Jump to content
 







Main menu
   


Navigation  



Main page
Contents
Current events
Random article
About Wikipedia
Contact us
Donate
 




Contribute  



Help
Learn to edit
Community portal
Recent changes
Upload file
 








Search  

































Create account

Log in
 









Create account
 Log in
 




Pages for logged out editors learn more  



Contributions
Talk
 



















Contents

   



(Top)
 


1 See also  





2 References  





3 External links  














List of Hopewell sites: Difference between revisions






Français
 

Edit links
 









Article
Talk
 

















Read
Edit
View history
 








Tools
   


Actions  



Read
Edit
View history
 




General  



What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Cite this page
Get shortened URL
Download QR code
Wikidata item
 




Print/export  



Download as PDF
Printable version
 
















Appearance
   

 





Help
 

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 


Browse history interactively
 Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
Improved citation
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
 
(8 intermediate revisions by 7 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:

{{Short description|None}}

{{Short description|None}}

{{Use mdy dates}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}}

{{Main|Hopewell tradition}}

{{Main|Hopewell tradition}}

This is a '''list of Hopewell sites'''. The '''Hopewell tradition''' (also called the "Hopewell culture") refers to the common aspects of the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] culture that flourished along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern [[United States]] from 200 BCE to 500 CE. The Hopewell tradition was not a single [[culture]] or society, but a widely dispersed set of related populations that were connected by a common network of trade routes,<ref name="Price">{{cite book | author= Douglas T. Price, and Gary M. Feinman | year= 2008 | title= Images of the Past, 5th edition | pages= [https://archive.org/details/imagesofpast0005pric/page/274 274–277] | location= New York | publisher= McGraw-Hill | isbn= 978-0-07-340520-9 | url= https://archive.org/details/imagesofpast0005pric/page/274 }}</ref> known as the Hopewell Exchange System.

This is a '''list of Hopewell sites'''. The '''Hopewell tradition''' (also called the "Hopewell culture") refers to the common aspects of the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] culture that flourished along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern [[United States]] from 200 BCE to 500 CE. The Hopewell tradition was not a single [[culture]] or society, but a widely dispersed set of related populations that were connected by a common network of trade routes,<ref name="Price">{{cite book | author= Douglas T. Price, and Gary M. Feinman | year= 2008 | title= Images of the Past, 5th edition | pages= [https://archive.org/details/imagesofpast0005pric/page/274 274–277] | location= New York | publisher= McGraw-Hill | isbn= 978-0-07-340520-9 | url= https://archive.org/details/imagesofpast0005pric/page/274 }}</ref> known as the Hopewell Exchange System.

Line 25: Line 25:

|| [[File:Dunns Pond Mound.jpg|125px|Dunns Pond Mound]]

|| [[File:Dunns Pond Mound.jpg|125px|Dunns Pond Mound]]

|| The Dunns Pond Mound is a historic [[tumulus|Native American mound]] in northeastern [[Logan County, Ohio|Logan County]], [[Ohio]]. Located near [[Huntsville, Ohio|Huntsville]], it lies along the southeastern corner of [[Indian Lake (Ohio)|Indian Lake]] in [[Washington Township, Logan County, Ohio|Washington Township]]. In 1974, the mound was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] as a potential [[archaeology|archeological]] site.

|| The Dunns Pond Mound is a historic [[tumulus|Native American mound]] in northeastern [[Logan County, Ohio|Logan County]], [[Ohio]]. Located near [[Huntsville, Ohio|Huntsville]], it lies along the southeastern corner of [[Indian Lake (Ohio)|Indian Lake]] in [[Washington Township, Logan County, Ohio|Washington Township]]. In 1974, the mound was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] as a potential [[archaeology|archeological]] site.

|-

|[[Everett Knoll Complex]]

|[[File:Everett Knoll from west.jpg|alt=Everett Mound|125x125px|Dunns Pond Mound]]

|Located in Northeast Ohio within [[Cuyahoga Valley National Park]]. Several artifacts were found within a small mound with an unusual limestone crypt. Signs of habitation were discovered nearby.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Brose |first=David |date=January 1974 |title=The Everett Knoll: A Late Hopewellian Site in Northeastern Ohio |url=https://kb.osu.edu/items/6bf0dec5-ce08-5f0d-852e-c14be29fe362 |journal=Ohio Journal of Science |volume=74 |issue=1}}</ref>

|-

|-

| [[Fortified Hill Works]]

| [[Fortified Hill Works]]

Line 30: Line 34:

|| Registered historic site near [[Hamilton, Ohio]].

|| Registered historic site near [[Hamilton, Ohio]].

|-

|-

| [[Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)]]

| [[Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)|Fort Ancient]]

|| [[File:Ancient monuments fort ancient map.gif|125px|Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)]]

|| [[File:Ancient monuments fort ancient map.gif|125px|Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)]]

|| Fort Ancient is a collection of mounds and earthen walls located in [[Washington Township, Warren County, Ohio|Washington Township]], [[Warren County, Ohio]], along the eastern shore of the [[Little Miami River]], about seven miles (11&nbsp;km) southeast of present-day [[Lebanon, Ohio|Lebanon]] and bordered by State Route 350. The site is the largest prehistoric hilltop enclosure in the United States, with three and one-half miles ({{convert|18,000|ft|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}) of walls in a {{convert|100|acre|km2|adj=on}} complex.

|| Fort Ancient is a collection of mounds and earthen walls located in [[Washington Township, Warren County, Ohio|Washington Township]], [[Warren County, Ohio]], along the eastern shore of the [[Little Miami River]], about seven miles (11&nbsp;km) southeast of present-day [[Lebanon, Ohio|Lebanon]] and bordered by State Route 350. The site is the largest prehistoric hilltop enclosure in the United States, with three and one-half miles ({{convert|18,000|ft|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}) of walls in a {{convert|100|acre|km2|adj=on}} complex.

Line 80: Line 84:

| [[Marietta Earthworks]]

| [[Marietta Earthworks]]

|| [[File:MariettaMoundsOldDrawing.jpg|125px|Marietta Earthworks]]

|| [[File:MariettaMoundsOldDrawing.jpg|125px|Marietta Earthworks]]

|| Located at the confluence of the Muskingum and Ohio rivers in [[Washington County, Ohio]], it has been covered by development of the modern-day city of Marietta. The site once consisted of at least four large platform mounds, three walled enclosures, and a large burial mound, now the site of the [[Mound Cemetery (Marietta, Ohio)|Mound Cemetery]].<ref name=ROMAIN1>{{cite book| author = Romain, William F. |title= Mysteries of the Hopewell |date= 2000-10-01 |publisher= [[The University of Akron Press]] | pages= 129–142 | isbn= 978-1884836619 }}</ref>

|| Located at the confluence of the Muskingum and Ohio rivers in [[Washington County, Ohio]], it has been covered by development of the modern-day city of Marietta. The site once consisted of at least four large platform mounds, three walled enclosures, and a large burial mound, now enclosed and preserved in the [[Mound Cemetery (Marietta, Ohio)|Mound Cemetery]].<ref name=ROMAIN1>{{cite book| author = Romain, William F. |title= Mysteries of the Hopewell |date= 2000-10-01 |publisher= [[The University of Akron Press]] | pages= 129–142 | isbn= 978-1884836619 }}</ref>

|-

|-

| [[Marksville Prehistoric Indian Site]]

| [[Marksville Prehistoric Indian Site]]

Line 128: Line 132:

| [[Shriver Circle Earthworks]]

| [[Shriver Circle Earthworks]]

|| [[File:Shriver Circle & Mound City solstice sunrise HRoe 2019sm.jpg|125px|Shriver Circle]]

|| [[File:Shriver Circle & Mound City solstice sunrise HRoe 2019sm.jpg|125px|Shriver Circle]]

|| The Shriver Circle Earthworks ([[Smithsonian trinomial|33 RO 347]])<ref name=BURKS>{{Cite journal | title= Beyond Squier and Davis : Rediscovering Ohio's earthworks using geophysical remote sensing | first1 = Jarrod | last1 = Burks | first2= Robert A. |last2 = Cook | journal = American Antiquity | volume = 78 | issue= 4 |date= October 2011 | pages = 667–689 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | doi = 10.7183/0002-7316.76.4.667 | jstor = 41331917 }}</ref> are an Ohio Hopewell culture archaeological site located in Chillicothe in Ross County, Ohio. At {{convert|1200|ft|m}} in diameter the site is one of the largest Hopewell circular enclosures in the state of Ohio.<ref>{{Cite web| title= New Results and Updates on Magnetic Surveys at Steel Group and the Shriver Circle, Ross County| url = https://ohioarchaeology.org/resources/job-listings/39-resources/research/articles-and-abstracts-2008/265-abstracts-of-presentations-at-the-2008-oac-spring-meeting | author = Burks, Jarrod| publisher = Ohio Archaeological Council | access-date = 2019-05-18 }}</ref>

|| The Shriver Circle Earthworks ([[Smithsonian trinomial|33 RO 347]])<ref name=BURKS>{{Cite journal | title= Beyond Squier and Davis : Rediscovering Ohio's earthworks using geophysical remote sensing | first1 = Jarrod | last1 = Burks | first2= Robert A. |last2 = Cook | journal = American Antiquity | volume = 78 | issue= 4 |date= October 2011 | pages = 667–689 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | doi = 10.7183/0002-7316.76.4.667 | jstor = 41331917 | s2cid = 163239253 }}</ref> are an Ohio Hopewell culture archaeological site located in Chillicothe in Ross County, Ohio. At {{convert|1200|ft|m}} in diameter the site is one of the largest Hopewell circular enclosures in the state of Ohio.<ref>{{Cite web | title = New Results and Updates on Magnetic Surveys at Steel Group and the Shriver Circle, Ross County | url = https://ohioarchaeology.org/resources/job-listings/39-resources/research/articles-and-abstracts-2008/265-abstracts-of-presentations-at-the-2008-oac-spring-meeting | author = Burks, Jarrod | publisher = Ohio Archaeological Council | access-date = 2019-05-18 | archive-date = October 15, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201015191829/https://ohioarchaeology.org/resources/job-listings/39-resources/research/articles-and-abstracts-2008/265-abstracts-of-presentations-at-the-2008-oac-spring-meeting | url-status = dead }}</ref>

|-

|-

| [[Toolesboro Mound Group]]

| [[Toolesboro Mound Group]]

Line 158: Line 162:


[[Category:Hopewellian peoples|+Sites]]

[[Category:Hopewellian peoples|+Sites]]

[[Category:Archaeology-related lists|Hopewell sites]]

[[Category:Lists of archaeological sites in the United States|Hopewell sites]]

[[Category:Mounds in the United States|+Hopewell]]

[[Category:Mounds in the United States|+Hopewell]]

[[Category:Native American history|Hopewell]]

[[Category:Native American history|Hopewell]]

[[Category:United States history-related lists|Hopewell sites]]

[[Category:Archaeology of the United States|Hopewell]]

[[Category:Archaeology of the United States|Hopewell]]

[[Category:Former Native American populated places in the United States|+Hopewell]]

[[Category:Former Native American populated places in the United States|+Hopewell]]


Latest revision as of 22:07, 7 June 2024

This is a list of Hopewell sites. The Hopewell tradition (also called the "Hopewell culture") refers to the common aspects of the Native American culture that flourished along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern United States from 200 BCE to 500 CE. The Hopewell tradition was not a single culture or society, but a widely dispersed set of related populations that were connected by a common network of trade routes,[1] known as the Hopewell Exchange System.

Site Image Description
Bynum Mound and Village Site Bynum Mound and Village site Located near Houston, Mississippi, the site is a complex of six conical shaped mounds which were built and in use during the Miller 1 and Miller 2 phases of the Miller culture (100 BCE to 100 CE).[2][3] It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 as a site on the Natchez Trace Parkway at milepost 232.4.
Cloverdale archaeological site The Cloverdale archaeological site (23BN2) is an important site near St. Joseph, Missouri. It is located at the mouth of a small valley that opens into the Missouri River. It was occupied by Kansas City Hopewell peoples (ca. 100 to 500 CE). Secondly, it was occupied about 1000-1250 CE, by Steed-Kisker peoples. These originated were farming people of the Middle Mississippian culture believed to have migrated here from Cahokia. They gradually adapted to the Plains Village tradition and developed a culture with elements of both.[4]
Crooks mound AMarksville culture mound site, it is located in La Salle Parish, Louisiana. It is a large, conical, burial mound that was part of at least six episodes of burials. It measures about 16 ft high (4.9 m) and 85 ft wide (26 m).
Dunns Pond Mound Dunns Pond Mound The Dunns Pond Mound is a historic Native American mound in northeastern Logan County, Ohio. Located near Huntsville, it lies along the southeastern corner of Indian LakeinWashington Township. In 1974, the mound was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a potential archeological site.
Everett Knoll Complex Everett Mound Located in Northeast Ohio within Cuyahoga Valley National Park. Several artifacts were found within a small mound with an unusual limestone crypt. Signs of habitation were discovered nearby.[5]
Fortified Hill Works Fortified Hill Works Registered historic site near Hamilton, Ohio.
Fort Ancient Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio) Fort Ancient is a collection of mounds and earthen walls located in Washington Township, Warren County, Ohio, along the eastern shore of the Little Miami River, about seven miles (11 km) southeast of present-day Lebanon and bordered by State Route 350. The site is the largest prehistoric hilltop enclosure in the United States, with three and one-half miles (18,000 ft or 5,500 m) of walls in a 100-acre (0.40 km2) complex.
Grand Gulf Mound An Early Marksville culture site located near Port GibsoninClaiborne County, Mississippi, on a bluff 1 mile (1.6 km) east of the Mississippi River, 2 miles (3.2 km) north of the mouth of the Big Black River. The site has an extant burial mound, and it may have had two others in the past.[6]
Hopeton Earthworks Hopeton Earthworks The Hopeton Earthworks are an Ohio Hopewell group of mounds and earthworks located about a mile east of the Mound City Group on a terrace of the Scioto River. Along with the Mound City Group, it is one of the sites which make up the Hopewell Culture National Historical Park.
Hopewell Culture National Historical Park Mound City Group Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, formerly known as Mound City Group National Monument, is a United States national historical park with earthworks and burial mounds from the Hopewell culture, indigenous peoples who flourished from about 200 BCE to 500 CE. The park is composed of six separate sites in Ross County, Ohio. The park includes archaeological resources of the Ohio Hopewell culture.
Hopewell Mound Group The Hopewell Mound Group is the namesake and type site for the Hopewell culture and one of the six sites that make up the Hopewell Culture National Historical Park. The group of mounds and earthworks enclosures are located several miles to the west of the Chillicothe on the northern bank of Paint Creek.[7]
Indian Mound Cemetery Indian Mound Cemetery Indian Mound Cemetery is a cemetery located with access to Northwestern Turnpike (U.S. Route 50) and on a bluff overlooking the South Branch Potomac RiverinRomney, West Virginia. The cemetery is centered around a Hopewell mound. The mound measures seven feet high and about fifteen feet in diameter. It is the largest of the remaining earthwork mounds discovered in West Virginia's Eastern Panhandle. The city of Romney has never allowed the mound to be excavated. The Smithsonian Institution suggests this mound might date between 500 and 1000 CE and that it was likely constructed by peoples of the Hopewell culture.
Junction Group Earthworks site in Ross County, Ohio. Located near: 39.317045 -83.013619
Kolomoki Mounds Historic Park Kolomoki Mounds Historic Park The Kolomoki Mounds are Woodland Period mounds built in Early County, Georgia. The seven earthwork mounds at the site were built between 250-950 CE by peoples of the Swift Creek and Weeden Island cultures.
Lake Ridge Island Mounds Lake Ridge Island Mounds The Lake Ridge Island Mounds (also known as the Wolf Mounds I-IV) are a group of small hills in Logan County, Ohio, that have been thought to be Native American mounds. Located in an area of about 5 acres (2.0 ha) at the northern end on Lake Ridge Island in Indian Lake, the mounds are near the present-day village of Russells Point in the southeastern corner of Stokes Township.
Leake Mounds Leake Mounds Leake Mounds is an archaeological siteinBartow County, Georgia, built and used by peoples of the Swift Creek Culture.
Lewiston Mound Lewiston Mound A burial mound located at Lewiston, New York, in Niagara County, New York. The Earl W. Brydges Artpark State Park has been developed around it and preserves the mound.
Mann site Mann site, looking west The Mann site (12 Po 2) is located in Posey County, Indiana, near the confluence of the Wabash and Ohio rivers. Because of the scale and complexity of the earthworks, it is thought to have had a larger population than Hopewell sites in Ohio, and may be the largest site of this era in all the Midwest.[8] It was placed on the National Historic Register in 1974.[9]
Marietta Earthworks Marietta Earthworks Located at the confluence of the Muskingum and Ohio rivers in Washington County, Ohio, it has been covered by development of the modern-day city of Marietta. The site once consisted of at least four large platform mounds, three walled enclosures, and a large burial mound, now enclosed and preserved in the Mound Cemetery.[10]
Marksville Prehistoric Indian Site Marksville Prehistoric Indian site Also known as the Marksville State Historic Site, it is the type site for the Marksville culture and is located about one mile southeast of Marksville, Louisiana.
Moorehead Circle A triple woodhenge constructed about two millennia ago at the Fort Ancient Earthworks in Ohio.
Mounds State Park Mounds State Park Mounds State Park is a state park in Anderson, Indiana, featuring prehistoric Native American heritage, and 10 ceremonial mounds built by the Adena people and apparently also used by later Hopewell inhabitants.
Newark Earthworks Newark Earthworks InNewark, Ohio, the site consists of three sections of preserved earthwork: the Great Circle Earthworks, the Octagon Earthworks, and the Wright Earthworks. This complex was the largest earthen enclosure in the world. The site is preserved as a state park by the Ohio Historical Society.
Oak Mounds Outside Clarksburg, West Virginia, in Harrison County, a large Indian mound; to the west of it is a smaller mound. These mounds have never been totally excavated but they were probably built by the Hopewell culture between 0 and 1000 CE.
Pharr Mounds Pharr Mounds Located near Tupelo in parts of Itawamba and Prentiss County, Mississippi, a complex of eight dome-shaped burial mounds. The site was in use during the Miller 1 phase of the Miller culture[2] and was built between 1 and 200 CE. It is considered to be one of the largest and most important sites from this era.[11]
Portsmouth Earthworks Portsmouth Earthworks The Portsmouth Earthworks is a large mound complex constructed by the Ohio Hopewell culture (100 BCE to 500 CE).[12] The site was one of the largest ceremonial centers constructed by the Hopewell and is located at the confluence of the Scioto and Ohio Rivers. The majority of the site is now covered by the city of PortsmouthinScioto County, Ohio.[12]
Renner Village Archeological Site The Renner Village Archeological Site is a significant Kansas City Hopewell culture archaeological site located in the municipality of Riverside, Missouri. Known by archaeologists as the Renner site(23PL1), the site contains Hopewell and Middle Mississippian artifacts. The site is one of several Kansas City Hopewell sites near the junction of Line Creek and the Missouri River.[13]
Seip Earthworks and Dill Mounds District Seip Earthworks and Dill Mounds District A large hilltop enclosure in Ross County, Ohio and one of the sites which make up the Hopewell Culture National Historical Park.
Serpent Mounds Park Not to be confused with the Serpent MoundinAdams County, Ohio, the site was constructed by the Point Peninsula complex peoples, a Hopewellian people who lived in central and southeastern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, and northern parts New York state between 300 BCE and 700 CE.
Sinnissippi Mounds Sinnissippi Mounds The Sinnissippi Mounds are a Havana Hopewell culture burial mound grouping located in the city of Sterling, Illinois, United States.
Shriver Circle Earthworks Shriver Circle The Shriver Circle Earthworks (33 RO 347)[14] are an Ohio Hopewell culture archaeological site located in Chillicothe in Ross County, Ohio. At 1,200 feet (370 m) in diameter the site is one of the largest Hopewell circular enclosures in the state of Ohio.[15]
Toolesboro Mound Group Toolesboro Mound Group AHavana Hopewell culture site, The Toolesboro Mound Group is a group of mounds on the north bank of the Iowa River near its discharge into the Mississippi. The mounds are owned and displayed to the public by the State Historical Society of Iowa. The mound group is located east of Wapello, Iowa, near the unincorporated community of Toolesboro.
Tremper Mound and Works Tremper Mound and Works The Tremper Mound and Works are an Ohio Hopewell (100 BCE to 500 CE) earthen enclosure and large, irregularly shaped mound. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. The site is located in Scioto County, Ohio, about five miles northwest of Portsmouth, Ohio, on the second terrace floodplain overlooking the Scioto River.
Trowbridge Archeological Site The Trowbridge Archaeological Site is located in the vicinity of North 61st Street and Leavenworth Road in Kansas City, Kansas. It was inhabited c. 200–600 CE by the Kansas City Hopewell culture.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Douglas T. Price, and Gary M. Feinman (2008). Images of the Past, 5th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 274–277. ISBN 978-0-07-340520-9.
  • ^ a b "Pharr Mounds-Ceramic analysis". National Park Service. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
  • ^ Peregrine, Peter Neal; Ember, Melvin, eds. (2003). "Middle Eastern Woodland". Encyclopedia of Prehistory:North America. Vol. 6 (1 ed.). Springer Publishing. p. 331. ISBN 978-0-306-46264-1.
  • ^ "Cloverdale Archaeological Site". Saint Louis Community College. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
  • ^ Brose, David (January 1974). "The Everett Knoll: A Late Hopewellian Site in Northeastern Ohio". Ohio Journal of Science. 74 (1).
  • ^ Brookes, Samuel O. (1976). The Grand Gulf Mound: Salvage Excavation of an Early Marksville Burial Mound in Claiborne County, Mississippi. Mississippi Archaeological Survey Report. Jackson, Mississippi: Mississippi Department of Archives and History.
  • ^ "Hopewell Mound Group". National Park Service.
  • ^ "Late Hopewell settlement patterns in southeastern Indiana". Retrieved January 3, 2010.
  • ^ "National Register of Historic Places-Indiana, Posey County". Retrieved December 31, 2009.
  • ^ Romain, William F. (October 1, 2000). Mysteries of the Hopewell. The University of Akron Press. pp. 129–142. ISBN 978-1884836619.
  • ^ "Pharr Mounds-National Register of Historic Places Indian Mounds of Mississippi Travel Itinerary". National Park Service. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
  • ^ a b "Portsmouth Earthworks-Ohio History Central". Retrieved June 6, 2009.
  • ^ "Renner Site 23PL1". Saint Louis Community College. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
  • ^ Burks, Jarrod; Cook, Robert A. (October 2011). "Beyond Squier and Davis : Rediscovering Ohio's earthworks using geophysical remote sensing". American Antiquity. 78 (4). Cambridge University Press: 667–689. doi:10.7183/0002-7316.76.4.667. JSTOR 41331917. S2CID 163239253.
  • ^ Burks, Jarrod. "New Results and Updates on Magnetic Surveys at Steel Group and the Shriver Circle, Ross County". Ohio Archaeological Council. Archived from the original on October 15, 2020. Retrieved May 18, 2019.
  • External links[edit]


    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Hopewell_sites&oldid=1227805921"

    Categories: 
    Hopewellian peoples
    Lists of archaeological sites in the United States
    Mounds in the United States
    Native American history
    Archaeology of the United States
    Former Native American populated places in the United States
    Pre-Columbian architecture
    Native American-related lists
    Hidden categories: 
    Articles with short description
    Short description is different from Wikidata
    Use mdy dates from January 2023
    Commons category link is locally defined
     



    This page was last edited on 7 June 2024, at 22:07 (UTC).

    Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.



    Privacy policy

    About Wikipedia

    Disclaimers

    Contact Wikipedia

    Code of Conduct

    Developers

    Statistics

    Cookie statement

    Mobile view



    Wikimedia Foundation
    Powered by MediaWiki