Limu (algae): Difference between revisions

'''Limu''', otherwise known as '''rimu''', '''remu''' or '''{{okina}}imu''' (from [[Proto-Austronesian language|Proto-Austronesian]] *''limut'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://acd.clld.org/cognatesets/30638#2/-10.7/151.9|title=*''limut'': moss, algae|last1=Blust|first1=Robert|author-link1=Robert Blust|last2=Trussel|first2=Stephen|website=Austronesian Comparative Dictionary|date=2010|publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology|access-date=7 December 2022}}</ref> is a general [[Polynesian languages|Polynesian]] term for edible plants living underwater, such as [[seaweed]], or plants living near water, like [[algae]].<ref name=LRimu>{{Cite web|url=http://www.temarareo.org/PPN-Limu.html|title=Limu: Seaweed, mosses and algae of polynesia|website=Te Māra Reo: The Language Garden|year=2022|publisher=Benton Family Trust}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4-------0-1lpm--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-limu--00-3-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D11135|title=Nā Puke Wehewehe ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi|website=wehewehe.org|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref> In Hawaii, there are approximately one hundred names for kinds of limu, sixty of which can be matched with scientific names.<ref name="LimuNames">{{Cite web | url = http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/ethnobotany/pdf/Limu-092107AKC.pdf | title = Limu | accessdate = 2008-09-05 | first = Isabella | last = Aiona Abbott

===Cook Islands===

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-

!Image

!English name

!Indigenous name

!Description and use

|-

|[[File:Turbinaria ornata (Cnidaria).jpg|70px]]

|[[Turbinaria ornata|Crowned sea bells]] (''Turbinaria ornata'')

|{{lang|rar|Remu taratara}} (''Rarotonga'' and ''Mauke''), {{lang|rar|Rimu taratara}} (''Aitutaki''), {{lang|pkp|Limu}} (''Pukapuka'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/species.asp?id=6762|title=Cook Islands Biodiversity: Turbinaria ornata - Spiny-leaf Seaweed|website=Cook Islands Biodiversity & Natural Heritage|access-date=December 8, 2023}}</ref>

|

|-

|[[File:Sargassum - 1.jpg|70px]]

|[[Sargassum aquifolium|Double-edge sargassum]] (''Sargassum aquifolium'')

|{{lang|rar|Rimu akau}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/species.asp?id=6630|title=Cook Islands Biodiversity: Sargassum echinocarpum|website=Cook Islands Biodiversity & Natural Heritage|access-date=December 8, 2023}}</ref>

|

|-

|[[File:Hydroclathrus sp.jpg|70px]]

|[[Hydroclathrus clathratus|Open-sponge seaweed]] (''Hydroclathrus clathratus'')

|{{lang|rar|Remu oma}} (''Rarotonga'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/species.asp?id=6249|title=Cook Islands Biodiversity: Hydroclathrus clathratus - Sponge Seaweed|website=Cook Islands Biodiversity & Natural Heritage|access-date=December 8, 2023}}</ref>

|

|-

|[[File:Sargassum - 1.jpg|70px]]

|[[Sargassum obtusifolium]] (''Sargassum obtusifolium'')

|{{lang|rar|Remu {{okina}}ūmoemoe}} (''Rarotonga'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/species.asp?id=6631|title=Cook Islands Biodiversity: Sargassum obtusifolium|website=Cook Islands Biodiversity & Natural Heritage|access-date=December 8, 2023}}</ref>

|

|-

|[[File:Caulerpa racemosa.jpg|70px]]

|[[Caulerpa racemosa|Sea grapes]] (''Caulerpa racemosa'')

|{{lang|rar|Remu kai}} (''Rarotonga'' and ''Mauke''), {{lang|rar|Remu kōnini}} (''Mangaia''), {{lang|rar|Rimu kai}} (''Aitutaki'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/species.asp?id=5895|title=Cook Islands Biodiversity: Caulerpa racemosa - Sea-Grapes Seaweed|website=Cook Islands Biodiversity & Natural Heritage|access-date=December 8, 2023}}</ref>

|

|-

|[[File:Padina boryana.JPG|70px]]

|[[Padina boryana|Turkeytail seaweed]] (''Padina boryana'')

|{{lang|rar|Remu ta{{okina}}iri{{okina}}iri}} (''Rarotonga'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/species.asp?id=6467|title=Cook Islands Biodiversity: Padina australis - Fan-leaf Seaweed|website=Cook Islands Biodiversity & Natural Heritage|access-date=December 8, 2023}}</ref>

|

|-

|}

===Easter Island===

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-

!Image

!English name

!Indigenous name

!Description and use

|-

|[[File:Dictyopteris membranacea herbarium item.jpg|70px]]

|[[Dictyopteris australis]] (''Dictyopteris australis'')

|{{lang|rap|Auke}}

|

|-

|[[File:Sargassum - 1.jpg|70px]]

|[[Sargassum obtusifolium]] (''Sargassum obtusifolium'')

|{{lang|rap|Miritoni}}

|

|-

|}

===French Polynesia===

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-

!Image

!English name

!Indigenous name

!Description and use

|-

|

|[[Chnoospora minima]] (''Chnoospora minima'')

|{{lang|mrq|Imu keikei aoa}} (''Marquesan'')

|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://journals.openedition.org/jso/pdf/1481|title=La consommation des algues en Polynésie française : premiers résultats d’une enquête|last=Conte|first=Éric|website=Journal de la Société des Océanistes|access-date=November 21, 2023}}</ref>

|-

|[[File:Cladophora.JPG|70px]]

|[[Cladophora patentiramea]] (''Cladophora patentiramea'')

|{{lang|mrq|Imu ouoho}} (''Marquesan'')

|<ref name=":4" />

|-

|[[File:Gracilaria sp.jpg|70px]]

|[[Gracilaria]] (''Gracilaria'')

|{{lang|ty|Remu {{okina}}ura}} (''Tahitian'')

|

|-

|[[File:Ulva flexuosa subsp. paradoxa Crouan.jpg|70px]]

|[[Ulva flexuosa|Grass kelp]] (''Enteromorpha flexuosa'')

|{{lang|mrq|Imu vai}} (''Marquesan'')

|<ref name=":4" />

|-

|[[File:Codium arabicum.jpg|70px]]

|[[Codium arabicum|Green sea cushion]] (''Codium arabicum'')

|{{lang|mrq|Imu tutae kioe}} (''Marquesan'')

|<ref name=":4" />

|-

|[[File:Caulerpa racemosa.jpg|70px]]

|[[Caulerpa racemosa|Sea grapes]] (''Caulerpa racemosa'')

|{{lang|ty|{{okina}}onini}} (''Tahitian''), {{lang|mrq|Imu topua}} (''Marquesan''), {{lang|aut|Remu vine}} (''Austral''), {{lang|ray|Konini}} (''Rapan'')

|<ref name=":4" />

|-

|[[File:Sea lettuce in Brofjorden 1 - cropped.jpg|70px]]

|[[Ulva lactuca|Sea lettuce]] (''Ulva lactuca'')

|{{lang|ty|Rimu miti}} (''Tahitian''), {{lang|mrq|Imu kokuu}} (''Marquesan'')

|<ref name=":4" />

|-

|}

===Hawaii===

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-

!Image

!English name

!Indigenous name

!Description and use

|-

|[[File:Codium sp..jpg|70px]]

|[[Codium reediae|Antler seaweed]] (''Codium reediae'')

|{{lang|haw|Limu a{{okina}}ala{{okina}}ula}}

|

|-

|[[File:Codium sp.jpg|70px]]

|[[Codium edule|Branched sea cushion]] (''Codium edule'')

|{{lang|haw|Limu wawae{{okina}}iole}}

|

|-

|[[File:Ulva sp Jurmo24072018.jpg|70px]]

|[[Ulva prolifera|Branched string lettuce]] (''Ulva prolifera'')

|{{lang|haw|Limu {{okina}}ele{{okina}}ele}}

|

|-

|[[File:FMIB 52480 Champia parvula, magnified.jpeg|70px]]

|[[Champia]] (''Champia'')

|{{lang|haw|Limu {{okina}}o{{okina}}olu}}

|

|-

|[[File:Chondria-capillaris-19980602b.jpg|70px]]

|[[Chondria (alga)|Chondria tenuissima]] (''Chondria tenuissima'')

|{{lang|haw|Limu {{okina}}o{{okina}}olu}}

|

|-

|[[File:Turbinaria ornata (Cnidaria).jpg|70px]]

|[[Turbinaria ornata|Crowned sea bells]] (''Turbinaria ornata'')

|{{lang|haw|Limu kahili}}

|

|-

|[[File:Dictyopteris membranacea herbarium item.jpg|70px]]

|[[Dictyopteris]] (''Dictyopteris'')

|{{lang|haw|Limu lipoa}}

|once found in almost continuous beds around [[O‘ahu]]. Disappeared from [[Waikiki Beach]] in the 1960s, crowded out by pollution and the invasive ''[[Gracilaria salicornia]]''.

|-

|[[File:Dictyota dichotoma 43980064.jpg|70px]]

|[[Dictyota]] (''Dictyota'')

|{{lang|haw|Limu alani}}

|

|-

|[[File:Sargassum - 1.jpg|70px]]

|[[Sargassum aquifolium|Double-edge sargassum]] (''Sargassum aquifolium'')

|{{lang|haw|Limu kala}}

|employed during {{lang|haw|ho{{okina}}oponopono}}.

|-

|[[File:FMIB 53642 Rhodophycees ou Floridees (Algues rouges) Grateloupia filicina (Wulf) J Ag.jpeg|70px]]

|[[Grateloupia filicina]] (''Grateloupia filicina'')

|{{lang|haw|Limu huluhuluwaena}}

|or "pubic hair") – favorite of [[Liliʻuokalani]].<ref name=":0" />

|-

|[[File:Gelidium sp.jpg|70px]]

|[[Gelidium]] (''Gelidium'')

|{{lang|haw|Limu loloa}}

|long or slender<ref name=":1" />

|-

|[[File:Gymnogongrus torulosus (Hook.f. and Harv.) Schmitz (AM AK295286-1).jpg|70px]]

|[[Gymnogongrus]] (''Gymnogongrus'')

|{{lang|haw|Limu koele}}

|dry or hard<ref name=":1" />

|-

|[[File:Halymenia floresii.jpg|70px]]

|[[Halymenia formosa]] (''Halymenia formosa'')

|{{lang|haw|Lepelepe-o-Hina}}

|shawl of the goddess [[Hina (goddess)|Hina]]. Shares its name with a [[Monarch butterfly|native butterfly]] and a family of [[nudibranch]]s.<ref name=":0" />

|-

|[[File:Laurencia Aquarium of the Pacific.jpg|70px]]

|[[Laurencia|Laurencia nidifica]] (''Laurencia nidifica'')

|{{lang|haw|Limu mane{{okina}}one{{okina}}o}}

|

|-

|[[File:Purple Laver (Porphyra umbilicalis) - Oslo, Norway 2020-08-12 (03).jpg|70px]]

|[[Porphyra|Laver]] (''Porphyra'')

|{{lang|haw|Limu luau}}, {{lang|haw|Lipahe{{okina}}e}}

|

|-

|[[File:Martensia spp, Bittangabee Bay, Beowa National Park NSW.jpg|70px]]

|[[Martensia fragilis]] (''Martensia fragilis'')

|{{lang|haw|Limu ha{{okina}}ula}}

|

|-

|[[File:Gracilaria sp.jpg|70px]]

|[[Gracilaria coronopifolia|Ogo]] (''Gracilaria coronopifolia'')

|{{lang|haw|Limu manauea}}

|cooked with meats to form a savory jelly. Later diced raw with poke, mixed with chili and salt.<ref name=":0" />

|-

|[[File:Polysiphonia sp. - Stavanger, Norway 2021-08-03.jpg|70px]]

|[[Polysiphonia]] (''Polysiphonia'')

|{{lang|haw|Limu hāwane}}

|

|-

|[[File:Asparagopsis taxiformis Réunion 2 cropped.JPG|70px]]

|[[Asparagopsis taxiformis|Red sea plume]] (''Asparagopsis taxiformis'')

|{{lang|haw|Limu kohu}}

|

|-

|[[File:Unidentified Valonia - Kew 3.jpg|70px]]

|[[Valonia utricularis|Sailor’s eye]] (''Valonia utricularis'')

|{{lang|haw|Limu lipu{{okina}}upu{{okina}}u}}

|

|-

|[[File:Sea lettuce in Brofjorden 1 - cropped.jpg|70px]]

|[[Ulva lactuca|Sea lettuce]] (''Ulva lactuca'')

|{{lang|haw|Limu palahalaha}}, {{lang|haw|Pakaiea}}

|named after a shark god who was swaddled in its silken leaves.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lincoln|first=Noa Kekuewa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1QAEAAAQBAJ&dq=green+sea+lettuce+%22pakaiea%22&pg=PA87|title=Kō: An Ethnobotanical Guide to Hawaiian Sugarcane Cultivars|date=2020-10-31|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-8307-2|language=en}}</ref> used in [[hula]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikikiaquarium.org/experience/plants-seaweeds/seaweeds/limu-palahalaha/|title=Limu Palahalaha|date=2013-11-11|website=Waikīkī Aquarium|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref>

|-

|[[File:FMIB 53610 Rhodophycees ou Floridees (Algues rouges) Ceramiees, Spyridia filamentosa (Wulf) J Ag.jpeg|70px]]

|[[Spyridia spinella]] (''Spyridia spinella'')

|{{lang|haw|Limu hulu pua{{okina}}a}}

|

|-

|[[File:Hypnea flexuosa A.C.Brown and N.Jarman (AM AK307804-2).jpg|70px]]

|[[Hypnea|Tattered sea moss]] (''Hypnea'')

|{{lang|haw|Limu hina}}

|

|-

|[[File:Ahnfeltiopsis linearis 8649974.jpg|70px]]

|[[Ahnfeltiopsis concinna|Tuffed seaweed]] (''Ahnfeltiopsis concinna'')

|{{lang|haw|Limu {{okina}}aki{{okina}}aki}}

|

|-

|}

===New Zealand===

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-

!Image

!English name

!Indigenous name

!Description and use

|-

|[[File:Caulerpa geminata Harv. (AM AK304895).jpg|70px]]

|[[Caulerpa sedoides|Bubble caulerpa]] (''Caulerpa sedoides'')

|{{lang|mi|Rimurimu}}

|

|-

|[[File:Turkish towel (Gigartina) (3266060874).jpg|70px]]

|[[Gigartina|Carrageenan weed]] (''Gigartina'')

|{{lang|mi|Rehia}}, {{lang|mi|Rimurehia}}

|

|-

|[[File:Clymene coleana.jpg|70px]]

|[[Clymene coleana|Clymene]] (''Clymene'')

|{{lang|mi|Karengo}}, {{lang|mi|Kareko}}, {{lang|mi|Parengo}}, {{lang|mi|Reporepo}}

|

|-

|[[File:Zostera.jpg|70px]]

|[[Zostera|Eelgrass]] (''Zostera'')

|{{lang|mi|Karepō}}, {{lang|mi|Nana}}

|

|-

|[[File:Gracilaria sp.jpg|70px]]

|[[Gracilaria]] (''Gracilaria'')

|

|

|-

|[[File:Sanc0063 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg|70px]]

|[[Kelp]] (''Laminariales'')

|{{lang|mi|Pakake}}, {{lang|mi|Pakaka}}

|

|-

|[[File:Purple Laver (Porphyra umbilicalis) - Oslo, Norway 2020-08-12 (03).jpg|70px]]

|[[Porphyra|Laver]] (''Porphyra'')

|{{lang|mi|Karengo}}, {{lang|mi|Kareko}}, {{lang|mi|Parengo}}, {{lang|mi|Reporepo}}

|Originally, Karengo was used to describe seaweed belonging to the Porphyra genus. Recent genomic analysis however has Karengo cover more than 30 species belonging to genus Porphyra, Pyropia, Clymene and Lysithea.

|-

|

|[[Lysithea (alga)|Lysithea]] (''Lysithea'')

|{{lang|mi|Karengo}}, {{lang|mi|Kareko}}, {{lang|mi|Parengo}}, {{lang|mi|Reporepo}}

|

|-

|[[File:Neptune's Necklace (Hormosira banksii) (49918991983).jpg|70px]]

|[[Hormosira|Neptune’s necklace]] (''Hormosira banksii'')

|{{lang|mi|Koiri}}

|

|-

|[[File:Sea lettuce in Brofjorden 1 - cropped.jpg|70px]]

|[[Ulva lactuca|Sea lettuce]] (''Ulva lactuca'')

|{{lang|mi|Rimu kaikai}}

|

|-

|[[File:Caulerpa brownii.jpeg|70px]]

|[[Caulerpa brownii|Sea rimu]] (''Caulerpa brownii'')

|{{lang|mi|Rimurimu}}

|

|-

|[[File:Durvillea antarctica.JPG|70px]]

|[[Durvillaea|Southern bull kelp]] (''Durvillaea'')

|{{lang|mi|Rimurapa}}, {{lang|mi|Rimuroa}}, {{lang|mi|Kōauau}}

|

|-

|[[File:Pyropia sp. - Kristiansand, Norway 2021-08-12.jpg|70px]]

|[[Pyropia|Southern laver]] (''Pyropia'')

|{{lang|mi|Karengo}}, {{lang|mi|Kareko}}, {{lang|mi|Parengo}}, {{lang|mi|Reporepo}}

|

|-

|}

===Niue===

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-

!Image

!English name

!Indigenous name

!Description and use

|-

|[[File:Caulerpa cupressoides in Harvey 1858.JPG|70px]]

|[[Caulerpa cupressoides|Cactus tree alga]] (''Caulerpa cupressoides'')

|{{lang|niu|Limu tahi}}

|

|-

|[[File:Caulerpa racemosa.jpg|70px]]

|[[Caulerpa racemosa|Sea grapes]] (''Caulerpa racemosa'')

|{{lang|niu|Limu fua}}

|

|-

|}

===Samoa===

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-

!Image

!English name

!Indigenous name

!Description and use

|-

|[[File:Turbinaria ornata (Cnidaria).jpg|70px]]

|[[Turbinaria ornata|Crowned sea bells]] (''Turbinaria ornata'')

|{{lang|sm|Limu lautalatala}}

|

|-

|[[File:Gracilaria sp.jpg|70px]]

|[[Gracilaria]] (''Gracilaria'')

|{{lang|sm|Limu aau}}

|

|-

|[[File:Halymenia floresii.jpg|70px]]

|[[Halymenia]] (''Halymenia'')

|{{lang|sm|A {{okina}}au}}

|

|-

|-

|[[File:Sargassum - 1.jpg|70px]]

|[[Sargassum]] (''Sargassum'')

|{{lang|sm|Limu vavoa}}

|

|-

|[[File:Caulerpa racemosa.jpg|70px]]

|[[Caulerpa racemosa|Sea grapes]] (''Caulerpa racemosa'')

|{{lang|sm|Fuafua}}

|

|-

|[[File:Padina boryana.JPG|70px]]

|[[Padina boryana|Turkeytail seaweed]] (''Padina boryana'')

|{{lang|sm|Limu lautaliga}}

|

|-

|}

===Tonga===

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-

!Image

!English name

!Indigenous name

!Description and use

|-

|[[File:Caulerpa cupressoides in Harvey 1858.JPG|70px]]

|[[Caulerpa cupressoides|Cactus tree alga]] (''Caulerpa cupressoides'')

|{{lang|to|Kaka}}

|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://dspace.library.uvic.ca:8443/bitstream/handle/1828/343/ostraff_2003.pdf;jsessionid=3F5DD9FB1837EC0F77AEFAADA500F7EC?sequence=1|title=Contemporary Uses of Limu (marine algae) in the Vava'u Island Group, Kingdom of Tonga: an Ethnobotanical Study|last=Ostraff|first=Melinda|website=University of Victoria|access-date=December 30, 2023}}</ref>

|-

|[[File:FMIB 38401 Castagnea zosterae.jpeg|70px]]

|[[Cladosiphon]] (''Cladosiphon'')

|{{lang|to|Tanga{{okina}}u}}

|<ref name=":5" />

|-

|[[File:Caulerpa cf peltata.jpg|70px]]

|[[Caulerpa peltata|Flat-top sea grape]] (''Caulerpa peltata'')

|{{lang|to|Fuofua}}

|<ref name=":5" />

|-

|[[File:Caulerpa sertularioides.jpg|70px]]

|[[Caulerpa sertularioides|Green feather algae]] (''Caulerpa sertularioides'')

|{{lang|to|Louniu}}, {{lang|to|Louango}}, {{lang|to|Tu{{okina}}aniu}}

|<ref name=":5" />

|-

|[[File:Hypnea flexuosa A.C.Brown and N.Jarman (AM AK307804-2).jpg|70px]]

|[[Hypnea charoides]] (''Hypnea charoides'')

|{{lang|to|Limu vai}}

|<ref name=":5" />

|-

|[[File:Caulerpa scalpelliformis 254298193.jpg|70px]]

|[[Caulerpa scalpelliformis|Scalpel green seaweed]] (''Caulerpa scalpelliformis'')

|{{lang|to|Palalafa}}

|<ref name=":5" />

|-

|[[File:Caulerpa racemosa.jpg|70px]]

|[[Caulerpa racemosa|Sea grapes]] (''Caulerpa racemosa'')

|{{lang|to|Toke}}, {{lang|to|Fuofua}}, {{lang|to|Alako}}, {{lang|to|Te{{okina}}emoa}}, {{lang|to|Te{{okina}}epuaka}}

|<ref name=":5" />

|-

|[[File:The green seaweed, Caulerpa serrulata, at Ponta do Ouro, Mozambique (6661104601).jpg|70px]]

|[[Caulerpa serrulata|Serrated green seaweed]] (''Caulerpa serrulata'')

|{{lang|to|Kaka}}

|<ref name=":5" />

|-

|}

===Tuvalu===

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-

!Image

!English name

!Indigenous name

!Description and use

|-

|[[File:Caulerpa racemosa.jpg|70px]]

|[[Caulerpa racemosa|Sea grapes]] (''Caulerpa racemosa'')

|{{lang|tvl|Limu pukupuku}}

|

|-

|}

*[[Edible seaweed]]