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{{More |
{{More citations needed|date=December 2017}} |
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[[File:Countries with VLF Transmitters.svg|thumb|451x451px|Countries with VLF Transmitter Stations]] |
[[File:Countries with VLF Transmitters.svg|thumb|451x451px|Countries with VLF Transmitter Stations]] |
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A '''[[Very low frequency#List of VLF transmissions|list of VLF-transmitters]]''' and LF-transmitters, which work or worked on frequencies below 100 kHz. |
A '''[[Very low frequency#List of VLF transmissions|list of VLF-transmitters]]''' and LF-transmitters, which work or worked on frequencies below 100 kHz. |
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==List of VLF transmissions== |
==List of VLF transmissions== |
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{{ |
{{Incomplete list|date=December 2017}} |
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{| {{Table|sort}} |
{| {{Table|sort}} |
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| ASH Alpha Transmitter Ashkabad || [[Seýdi|Seydi]], [[Türkmenabat]], Turkmenistan || 12.649 kHz || {{coord|39|28|16|N|62|43|07|E}} || [[Alpha (navigation)|Alpha-Navigation]] |
| ASH Alpha Transmitter Ashkabad || [[Seýdi|Seydi]], [[Türkmenabat]], Turkmenistan || 12.649 kHz || {{coord|39|28|16|N|62|43|07|E}} || [[Alpha (navigation)|Alpha-Navigation]] |
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| [[ |
| [[Omega (navigation system)#La Moure Omega Transmitter|LaMoure - Omega Station D]] || [[LaMoure, North Dakota]], USA || 12.1 kHz || {{coord|46.365987|N|98.335667|W}} || now operated by US Navy on 25.2 kHz |
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| [[Monte Grande Radio Station]] || [[Monte Grande]], Argentina || 17.33 kHz, 23.6 kHz || {{coord|34.757502|S|58.509128|W}} || Appears derelict. 718 Foot (219 meter) towers |
| [[Monte Grande Radio Station]] || [[Monte Grande]], Argentina || 17.33 kHz, 23.6 kHz || {{coord|34.757502|S|58.509128|W}} || Appears derelict. 718 Foot (219 meter) towers |
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| [[VLF transmitter Grimeton|SAQ]] || [[Grimeton]], [[Varberg]], Sweden || 17.2 kHz || {{coord|57.113958|N|12.404425|E}} || Only active at special occasions ([[Alexanderson Day]]) |
| [[VLF transmitter Grimeton|SAQ]] || [[Grimeton]], [[Varberg]], Sweden || 17.2 kHz || {{coord|57.113958|N|12.404425|E}} || Only active at special occasions ([[Alexanderson Day]]) |
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| [[VLF Transmitter Cutler|NAA]] || [[Cutler, Maine]], USA || 17.8 kHz, '''24.0 kHz''' || {{coord|44.644506|N|67.284565|W}} || 997 |
| [[VLF Transmitter Cutler|NAA]] || [[Cutler, Maine]], USA || 17.8 kHz, '''24.0 kHz''' || {{coord|44.644506|N|67.284565|W}} || 997 ft (304 meter) tall |
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| RDL || [[Krasnodar]], Russia || 18.1 kHz || {{coord|44|46|24|N|39|32|50|E|}} || 425 metres tall central tower |
| RDL || [[Krasnodar]], Russia || 18.1 kHz || {{coord|44|46|24|N|39|32|50|E|}} || 425 metres tall central tower |
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| [[INS Kattabomman]] || [[ |
| [[INS Kattabomman]] || [[Vijayanarayanam]], India || 18.2 kHz || {{coord|8.3869497|N|77.7505891|E}} || |
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| [[Anthorn Radio Station|GQD]] || [[Anthorn]], Cumbria, UK || 19.58 kHz, 22.10 kHz || {{coord|54.911683|N|3.278738|W}} || 13 towers, {{Convert|745|ft || adj=on}} tall |
| [[Anthorn Radio Station|GQD]] || [[Anthorn]], Cumbria, UK || 19.58 kHz, 22.10 kHz || {{coord|54.911683|N|3.278738|W}} || 13 towers, {{Convert|745|ft || adj=on}} tall |
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| || [[Mokpo]], South Korea<ref name="nigel">{{cite journal |last1=Meredith |first1=Nigel P. |last2=Horne |first2=Richard B. |last3=Clilverd |first3=Mark A. |last4=Ross |first4=Johnathan P. J. |title=An Investigation of VLF Transmitter Wave Power in the Inner Radiation Belt and Slot Region |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics |date=July 2019 |volume=124 |issue=7 |pages=5246–5259 |doi=10.1029/2019JA026715 |bibcode=2019JGRA..124.5246M |s2cid=197563530 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/224769021.pdf}}</ref> || 24.1 kHz,<ref>{{cite journal |author1=A S Poletaev |author2=D A Chensky |author3=A G Chensky |title=Radio interferometric location finding of VLF signal transmitters |journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series |date=2019 |volume=1384 |issue=1 |page=012042 |doi=10.1088/1742-6596/1384/1/012042 |publisher=IOP Publishing |location=International Conference “Complex equipment of quality control laboratories”|bibcode=2019JPhCS1384a2042P |doi-access=free }}</ref> 25.0 kHz || {{coord|34.682222|N|126.446944|E}} || |
| || [[Mokpo]], South Korea<ref name="nigel">{{cite journal |last1=Meredith |first1=Nigel P. |last2=Horne |first2=Richard B. |last3=Clilverd |first3=Mark A. |last4=Ross |first4=Johnathan P. J. |title=An Investigation of VLF Transmitter Wave Power in the Inner Radiation Belt and Slot Region |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics |date=July 2019 |volume=124 |issue=7 |pages=5246–5259 |doi=10.1029/2019JA026715 |bibcode=2019JGRA..124.5246M |s2cid=197563530 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/224769021.pdf}}</ref> || 24.1 kHz,<ref>{{cite journal |author1=A S Poletaev |author2=D A Chensky |author3=A G Chensky |title=Radio interferometric location finding of VLF signal transmitters |journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series |date=2019 |volume=1384 |issue=1 |page=012042 |doi=10.1088/1742-6596/1384/1/012042 |publisher=IOP Publishing |location=International Conference “Complex equipment of quality control laboratories”|bibcode=2019JPhCS1384a2042P |doi-access=free }}</ref> 25.0 kHz || {{coord|34.682222|N|126.446944|E}} || |
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| [[Naval Radio Transmitter Facility LaMoure|NML LaMoure US Navy Transmitter]] || [[LaMoure, North Dakota]], USA || 25.2 kHz || {{coord|46.365987|N|98.335667|W}} || {{Convert|1148|ft || adj=on}} tower |
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| [[Denizköy VLF transmitter|Denizkoy VLF Transmitter TBB]] || Bafa, [[Didim]] district, Turkey || 26.7 kHz || {{coord|37.409420|N|27.325273|E}} || Two {{Convert|1247|ft || adj=on}} towers, built about 2000. |
| [[Denizköy VLF transmitter|Denizkoy VLF Transmitter TBB]] || Bafa, [[Didim]] district, Turkey || 26.7 kHz || {{coord|37.409420|N|27.325273|E}} || Two {{Convert|1247|ft || adj=on}} towers, built about 2000. |
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| [[Goedverwacht Transmitting Station]] || [[Cape Town]], South Africa || || {{coord|33.787289|S|18.694761|E}} || |
| [[Goedverwacht Transmitting Station]] || [[Cape Town]], South Africa || || {{coord|33.787289|S|18.694761|E}} || |
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| [[Naval Radio Transmitter Facility Grindavik|TFK]] || [[Grindavík]], Iceland || 37.6 kHz (37.5 |
| [[Naval Radio Transmitter Facility Grindavik|TFK]] || [[Grindavík]], Iceland || 37.6 kHz (37.5 kHz center) || {{coord|63.850833|N|22.451667|W}} || 1,000 ft (304.8-meter) tower |
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| [[JJY]] || [[Otakadoyayama Transmitter]], [[Tamura, Fukushima|Tamura]], Japan || 40.0 kHz || {{coord|37.372557|N|140.849007|E}} || Time signal |
| [[JJY]] || [[Otakadoyayama Transmitter]], [[Tamura, Fukushima|Tamura]], Japan || 40.0 kHz || {{coord|37.372557|N|140.849007|E}} || Time signal |
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| [[Aguada transmission station|NAU Naval Communications Station Puerto Rico]] || [[Aguada, Puerto Rico|Aguada]], [[Puerto Rico]], USA || 40.75 kHz || {{coord|18.398775|N|67.177486|W}} || {{Convert|1205|ft || adj=on}} tower |
| [[Aguada transmission station|NAU Naval Communications Station Puerto Rico]] || [[Aguada, Puerto Rico|Aguada]], [[Puerto Rico]], USA || 40.75 kHz || {{coord|18.398775|N|67.177486|W}} || {{Convert|1205|ft || adj=on}} tower |
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| [[Naval Radio Transmitter Facility (NRTF) Niscemi|NSY]]<ref>{{cite web |title=VLF Transmitters List |url=https://sidstation.loudet.org/stations-list-en.xhtml |website=sidstation.loudet.org}}</ref> || [[Niscemi]], Italy || 45.9 kHz || {{coord|37.125654|N|14.436325|E}} || US Navy, 252 metres tall mast |
| [[Naval Radio Transmitter Facility (NRTF) Niscemi|NSY]]<ref name="VLF Transmitters List">{{cite web |title=VLF Transmitters List |url=https://sidstation.loudet.org/stations-list-en.xhtml |website=sidstation.loudet.org}}</ref> || [[Niscemi]], Italy || 45.9 kHz || {{coord|37.125654|N|14.436325|E}} || US Navy, 252 metres tall mast |
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| [[Kato Souli Naval Transmission Facility|SXA]] || Kato Souli, [[Marathon, Greece]] || 49.0 kHz<ref |
| [[Kato Souli Naval Transmission Facility|SXA]] || Kato Souli, [[Marathon, Greece]] || 49.0 kHz<ref name="VLF Transmitters List"/> || {{coord|38.145186|N|24.019703|E}} || 820 foot (250 meter) tower |
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| [[Dixon Naval Radio Transmitter Facility|NPG]] || [[Dixon, California]], USA || 55.5 kHz || {{coord|38.371505|N|121.775569|W}} || 2 masts 194.2 metres tall, submarine communications<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mwlist.org/vlf.php|title=MW List}}</ref> |
| [[Dixon Naval Radio Transmitter Facility|NPG]] || [[Dixon, California]], USA || 55.5 kHz || {{coord|38.371505|N|121.775569|W}} || 2 masts 194.2 metres tall, submarine communications<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mwlist.org/vlf.php|title=MW List}}</ref> |
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| || [[Tving]], Sweden || || {{coord|56.275050|N|15.487858|E}} || 695 foot, 212-metre tall mast |
| || [[Tving]], Sweden || || {{coord|56.275050|N|15.487858|E}} || 695 foot, 212-metre tall mast |
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| [[RNAS Rattray]] (MKL,GYW1) || [[Crimond]], UK || 82.8 kHz, 51.95 kHz || {{coord|57.617467|N|1.887617|W}} || tallest mast 274.3 metres high, site now home to a [[high frequency]] transmitter station forming part of the [[Defence High Frequency Communications Service]] |
| [[RNAS Rattray]] (MKL, GYW1) || [[Crimond]], UK || 82.8 kHz, 51.95 kHz || {{coord|57.617467|N|1.887617|W}} || tallest mast 274.3 metres high, site now home to a [[high frequency]] transmitter station forming part of the [[Defence High Frequency Communications Service]] |
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| [[RNAS Inskip (HMS Nightjar)]] (GIZ20) || [[Inskip, Lancashire|Inskip]], UK || 61.84 kHz || {{coord|53.830074|N|2.834262|W}} || VLF transmissions of [[Morse code]] to ships close to U.K. in the 1980s; now used as a military high frequency radio transmitting station |
| [[RNAS Inskip (HMS Nightjar)]] (GIZ20) || [[Inskip, Lancashire|Inskip]], UK || 61.84 kHz || {{coord|53.830074|N|2.834262|W}} || VLF transmissions of [[Morse code]] to ships close to U.K. in the 1980s; now used as a military high frequency radio transmitting station |
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! scope="col" | Remarks |
! scope="col" | Remarks |
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| [[ |
| [[Omega (navigation system)#Trinidad Omega Transmitter|Trinidad - Omega Station B]] || [[Chaguaramas, Trinidad and Tobago]] || 12.0 kHz || {{coord|10.699738|N|61.638386|W}} || valley span antenna dismantled, station replaced by the Paynesville Liberia Station in 1976 |
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| [[ |
| [[Omega (navigation system)#Paynesville Omega Transmitter|Paynesville - Omega Station B]] || [[Paynesville, Liberia|Paynesville]], Liberia || 12.0 kHz || {{coord|6.305442|N|10.662068|W}} || {{Convert|1368|ft || adj=on}} tower demolished in 2011 |
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| [[Omega (navigation system)#Kaneohe Omega Transmitter|Kaneohe - Omega Station C]] || [[Haiku Valley]], Hawaii, USA || 11.8 kHz || {{coord|21.404811|N|157.830834|W}} || {{Convert|5000|ft || adj=on}} valley span antenna, decommissioned in 1997. Antenna dismantled, deteriorating transmitter building and Haiku Stairs remain |
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| [[ |
| [[Omega (navigation system)#Bratland Omega Transmitter|Bratland - Omega Station A]] (LEA) || [[Brattland]], Norway || 12.1 kHz || {{coord|66.419323|N|13.129950|E}} || {{Convert|11500|ft || adj=on}} valley span antenna over salt water. dismantled in 2002. Building and [[Helix building|helix house]] remains |
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| [[Omega (navigation system)#Chabrier Omega Transmitter|Plaine Chabrier - Omega Station E]] || [[Saint-Paul, Réunion|Saint-Paul]], [[Reunion Island]] || 12.3 kHz || {{coord|20.974153|S|55.289973|E}} || {{Convert|1404|ft || adj=on}} tower demolished in 1999 |
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| [[Omega Tower Trelew|Golfo Nuevo - Omega Station F]] || [[Golfo Nuevo]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]], Argentina || 12.9 kHz || {{coord|43.053524|S|65.190763|W}} || {{Convert|1201|ft || adj=on}} tower demolished in 1998 |
| [[Omega Tower Trelew|Golfo Nuevo - Omega Station F]] || [[Golfo Nuevo]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]], Argentina || 12.9 kHz || {{coord|43.053524|S|65.190763|W}} || {{Convert|1201|ft || adj=on}} tower demolished in 1998 |
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| [[VLF Transmitter Woodside|Woodside - Omega Station G]] (VL3DEF) || [[Woodside, Victoria|Woodside]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], Australia || 13.0 kHz, 18.6 kHz || {{coord|38.481268|S|146.935326|E}} || {{Convert|1417|ft || adj=on}} foot tower demolished in 2015 |
| [[VLF Transmitter Woodside|Woodside - Omega Station G]] (VL3DEF) || [[Woodside, Victoria|Woodside]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], Australia || 13.0 kHz, 18.6 kHz || {{coord|38.481268|S|146.935326|E}} || {{Convert|1417|ft || adj=on}} foot tower demolished in 2015 |
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| [[Omega (navigation system)#Omega Tower, Tsushima|Shushi-Wan - Omega Station H]] || [[Tsushima Island]], Japan || 12.8 kHz || {{coord|34.614763|N|129.453830|E}} || {{Convert|1276|ft || adj=on}} foot tower dismantled in 1998 |
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| [[Criggion Radio Station|GBZ Criggion]] || [[Criggion]], Wales, UK || 15.2 kHz || {{coord|52.72246|N|3.06295|W}} || towers and antenna demolished in 2003. Derelict transmitter building remains |
| [[Criggion Radio Station|GBZ Criggion]] || [[Criggion]], Wales, UK || 15.2 kHz || {{coord|52.72246|N|3.06295|W}} || towers and antenna demolished in 2003. Derelict transmitter building remains |
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| [[Yosami Transmitting Station|JAP]] || Yosami, [[Kariya, Aichi]], Japan || 17.442 kHz<ref>{{cite web |title=Navy Shore Station LF & VLF Transmitters |url=https://www.navy-radio.com/xmtr-vlf.htm |website=www.navy-radio.com}}</ref> || {{coord|34.971474|N|137.017018|E}} || 250m masts, demolished |
| [[Yosami Transmitting Station|JAP]] || Yosami, [[Kariya, Aichi]], Japan || 17.442 kHz<ref>{{cite web |title=Navy Shore Station LF & VLF Transmitters |url=https://www.navy-radio.com/xmtr-vlf.htm |website=www.navy-radio.com}}</ref> || {{coord|34.971474|N|137.017018|E}} || 250m masts, demolished |
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| [[Balboa, |
| [[Balboa, Panama#Balboa Naval Transmitting Station|NBA Summit Naval Radio Station]]<ref>{{cite web |title=US Naval Communications Station Balboa - Panama - NBA |url=https://www.navy-radio.com/commsta/balboa.htm |website=www.navy-radio.com}}</ref> || Summit, [[Balboa, Panama|Balboa]], [[Canal Zone]], Panama || '''18.6 kHz''', 24.0 kHz<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA - NSSDCA - Experiment - Details |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1965-101A-01 |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref> || {{coord|9.0699425|N|79.6333477|W}} || megawatt naval VLF station, demolished |
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| NPO [[Naval Station Sangley Point|Sangley Point]] Naval Radio Station || [[Cavite]], Philippines || 21.5 kHz || {{coord|14.495|N|120.908|E}} || Three {{Convert|600|ft || adj=on}} VLF towers demolished after World War II |
| NPO [[Naval Station Sangley Point|Sangley Point]] Naval Radio Station || [[Cavite]], Philippines || 21.5 kHz || {{coord|14.495|N|120.908|E}} || Three {{Convert|600|ft || adj=on}} VLF towers demolished after World War II |
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| FTA50 || [[Saint-André-de-Corcy]], France || 50.75 kHz || {{coord|45.928825|N|4.935737|E}} || demolished |
| FTA50 || [[Saint-André-de-Corcy]], France || 50.75 kHz || {{coord|45.928825|N|4.935737|E}} || demolished |
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| Hürup Navy Transmitter || [[Hürup]], Germany || 53 |
| Hürup Navy Transmitter || [[Hürup]], Germany || 53 kHz 68,9 kHz || {{coord|54.760504|N|9.549544|E}} || 3 masts, each 160 metres tall, shut-down in 2002 |
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| Neuharlingersiel Navy Transmitter || [[Neuharlingersiel]], Germany || 53 |
| Neuharlingersiel Navy Transmitter || [[Neuharlingersiel]], Germany || 53 kHz || {{coord|53.677881|N|7.612077|E}} || 3 masts, two 164 metres tall and one 171 metres tall, since 2004 no VLF/LF-transmissions |
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| Clifden Marconi Transmitter || Derrigimlagh, [[Clifden]], Ireland || 54.5 kHz || {{coord|53.4508506|N|10.0430238|W}} || demolished following an attack by Irish republican forces in July 1922. Ruins remain |
| Clifden Marconi Transmitter || Derrigimlagh, [[Clifden]], Ireland || 54.5 kHz || {{coord|53.4508506|N|10.0430238|W}} || demolished following an attack by Irish republican forces in July 1922. Ruins remain |
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| [[Globecom Tower]] (XPH) || [[Thule]], Greenland || 68.9 kHz || {{coord|76.553133|N|68.5507134|W}} || {{Convert|1241|ft || adj=on}} tower was the tallest structure outside the USA in 1954. Demolished in 1992 |
| [[Globecom Tower]] (XPH) || [[Thule]], Greenland || 68.9 kHz || {{coord|76.553133|N|68.5507134|W}} || {{Convert|1241|ft || adj=on}} tower was the tallest structure outside the USA in 1954. Demolished in 1992 |
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| [[Radom longwave transmitter]] (SOA,SNA) || [[Radom]] - [[Wacyn]], Poland || 55.75, 58.25, 62.45, 64.9, 76.35, 80.5, 81.35 kHz || {{coord|51.409332|N|21.117214|E}} || shut-down, one mast today used for FM-/TV-broadcasting, the others demolished |
| [[Radom longwave transmitter]] (SOA, SNA) || [[Radom]] - [[Wacyn]], Poland || 55.75, 58.25, 62.45, 64.9, 76.35, 80.5, 81.35 kHz || {{coord|51.409332|N|21.117214|E}} || shut-down, one mast today used for FM-/TV-broadcasting, the others demolished |
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| [[:PL:Transatlantycka Centrala Radiotelegraficzna|Transatlantycka Radiotelegraficzna Centrala Nadawcza]] (AXO,AXL) || [[Babice, Masovian Voivodeship|Babice]], [[Warsaw]], Poland || 14.29, 16.4, 17.7, 18.65 kHz || {{coord|52.266412|N|20.879892|E}} || [[Alexanderson alternator]], destroyed on January 16, 1945 by the army of Nazi Germany<ref>{{cite web |title=Nadajnik Babice |url=http://www.nadajnik-babice.pl/ |language=PL}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Transatlantycka Radiotelegraficzna Centrala Nadawcza |url=http://trcn.pl/ |language=PL}}</ref> |
| [[:PL:Transatlantycka Centrala Radiotelegraficzna|Transatlantycka Radiotelegraficzna Centrala Nadawcza]] (AXO, AXL) || [[Babice, Masovian Voivodeship|Babice]], [[Warsaw]], Poland || 14.29, 16.4, 17.7, 18.65 kHz || {{coord|52.266412|N|20.879892|E}} || [[Alexanderson alternator]], destroyed on January 16, 1945 by the army of Nazi Germany<ref>{{cite web |title=Nadajnik Babice |url=http://www.nadajnik-babice.pl/ |language=PL}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Transatlantycka Radiotelegraficzna Centrala Nadawcza |url=http://trcn.pl/ |language=PL}}</ref> |
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| [[Eilvese transmitter|Eilvese]] || [[Eilvese]], Germany || 20, 30, 96 kHz || {{coord|52.546389|N|9.414722|E}} || {{Convert|820|ft || adj=on}} tower demolished in 1931 |
| [[Eilvese transmitter|Eilvese]] || [[Eilvese]], Germany || 20, 30, 96 kHz || {{coord|52.546389|N|9.414722|E}} || {{Convert|820|ft || adj=on}} tower demolished in 1931 |
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| [[Herzogstand Radio Station|Herzogstand]] || [[Herzogstand]], Germany || || {{coord|47.628889|N|11.322222|E}} || experimental station, valley-span antenna, demolished |
| [[Herzogstand Radio Station|Herzogstand]] || [[Herzogstand]], Germany || || {{coord|47.628889|N|11.322222|E}} || experimental station, valley-span antenna, demolished |
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| [[ |
| [[Goliath transmitter|Goliath]] || [[Kalbe, Saxony-Anhalt|Kalbe]], Germany || 16.55 kHz || {{coord|52.669218|N|11.421890|E}} || removed by Russian troops, reinstalled in Russia as [[RJH90]] |
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| [[Nauen Transmitter Station]] || [[Nauen]], Germany || || {{coord|52.647959|N|12.908292|E}} || {{Convert|872|ft || adj=on}} tower demolished and all equipment removed by Soviet Army in 1946, transmitter building remains |
| [[Nauen Transmitter Station]] || [[Nauen]], Germany || || {{coord|52.647959|N|12.908292|E}} || {{Convert|872|ft || adj=on}} tower demolished and all equipment removed by Soviet Army in 1946, transmitter building remains |
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Find sources: "List of VLF-transmitters" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Alist of VLF-transmitters and LF-transmitters, which work or worked on frequencies below 100 kHz.