The Anzick site (24PA506), located adjacent to Flathead Creek, a tributary of the Shields RiverinWilsall, Park County, Montana, United States, is the only known Clovis burial site in the New World. The term "Clovis" is used by archaeologists to define one of the New World's earliest hunter-gatherer cultures and is named after the site near Clovis, New Mexico, where human artifacts were found associated with the procurement and processing of mammoth and other large and small fauna.[1][2]
Discovery
[edit]The Anzick Site (registered as 24PA506) at about the elevation of the bottom of the hillside below the arrow, is the only known Clovis burial site in North America
In 1961, while hunting marmots at a sandstone outcrop on the Anzick family property, about one mile south of Wilsall, Montana, Bill Roy Bray found a stone projectile point and bones that were covered with red ocher.[3] In the same area, in May 1968, Ben Hargis and Calvin Sarver of Wilsall, Montana were removing talus from the same outcrop and inadvertently found the red ocher-covered partial remains of a one- to two-year-old child (Anzick-1) associated with stone (8Clovis points, scrapers, heat treated bi-faces), bone and antler artifacts (one identifiable as elk), totaling 90.[4] Four of the Clovis points had been reworked. Artifacts were radiocarbon dated at about 12,000 years Before Present, calibrated using the INTCAL13 standard.[3] Nineteen additional artifacts were found in the area.[5] Two antler rods associated with the burial also radiocarbon dated to the same time.[6] The stone used came from 6 different quarries.[7] In another location in the same area, not associated with the Clovis child, the men found a partial skull fragment of a 6- to 8-year-old male child (Anzick-2) that radiocarbon dated to around 8600 years Before Present.[8] Dr. Larry Lahren, a North American archaeologist from Livingston, Montana was the first researcher to examine and record the site (24PA506), artifacts and human remains at the request of Ben Hargis not long after the discovery in 1968.[9] The artifacts, not including the human remains, are at the Montana Historical Society and the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.[10]
Anzick Site 01 A Google Earth Image modified to indicate the town of Wilsall, Montana as well as the Ansick site
The first systematic excavation of the site was performed under the direction of Dr. Dee C. Taylor of the University of Montana in 1968. Dr. Taylor published his findings in 1969. He reported that none of the artifacts and skeletal remains had been left in-situ by Hargis and Sarver, and that soil and objects from multiple stratigraphic layers had been mixed and back-filled by the ranch owner before archaeological examination was undertaken. According to Dr. Taylor, the 90 artifacts recovered by Hargis and Sarver included items from multiple eras, leaving carbon dating as the only means of establishing the site as a Clovis-era burial.[11]
For thirty years, the skeletal remains were in the private possession of a former investigator. Since 1998, they have been in the possession of one of the landowners. Because of the manner in which the site was discovered, its importance was initially dismissed[2] but subsequently confirmed.[5][9][11][12][13] The remains are known as Anzick-1.
^H.M.Wormington, "Ancient Man in North America", Denver Museum of Natural History, Popular Series No. 4, 1949
^ abFrom Kostenski to Clovis: Upper Paleolithic-Paleo-Indian Adaptations. Edited by Olga Soffer and N.D. Praslov. Plenum Press, 1993.
^ abOwsley, Douglas; Hunt, David; Macintyre, Ian; Logan, Amelia (May 2001). "Clovis and Early Archaic Crania from the Anzick Site (24PA506), Park County, Montana". Plains Anthropologist. 46 (176). Maney Publishing: 116–7. doi:10.1080/2052546.2001.11932062. JSTOR25669710. S2CID159572593.
^Macintyre, Ian G., and M. Amelia Logan, "Microprobe Analysis of Ocher On Bone from The Anzick Burial Site", Plains Anthropologist 46.176, pp. 122–124, 2001
^ abJuliet Morrow and Stuart Fiedel, "New Radiocarbon Dates for the Clovis Component of the Anzick Site, Park County, Montana" in Paleoindian Archaeology- A Hemispheric Perspective. University Press of Florida, 2006.
^Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena, et al., "Reassessing the Chronology of the Archaeological Site of Anzick", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 115, no. 27, pp. 7000–03, 2018
^Morrow, Juliet E., "Anzick: A Clovis Burial in Montana", Central States Archaeological Journal, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 27–32, 2006
^Douglas Owsley and David Hunt, "Clovis and Early Archaic Crania from the Anzick Site (24PA506), Park County, Montana", Plains Anthropologist, 46 (176), pp. 115–124, 2001
^ abLarry Lahren, "Homeland: An Archaeologist’s View of Yellowstone Country’s Past", Cayuse Press, Box 1218, Livingston, Montana, 2006
^[1]Wilke, Philip J., et al., "Clovis Technology at the Anzick Site, Montana", Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 242–72, 1991
^ abD.C. Taylor, "The Wilsall Excavations: An Exercise in Frustration", Proceedings of the Montana Academy of Sciences, 29, pp. 147–150, 1969
^Larry Lahren. "The Anzick or Wilsall Site: A Clovis Complex Burial in the Shields River Valley of Southwestern Montana", Paper presented at the Annual Meetings of the Society for American Archaeology, Norman, Oklahoma, 1971
^Larry Lahren and Robson Bonnichsen, "Bone Foreshafts from a Clovis Burial In Southwestern, Montana", Science 186, pp. 147–150, 1974
Canby, T. Y., "Far-flung Search for the First Americans", National Geographic Magazine 156(3), pp. 330–363, 1979
Fiedel, Stuart J., "The Anzick genome proves Clovis is first, after all", Quaternary International 444, pp. 4-9, 2017
Fiedel, Stuart J., "Origins of the first Americans: Before and after the Anzick genome", Reviews in Anthropology 46.4, pp. 164–179, 2017
Fogelman, G. L., "The Anzick Site Paleo Cache", Indian Artifact Magazine 9.3, pp. 8-ll, 1990
Jones, Scott, and Robson Bonnichsen, "The Anzick Clovis Burial", Current Research in the Pleistocene 11, pp. 42-44, 1994
[2]Jones, J. Scott, "The Anzick site: analysis of a Clovis burial assemblage", Oregon State Masters Thesis, 1996
Lahren, L. A., "The Ongoing Odyssey of the Anzick Clovis Burial in Park County Montana (24PA506): Part 1", Archaeology in Montana 42, pp. 55–59, 2001
Jennifer Raff and Deborah a. Bolnick, "Genetic Roots of the First Americans", Nature 506, pp. 162–163. 2014
[3]Rasmussen, Morten, et al., "The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana", Nature 506.7487, pp. 225–229, 2014
[4]White, Samuel Stockton V., "The Anzick Site: Cultural Balance and the Treatment of Ancient Human Remains (Toward a Collaborative Standard)", Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, Missoula, MT: University of Montana ScholarWorks, Graduate School, M.A. Thesis, 2015
[5]White, Samuel Stockton V., "The Anzick Artifacts: A High- Technology Forager Tool Assemblage", Ph.D. Dissertation, Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers, 2019
