB 53610 Rhodophycees ou Floridees (Algues rouges) Ceramiees, Spyridia filamentosa (Wulf) J Ag.jpeg|70px]] |
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|[[Spyridia spinella]] (''Spyridia spinella'') |
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|{{lang|haw|Limu hulu pua{{okina}}a}} |
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| |
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|- |
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|[[File:Hypnea flexuosa A.C.Brown and N.Jarman (AM AK307804-2).jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Hypnea|Tattered sea moss]] (''Hypnea'') |
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|{{lang|haw|Limu hina}} |
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| |
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|- |
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|[[File:Ahnfeltiopsis linearis 8649974.jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Ahnfeltiopsis concinna|Tuffed seaweed]] (''Ahnfeltiopsis concinna'') |
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|{{lang|haw|Limu {{okina}}aki{{okina}}aki}} |
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|} |
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===New Zealand=== |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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|- |
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!Image |
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!English name |
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!Indigenous name |
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!Description and use |
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|- |
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|[[File:Caulerpa geminata Harv. (AM AK304895).jpg|70px]] |
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|[[Caulerpa sedoides|Bubble caulerpa]] (''Caulerpa sedoides'') |
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|{{lang|mi|Rimurimu}} |
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|- |
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|[[File:Turkish towel (Gigartina) (3266060874).jpg|70px]] |
|||
|[[Gigartina|Carrageenan weed]] (''Gigartina'') |
|||
|{{lang|mi|Rehia}}, {{lang|mi|Rimurehia}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[File:Clymene coleana.jpg|70px]] |
|||
|[[Clymene coleana|Clymene]] (''Clymene'') |
|||
|{{lang|mi|Karengo}}, {{lang|mi|Kareko}}, {{lang|mi|Parengo}}, {{lang|mi|Reporepo}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[File:Zostera.jpg|70px]] |
|||
|[[Zostera|Eelgrass]] (''Zostera'') |
|||
|{{lang|mi|Karepō}}, {{lang|mi|Nana}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[File:Gracilaria sp.jpg|70px]] |
|||
|[[Gracilaria]] (''Gracilaria'') |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[File:Sanc0063 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg|70px]] |
|||
|[[Kelp]] (''Laminariales'') |
|||
|{{lang|mi|Pakake}}, {{lang|mi|Pakaka}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[File:Purple Laver (Porphyra umbilicalis) - Oslo, Norway 2020-08-12 (03).jpg|70px]] |
|||
|[[Porphyra|Laver]] (''Porphyra'') |
|||
|{{lang|mi|Karengo}}, {{lang|mi|Kareko}}, {{lang|mi|Parengo}}, {{lang|mi|Reporepo}} |
|||
|Originally, Karengo was used to describe seaweed belonging to the Porphyra genus. Recent genomic analysis however has Karengo cover more than 30 species belonging to genus Porphyra, Pyropia, Clymene and Lysithea. |
|||
|- |
|||
| |
|||
|[[Lysithea (alga)|Lysithea]] (''Lysithea'') |
|||
|{{lang|mi|Karengo}}, {{lang|mi|Kareko}}, {{lang|mi|Parengo}}, {{lang|mi|Reporepo}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[File:Neptune's Necklace (Hormosira banksii) (49918991983).jpg|70px]] |
|||
|[[Hormosira|Neptune’s necklace]] (''Hormosira banksii'') |
|||
|{{lang|mi|Koiri}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[File:Sea lettuce in Brofjorden 1 - cropped.jpg|70px]] |
|||
|[[Ulva lactuca|Sea lettuce]] (''Ulva lactuca'') |
|||
|{{lang|mi|Rimu kaikai}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[File:Caulerpa brownii.jpeg|70px]] |
|||
|[[Caulerpa brownii|Sea rimu]] (''Caulerpa brownii'') |
|||
|{{lang|mi|Rimurimu}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[File:Durvillea antarctica.JPG|70px]] |
|||
|[[Durvillaea|Southern bull kelp]] (''Durvillaea'') |
|||
|{{lang|mi|Rimurapa}}, {{lang|mi|Rimuroa}}, {{lang|mi|Kōauau}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[File:Pyropia sp. - Kristiansand, Norway 2021-08-12.jpg|70px]] |
|||
|[[Pyropia|Southern laver]] (''Pyropia'') |
|||
|{{lang|mi|Karengo}}, {{lang|mi|Kareko}}, {{lang|mi|Parengo}}, {{lang|mi|Reporepo}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|} |
|||
===Niue=== |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
|||
|- |
|||
!Image |
|||
!English name |
|||
!Indigenous name |
|||
!Description and use |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[File:Caulerpa cupressoides in Harvey 1858.JPG|70px]] |
|||
|[[Caulerpa cupressoides|Cactus tree alga]] (''Caulerpa cupressoides'') |
|||
|{{lang|niu|Limu tahi}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[File:Caulerpa racemosa.jpg|70px]] |
|||
|[[Caulerpa racemosa|Sea grapes]] (''Caulerpa racemosa'') |
|||
|{{lang|niu|Limu fua}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|} |
|||
===Samoa=== |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
|||
|- |
|||
!Image |
|||
!English name |
|||
!Indigenous name |
|||
!Description and use |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[File:Turbinaria ornata (Cnidaria).jpg|70px]] |
|||
|[[Turbinaria ornata|Crowned sea bells]] (''Turbinaria ornata'') |
|||
|{{lang|sm|Limu lautalatala}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[File:Gracilaria sp.jpg|70px]] |
|||
|[[Gracilaria]] (''Gracilaria'') |
|||
|{{lang|sm|Limu aau}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[File:Halymenia floresii.jpg|70px]] |
|||
|[[Halymenia]] (''Halymenia'') |
|||
|{{lang|sm|A {{okina}}au}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[File:Sargassum - 1.jpg|70px]] |
|||
|[[Sargassum]] (''Sargassum'') |
|||
|{{lang|sm|Limu vavoa}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[File:Caulerpa racemosa.jpg|70px]] |
|||
|[[Caulerpa racemosa|Sea grapes]] (''Caulerpa racemosa'') |
|||
|{{lang|sm|Fuafua}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[File:Padina boryana.JPG|70px]] |
|||
|[[Padina boryana|Turkeytail seaweed]] (''Padina boryana'') |
|||
|{{lang|sm|Limu lautaliga}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|} |
|||
===Tonga=== |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
|||
|- |
|||
!Image |
|||
!English name |
|||
!Indigenous name |
|||
!Description and use |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[File:Caulerpa cupressoides in Harvey 1858.JPG|70px]] |
|||
|[[Caulerpa cupressoides|Cactus tree alga]] (''Caulerpa cupressoides'') |
|||
|{{lang|to|Kaka}} |
|||
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://dspace.library.uvic.ca:8443/bitstream/handle/1828/343/ostraff_2003.pdf;jsessionid=3F5DD9FB1837EC0F77AEFAADA500F7EC?sequence=1|title=Contemporary Uses of Limu (marine algae) in the Vava'u Island Group, Kingdom of Tonga: an Ethnobotanical Study|last=Ostraff|first=Melinda|website=University of Victoria|access-date=December 30, 2023}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[File:FMIB 38401 Castagnea zosterae.jpeg|70px]] |
|||
|[[Cladosiphon]] (''Cladosiphon'') |
|||
|{{lang|to|Tanga{{okina}}u}} |
|||
|<ref name=":5" /> |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[File:Caulerpa cf peltata.jpg|70px]] |
|||
|[[Caulerpa peltata|Flat-top sea grape]] (''Caulerpa peltata'') |
|||
|{{lang|to|Fuofua}} |
|||
|<ref name=":5" /> |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[File:Caulerpa sertularioides.jpg|70px]] |
|||
|[[Caulerpa sertularioides|Green feather algae]] (''Caulerpa sertularioides'') |
|||
|{{lang|to|Louniu}}, {{lang|to|Louango}}, {{lang|to|Tu{{okina}}aniu}} |
|||
|<ref name=":5" /> |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[File:Hypnea flexuosa A.C.Brown and N.Jarman (AM AK307804-2).jpg|70px]] |
|||
|[[Hypnea charoides]] (''Hypnea charoides'') |
|||
|{{lang|to|Limu vai}} |
|||
|<ref name=":5" /> |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[File:Caulerpa scalpelliformis 254298193.jpg|70px]] |
|||
|[[Caulerpa scalpelliformis|Scalpel green seaweed]] (''Caulerpa scalpelliformis'') |
|||
|{{lang|to|Palalafa}} |
|||
|<ref name=":5" /> |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[File:Caulerpa racemosa.jpg|70px]] |
|||
|[[Caulerpa racemosa|Sea grapes]] (''Caulerpa racemosa'') |
|||
|{{lang|to|Toke}}, {{lang|to|Fuofua}}, {{lang|to|Alako}}, {{lang|to|Te{{okina}}emoa}}, {{lang|to|Te{{okina}}epuaka}} |
|||
|<ref name=":5" /> |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[File:The green seaweed, Caulerpa serrulata, at Ponta do Ouro, Mozambique (6661104601).jpg|70px]] |
|||
|[[Caulerpa serrulata|Serrated green seaweed]] (''Caulerpa serrulata'') |
|||
|{{lang|to|Kaka}} |
|||
|<ref name=":5" /> |
|||
|- |
|||
|} |
|||
===Tuvalu=== |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
|||
|- |
|||
!Image |
|||
!English name |
|||
!Indigenous name |
|||
!Description and use |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[File:Caulerpa racemosa.jpg|70px]] |
|||
|[[Caulerpa racemosa|Sea grapes]] (''Caulerpa racemosa'') |
|||
|{{lang|tvl|Limu pukupuku}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|} |
|||
==Threats== |
==Threats== |
||
Limu has become increasingly difficult to find because of over-picking, pollution, and urban development,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hawaiipublicradio.org/post/cultivating-future-hawaiian-seaweed|title=Cultivating a Future for Hawaiian Seaweed|last=Hiraishi|first=Ku`uwehi|website=www.hawaiipublicradio.org|language=en|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref> especially construction in [[drainage basin|watershed]]s. Many important kinds of ''limu'' grow best in [[brackish]] water where fresh water empties into the sea. Another threat to ''limu'' is the spread of marine alien [[invasive species]], such as members of the genus ''[[Kappaphycus]] (''smothering seaweed), ''Gracilaria salicornia'' (gorilla ogo), ''Avrainvillea amadelpha'' (leather mudweed), ''[[Hypnea |
Limu has become increasingly difficult to find because of over-picking, pollution, and urban development,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hawaiipublicradio.org/post/cultivating-future-hawaiian-seaweed|title=Cultivating a Future for Hawaiian Seaweed|last=Hiraishi|first=Ku`uwehi|website=www.hawaiipublicradio.org|date=12 April 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref> especially construction in [[drainage basin|watershed]]s. Many important kinds of ''limu'' grow best in [[brackish]] water where fresh water empties into the sea. Another threat to ''limu'' is the spread of marine alien [[invasive species]], such as members of the genus ''[[Kappaphycus]] (''smothering seaweed), ''Gracilaria salicornia'' (gorilla ogo), ''Avrainvillea amadelpha'' (leather mudweed), ''[[Hypnea musciformis]]'' (hook weed) and ''[[Acanthophora spicifera]]'' (prickly seaweed).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/ais/invasivealgae/|title=Invasive Algae|date=2013-12-09|website=Aquatic Invasive Species|language=en|access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref> |
||
==See also== |
==See also== |
||
*[[Edible seaweed]] |
|||
*[[List of Hawaiian dishes]] |
|||
*[[Oceanic cuisine]] |
*[[Oceanic cuisine]] |
||
== Further reading == |
== Further reading == |
||
* {{Cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=qKwXjwEACAAJ}}|title=Lā'au Hawai'i: Traditional Hawaiian Uses of Plants|last=Abbott|first=Isabella Aiona|date=1992|publisher=Bishop Museum Press|isbn=9780930897628|location=|pages=|language=en}} |
* {{Cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=qKwXjwEACAAJ}}|title=Lā'au Hawai'i: Traditional Hawaiian Uses of Plants|last=Abbott|first=Isabella Aiona|date=1992|publisher=Bishop Museum Press|isbn=9780930897628|location=|pages=|language=en}} |
||
*{{Cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=RIwZAQAAIAA}}|title=Marine Green and Brown Algae of the Hawaiian Islands| |
*{{Cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=RIwZAQAAIAA}}|title=Marine Green and Brown Algae of the Hawaiian Islands|last1=Abbott|first1=Isabella Aiona|last2=Huisman|first2=John Marinus|date=2004|publisher=Bishop Museum Press|isbn=9781581780307|location=|pages=|language=en}} |
||
==References== |
==References== |
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{{portal bar|Food}} |
{{portal bar|Food}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Edible seaweeds]] |
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[[Category:Hawaiian cuisine]] |
[[Category:Hawaiian cuisine]] |
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[[Category:Niuean cuisine]] |
[[Category:Niuean cuisine]] |
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[[Category:Algae of Hawaii]] |
[[Category:Algae of Hawaii]] |
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[[Category:Polynesian cuisine]] |
[[Category:Polynesian cuisine]] |
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[[Category:Oceanian cuisine]] |
Limu, otherwise known as rimu, remuorʻimu (from Proto-Austronesian *limut)[1] is a general Polynesian term for edible plants living underwater, such as seaweed, or plants living near water, like algae.[2][3] In Hawaii, there are approximately one hundred names for kinds of limu, sixty of which can be matched with scientific names.[4] Hundreds of species of marine algae were once found in Hawaii.[5] Many limu are edible, and used in the cuisine throughout most of Polynesia.
Several species of limu are used as food throughout Polynesia and is typically eaten raw as accompaniment to meals, usually fish.
In Hawaii, limu was seen as a major component of the Hawaiian diet alongside fish and poi.[6] Hawaiians cultivated several varieties of seaweed for food as well as to feed fish farmed within fish ponds. As many as 75 types of limu were used for food, more than the 35 used in Japanese cuisine, which is also well known for its use of seaweed.[5] In modern times, limu is often used as a condiment, typically in raw fish dishes such as poke.[7]
Limu was used in hoʻoponopono, the ancient Hawaiian process of conflict resolution. Injured and accused parties gathered to pray, seek forgiveness and eat limu kala leaves as a symbol of reconciliation.[7][8] It is also used in traditional hula attire[9] and as medicine.[10]
Due to the shape of its foliage, the Maori also applied the name rimu to the native tree Dacrydium cupressinum.[2]
Limu comes from multiple genera[6]
Image | English name | Indigenous name | Description and use |
---|---|---|---|
Crowned sea bells (Turbinaria ornata) | Remu taratara (Rarotonga and Mauke), Rimu taratara (Aitutaki), Limu (Pukapuka)[11] | ||
Double-edge sargassum (Sargassum aquifolium) | Rimu akau[12] | ||
Open-sponge seaweed (Hydroclathrus clathratus) | Remu oma (Rarotonga)[13] | ||
Sargassum obtusifolium (Sargassum obtusifolium) | Remu ʻūmoemoe (Rarotonga)[14] | ||
Sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) | Remu kai (Rarotonga and Mauke), Remu kōnini (Mangaia), Rimu kai (Aitutaki)[15] | ||
Turkeytail seaweed (Padina boryana) | Remu taʻiriʻiri (Rarotonga)[16] |
Image | English name | Indigenous name | Description and use |
---|---|---|---|
Dictyopteris australis (Dictyopteris australis) | Auke | ||
Sargassum obtusifolium (Sargassum obtusifolium) | Miritoni |
Image | English name | Indigenous name | Description and use |
---|---|---|---|
Chnoospora minima (Chnoospora minima) | Imu keikei aoa (Marquesan) | [17] | |
Cladophora patentiramea (Cladophora patentiramea) | Imu ouoho (Marquesan) | [17] | |
Gracilaria (Gracilaria) | Remu ʻura (Tahitian) | ||
Grass kelp (Enteromorpha flexuosa) | Imu vai (Marquesan) | [17] | |
Green sea cushion (Codium arabicum) | Imu tutae kioe (Marquesan) | [17] | |
Sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) | ʻonini (Tahitian), Imu topua (Marquesan), Remu vine (Austral), Konini (Rapan) | [17] | |
Sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca) | Rimu miti (Tahitian), Imu kokuu (Marquesan) | [17] |
Image | English name | Indigenous name | Description and use |
---|---|---|---|
Antler seaweed (Codium reediae) | Limu aʻalaʻula | ||
Branched sea cushion (Codium edule) | Limu wawaeʻiole | ||
Branched string lettuce (Ulva prolifera) | Limu ʻeleʻele | ||
Champia (Champia) | Limu ʻoʻolu | ||
Chondria tenuissima (Chondria tenuissima) | Limu ʻoʻolu | ||
Crowned sea bells (Turbinaria ornata) | Limu kahili | ||
Dictyopteris (Dictyopteris) | Limu lipoa | once found in almost continuous beds around O‘ahu. Disappeared from Waikiki Beach in the 1960s, crowded out by pollution and the invasive Gracilaria salicornia. | |
Dictyota (Dictyota) | Limu alani | ||
Double-edge sargassum (Sargassum aquifolium) | Limu kala | employed during hoʻoponopono. | |
Grateloupia filicina (Grateloupia filicina) | Limu huluhuluwaena | or "pubic hair") – favorite of Liliʻuokalani.[8] | |
Gelidium (Gelidium) | Limu loloa | long or slender[5] | |
Gymnogongrus (Gymnogongrus) | Limu koele | dry or hard[5] | |
Halymenia formosa (Halymenia formosa) | Lepelepe-o-Hina | shawl of the goddess Hina. Shares its name with a native butterfly and a family of nudibranchs.[8] | |
Laurencia nidifica (Laurencia nidifica) | Limu maneʻoneʻo | ||
Laver (Porphyra) | Limu luau, Lipaheʻe | ||
Martensia fragilis (Martensia fragilis) | Limu haʻula | ||
Ogo (Gracilaria coronopifolia) | Limu manauea | cooked with meats to form a savory jelly. Later diced raw with poke, mixed with chili and salt.[8] | |
Polysiphonia (Polysiphonia) | Limu hāwane | ||
Red sea plume (Asparagopsis taxiformis) | Limu kohu | ||
Sailor’s eye (Valonia utricularis) | Limu lipuʻupuʻu | ||
Sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca) | Limu palahalaha, Pakaiea | named after a shark god who was swaddled in its silken leaves.[8][18] used in hula[19] | |
Spyridia spinella (Spyridia spinella) | Limu hulu puaʻa | ||
Tattered sea moss (Hypnea) | Limu hina | ||
Tuffed seaweed (Ahnfeltiopsis concinna) | Limu ʻakiʻaki |
Image | English name | Indigenous name | Description and use |
---|---|---|---|
Bubble caulerpa (Caulerpa sedoides) | Rimurimu | ||
Carrageenan weed (Gigartina) | Rehia, Rimurehia | ||
Clymene (Clymene) | Karengo, Kareko, Parengo, Reporepo | ||
Eelgrass (Zostera) | Karepō, Nana | ||
Gracilaria (Gracilaria) | |||
Kelp (Laminariales) | Pakake, Pakaka | ||
Laver (Porphyra) | Karengo, Kareko, Parengo, Reporepo | Originally, Karengo was used to describe seaweed belonging to the Porphyra genus. Recent genomic analysis however has Karengo cover more than 30 species belonging to genus Porphyra, Pyropia, Clymene and Lysithea. | |
Lysithea (Lysithea) | Karengo, Kareko, Parengo, Reporepo | ||
Neptune’s necklace (Hormosira banksii) | Koiri | ||
Sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca) | Rimu kaikai | ||
Sea rimu (Caulerpa brownii) | Rimurimu | ||
Southern bull kelp (Durvillaea) | Rimurapa, Rimuroa, Kōauau | ||
Southern laver (Pyropia) | Karengo, Kareko, Parengo, Reporepo |
Image | English name | Indigenous name | Description and use |
---|---|---|---|
Cactus tree alga (Caulerpa cupressoides) | Limu tahi | ||
Sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) | Limu fua |
Image | English name | Indigenous name | Description and use |
---|---|---|---|
Crowned sea bells (Turbinaria ornata) | Limu lautalatala | ||
Gracilaria (Gracilaria) | Limu aau | ||
Halymenia (Halymenia) | A ʻau | ||
Sargassum (Sargassum) | Limu vavoa | ||
Sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) | Fuafua | ||
Turkeytail seaweed (Padina boryana) | Limu lautaliga |
Image | English name | Indigenous name | Description and use |
---|---|---|---|
Cactus tree alga (Caulerpa cupressoides) | Kaka | [20] | |
Cladosiphon (Cladosiphon) | Tangaʻu | [20] | |
Flat-top sea grape (Caulerpa peltata) | Fuofua | [20] | |
Green feather algae (Caulerpa sertularioides) | Louniu, Louango, Tuʻaniu | [20] | |
Hypnea charoides (Hypnea charoides) | Limu vai | [20] | |
Scalpel green seaweed (Caulerpa scalpelliformis) | Palalafa | [20] | |
Sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) | Toke, Fuofua, Alako, Teʻemoa, Teʻepuaka | [20] | |
Serrated green seaweed (Caulerpa serrulata) | Kaka | [20] |
Image | English name | Indigenous name | Description and use |
---|---|---|---|
Sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) | Limu pukupuku |
Limu has become increasingly difficult to find because of over-picking, pollution, and urban development,[21] especially construction in watersheds. Many important kinds of limu grow best in brackish water where fresh water empties into the sea. Another threat to limu is the spread of marine alien invasive species, such as members of the genus Kappaphycus (smothering seaweed), Gracilaria salicornia (gorilla ogo), Avrainvillea amadelpha (leather mudweed), Hypnea musciformis (hook weed) and Acanthophora spicifera (prickly seaweed).[22]