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List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 06:06, 12 September 2012

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These lists of historic unrecognized or partially recognized statesorgovernments give an overview of extinct geopolitical entities, that wished to be recognized as sovereign states, but did not enjoy worldwide diplomatic recognition. The entries listed here had de facto control over their claimed territory and were self-governing with a desire for full independence, or if they lacked such control over their territory, were recognized by at least one other recognized nation.

Criteria for inclusion

The criteria for inclusion in this list is similar to that of the List of states with limited recognition. To be included here, a polity must have claimed statehood, lacked recognition from at least one state, and either:

• had a population and an organized government with a capacity to enter into relations with other states; or
• had de facto control over a territory or a significant portion of the territory of an otherwise recognized sovereign state; or
• have been recognised as a state by at least one other state.

Historic unrecognized or partially recognized states with de facto control over their territory

Note: The tables can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the icon.

Europe

Name	Period	Today	Notes
Alsace Alsace-Lorraine	1918	Part of France	Short-lived Independent Republic of Alsace-Lorraine.
Asturias and León Sovereign Council of Asturias and León	1937	Part of Spain	Its independence was declared from the Second Spanish Republic (24 August) and it was occupied by the Francoist Forces during the Spanish Civil War (21 October). Its government (called traditionally "El Gobiernín") asked the League of Nations for international recognition but it was occupied before receiving an answer.
Asturias Workers and Peasants' Republic of Asturias	1934	Part of Spain	The Revolutionary Forces during the October Revolution (1934) rejecting the Government of the Second Spanish Republic asked the republican government for independence. It was not recognized. The Spanish Army, led by Francisco Franco occupied the region.
Banat Banat Republic	1918	Part of Romania, Serbia, and Hungary	Established in the Banat region of modern Serbia by members of ethnic groups in the region it was only recognized by Hungary it was invaded by Serbia and in 1919 partitioned between Hungary, Romania, and the the newly created Yugoslavia.
Baranya-Baja Serbian-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic	1921	Part of Hungary and Croatia	A short-lived, Soviet-minded state set up Hungarian communists fleeing the white terror following the collapse of the Hungarian Soviet Republic. It was supported by Yugoslavia but was quickly re-conquered by Hungary.
Bavaria Bavarian Soviet Republic	1919	Part of Germany	Attempt by German socialists to create a socialist stateinBavaria following the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II and King Ludwig III of Bavaria but following a coup communists took over and set up a Soviet republic. A month later it was reconquered by the army then reincorporated into the Weimer Republic.
Belarus Belarusian People's Republic	1918	Independent Belarus	Attempt by Belorussian nationalists but reincorporated into the Soviet Union. Still exists today as a government-in-exile.
Carpatho-Ukraine Carpatho-Ukraine	1939	Part of Ukraine	An attempt by Ukrainian nationalists in the Carpathian Ruthenia region of Czechoslovakia to gain independence but it was quickly invaded by Nazi ally Hungary
Italian Regency of Carnaro Italian Regency of Carnaro	1919–1920	Part of Croatia	Proclaimed by Gabriele D'Annunzio.
Canton of Cartagena Canton of Cartagena	1873-1874	Part of Spain	In 1873 Cartagena was proclaimed as an independent canton, called Canton of Cartagena. This proclamation started the Cantonal RevolutioninSpain, during the First Spanish Republic. It was the begin of the cantonalism, a movement that tried Spain becomed a federal state composed by cantons. Some cities and territories joined the cantonal´s cause and were declared independents too, but they surrended a few days later. The only canton with an organized goverment as state, control on its territory and military power was Cartagena, which declared war and faced the Spanish central government during six months, until it was invaded.
Catalan Republic Catalan Republic	1931, 1934	Part of Spain	The independent Catalan Republic was proclaimed twice. First, in April 1931 by Francesc Macià, following which it submitted to the soveregnity of the Second Spanish Republic. The second time it was proclaimed by Macià's successor as the President of the Generalitat, Lluís Companys, on October 6, 1934. His rebellion was quickly crushed by the Spanish central government.
Chechnya  Chechen Republic of Ichkeria	1991–2000	Part of Russia	Reintegrated into the Russian Federation as the Chechen Republic
Connaught  Republic of Connaught	1798	Part of the Republic of Ireland	French client republic
Corsica Kingdom of Corsica	1736	Part of France	Seceded from Republic of Genoa
Corsican Republic	1755–1769	Part of France	Seceded from Republic of Genoa; annexed by France. Recognized only by Bey of Tunis[1]
Corsica Repubblica di Salò	1943-1945	Part of Italy	German-dominated puppet state under Benito Mussolini, formed on the North of Italy after the armistice of Italian King Vittorio Emanuele III to the Allies
Corsica Anglo-Corsican Kingdom	1794–1796	Part of France	Independent kingdom under British King George III, formed on the Irish model[2][3]
Crimea Republic of Crimea	1992, 1994–1995	Part of Ukraine	Declared in 1992 and again in 1994, spanning the Crimean peninsula. Was ended through negotiations with Ukraine.[4][5]
Croatia  Independent State of Croatia	1941–1945	Now two independent states, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina	Affiliated with the Third Reich.
Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia  Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia	1992–1994	Part of Bosnia and Herzegovina	Attempt by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina to form their own country the use of ethnic cleansing led to it being unrecognized and eventually it collapsed.
Gagauzia Gagauzia	1990–1994	Part of Moldova	Region in Moldova it declared its independence on 19 August 1991 following the Soviet coup attempt of 1991 which was supported by many in the area. This came as a result of the possibility of a union between Moldova and Romania which was opposed in Gagauzia which abandoned independence after gaining autonomy from the Moldovan government.
East Germany  German Democratic Republic	1949–1990	Part of Federal Republic of Germany	Was not recognized for a time by West Germany and several other countries.
Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic  Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic	1918	Part of Finland	Lasted only three months during Finnish Civil War, but was recognized by Soviet Russia.
Goust  Republic of Goust		Part of France[6]	A French hamlet which was considered for a long time independent due to it never formally annexed by France.
Idel-Ural Idel-Ural State	1917–1918	Part of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan (Russia)	Suppressed by Red Army.
Ireland Irish Republic	1919–1922	Divided into Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland	An unrecognized Irish nationalist state during the Irish War for Independence it ceased to exist following the Anglo-Irish Treaty which gave Southern Ireland independence as the Irish Free State while keeping Northern Ireland British Control.
Kuban Kuban People's Republic	1918–1920	Part of Russia	Territory in Russia it was declared by Kuban Cossacks in 1918. It supported the White Movement and was overrun by the Bolsheviks in 1920.
Latjtabansag Lajtabánság	1921	Part of Austria and Hungary	State declared in the Burgenland state of Austria by ethnic Hungarians following the Treaty of Trianon forced Hungary to surrender it. It was ceased to exist after a month when Austria annexed it.
Mirdita Republic of Mirdita	1921	Part of Albania	Set up by Albanian Catholics trying to break away from Albania which is majority Muslim it was backed by Yugoslavia but only lasted three months.
Munster Munster Republic	1922	Part of Republic of Ireland	Though never independent it was the informal name given to Munster which was the base of Irish republicans aiming to create a United Ireland during the Irish Civil War.
Pindus-Macedonia Principality of Pindus	1941–1944	Part of Greece	Proclaimed during the Italian occupation of Northern Greece it was a proposed puppet state but it never came to exist.
Prekmurje Republic of Prekmurje	1919	Part of Slovenia[7]	Existed for 6 days.
Republika Srpska  Republika Srpska	1992–1995	One of the two entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina	Transformed into an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina, covering 50% of the land with 90%+ ethnic Serbs.
Serbian Krajina Republic of Serbian Krajina	1991–1995	Part of Croatia	Suppressed by Croatia. After the Operation Storm of the Croatian army almost all ethnic Serbs fled Croatia.[8] A number of Croatian army officers were indicted by the ICTY for the atrocities committed against the civilian Serb population.[9]
Slovakia 1 Slovak Soviet Republic	1919	Part of Slovakia	A pro-Hungarian puppet state set up by Red Guards from the Hungarian Soviet Republic in Upper Hungary. After brief war it was returned to Czechoslovakia as promised by early peace agreements.
Slovakia 2 First Slovak Republic	1939–1945	Part of Slovakia	Between 1939-1945, First Slovak Republic was a puppet state of Nazi Germany.
State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs	1918	Part of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Serbia (Vojvodina) and Montenegro (Boka Kotorska)	Temporary state of the Austro-Hungarian South Slavs, declared on October 29, 1918 and merged with the Kingdom of Serbia on December 1, 1918 into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia)
Tavolara Kingdom of Tavolara	1836–1962?	Part of Italy[10]	Recognized by the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Kingdom of Italy; acknowledged by Queen Victoria.
Ukraine 1 Ukrainian People's Republic	1917–1920	Part of Ukraine	Attempt by Ukrainian nationalists to gain independence during the Russian Revolution it was eventually defeated by the Bolsheviks.
Ukraine 2 Ukrainian State	1919	Part of Ukraine	Short-lived state set up by Ukrainian Cossacks it favored the Central Powers and was in conflict with the Ukrainian People's Republic until it's leader Pavlo Skoropadskyi abdicated.
Ukraine, West West Ukrainian People's Republic	1918–1919	Part of Ukraine	Established in eastern Galicia it controlled cities once part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and with large numbers of ethnic Poles leading to a losing war with Poland after which it was partitioned by Poland, the Kingdom of Romania, Czechoslovakia, and the Ukrainian People's Republic.
Ukraine, Free Territory  Free Territory	1918–1921	Part of Ukraine	Attempt to create a stateless society built on anarchy it was originally supported by the Bolsheviks but a falling out led to it being absorbed into the USSR.
Uzice  Republic of Užice	1941	Part of Serbia	Area briefly liberated by Yugoslav partisans after the Invasion of Yugoslavia it was retaken by the German Army during the First anti-Partisan offensive.
Bihać>  Bihac Republic	1942-1943	Part of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia	Area liberated by Yugoslav partisans before being recaptured by German Army.
Western Bosnia Republic of Western Bosnia	1993–1995	Part of Bosnia and Herzegovina	Existed during the Bosnian War it worked with Serbia and Croatia to dived the territories between the two nations. It's leader was later convicted of war crimes.

Asia

Name	Period	Today	Notes
Aceh Sultanate of Aceh	1874–1904	Now part of Indonesia	Asultanate in modern Indonesia it was later conquered by the Dutch after four hundred years.
Alash Alash Autonomy	1917–1920	Now part of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan	De facto self-governing
Ararat Republic of Ararat	1927–1930	Now part of Turkey	Was the first Kurdish republic in the history, founded in northern Kurdistan (south east of Turkey), Demolished by Turkey.
Azerbaijan People's Government Azerbaijan People's Government	1945–1946	Now part of Iran	Soviet puppet state set up in Iranian Azerbaijan but later reclaimed by Iran.
Republic of Biak-na-Bato Republic of Biak-na-Bato	1897	Now part of the Philippines	Secessionist state that later joined the First Philippine Republic.
Chinese Soviet Republic File:Flag of the Chinese Soviet Republic.svg Chinese Soviet Republic	1931 - 1937	Now part of China	Recognised by the People's Republic of China (1949 - ) as a "rehearsal" of the PRC and a "cradle" in which the Communist Party seized power
East Timor Democratic Republic of East Timor	1975	Recognized as independent in 2002	Declaration of independence in 1975 recognized by six states (Albania, Cape Verde, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe)
East Turkestan 1 First East Turkestan Republic	1933–1934	Now part of China	Set up as part of the movement for an independent East Turkestan it was defeated by the Nationalists.
East Turkestan 2 Second East Turkestan Republic	1944–1949	Now part of China	Soviet satellite state set up in East Turkestan the Soviets later turned against it and approved it's annexation by China.
Ezo  Republic of Ezo	1869	Now part of Japan	Set up in Hokkaido by supporters of the Tokugawa clan following the fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate after the Boshin War and Meiji Restoration they received support from France but only lasted five months.
Formosa Republic of Formosa	1895	Now base of the Taiwan, Republic of China	Declared independence upon cession of Taiwan to Japan following First Sino-Japanese War
Kurdistan Kingdom of Kurdistan	1921–1924	Now part of Iraq	Establishment by Kurdish nationalists following the collapse of Ottoman Turkey but were defeated by Britain and incorporated into the British Mandate of Mesopotamia.
Lanfang  Lanfang Republic	1777-1784	Now part of Indonesia	Established by Chinese in Indonesia as the Dutch began to conquer Indonesia to protect the ethnic Chinese it was a tributary state of the Qing DynastyinImperial China but the Qing Dynasty weakened and it was conquered by the Dutch who added it to colonies.
Mahabad Republic of Mahabad	1946–1947	Now part of Iran	Declared independence from Iran, but then occupied by Iran after the withdraw of Soviet Red Army from northern Iran and Demolishing of Azerbaijan People's Government.
Manchukuo  Manchukuo	1932–1945	Part of China	Puppet state under Japanese control
Mongolian People's Republic  Mongolia	1932–1945	Now independent	Was not recognized by several countries from 1940-1960 due to being claimed as integral part of the Republic of China.[11]
Negros Cantonal Republic of Negros	1898–1901	Now part of the Philippines.	Declared independence and aligned itself with the First Philippine Republic. Later, it was recognized by the United States, however the government was dissolved by the Americans in 1901.
Persian SSR Persian Socialist Soviet Republic	1920–1921	Now Gilan province in Iran	Created by local guerilleros (Jangali) when Red Army troops entered Iran, but failed to spread the revolutionary movement over the whole Iran
Philippines Philippine Republic	1899–1901	Now part of the Philippines	Existed as an unrecognized independent state from its declaration on June 12, 1898 up to the Treaty of Paris on December 10, by which Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States. It was formally established with the proclamation of the Malolos Constitution on January 23, 1899 in Malolos, Bulacan, and pursued an unsuccessful war of independence against the United States in the Philippine-American War
South Moluccas Republic of South Moluccas	1950	Now part of Indonesia	Self proclaimed republic it was conquered by the Dutch but maintains a government in exile.
Suvadive Islands Suvadive Islands	1959–1963	Now part of the Maldives	Attempted break-away state it was supported by Britain briefly before being abandoned.
Tagalog Repbulic (Bonifacio) Sovereign Tagalog Nation	1896–1897	Now part of the Philippines.	Succeeded by First Philippine Republic.
Tagalog Republic (Sacay) Tagalog Republic	1902–1906	Now part of the Philippines.	Revolutionary body set up during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine-American War.
Tamil Eelam File:Bandera LTTE.png Tamil Eelam	1983–2009	Now part of Sri Lanka	See Sri Lankan Civil War
Tannu Tuva  Tannu Tuva	1921–1944	Now part of Russia	Attempt by Tuvans to gain independence following years of domination by China and Imperial Russia it was put under Soviet control and later formally annexed.
Tibet Tibet	1913–1951	Now part of China,Nepal, and India	In 1913, Thubten Gyatso, 13th Dalai Lama of Tibet declared independence from China,[12] which was only recognizedbyMongolia[13][14] (however, there have been doubts over the authority of the Tibetan representative to sign the treaty, and thus its validity).[15] One year later the Dalai Lama signed a UK-drafted treaty accepting Chinese suzerainty and adjusting the border in favor of British India.[16] The 14th Dalai Lama acknowledged Chinese sovereignty in the Seventeen Point Agreement of 1951,[17] but China continues to reject the 1914 UK-drafted treaty and claims South Tibet (now part of India's Arunachal Pradesh).
Wang Jingwei Wang Jingwei Government	1940–1945	Part of China	Puppet government dissolved at the end of World War II. Recognized by Imperial Japan and its allies.
Zamboanga Republic of Zamboanga	1899–1903	Now part of the Philippines.	República de Zamboanga was short-lived revolutionary republic, founded after the collapse of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines, In the year 1899.

Africa

Name	Period	Today	Notes
Azawad  Azawad	2012	Recognised as part of Mali, controlled by Ansar Dine	Controlled territory in Northern Mali, it wasn't recognized by any state
Biafra  Biafra	1967–1970	Part of Nigeria	Controlled territory in eastern Nigeria, recognized by five states (Gabon, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Tanzania, Zambia)
Anjouan  Anjouan	1997–2002, 2008	Now part of Comoros	Joined with the Comoros then seceded twice to gain independence. Anjouan rejoined the Comoros after talks during the first secession. After the second event, the secessionist government was forcefully removed.
Bophuthatswana  Bophuthatswana,  Ciskei,  Transkei,  Venda	1977–1994, 1981–1994, 1976–1994, 1979–1994	Now all part of South Africa	Former apartheid Bantustan homelands, formed and recognized only by each other and South Africa. Israel extended marginal recognition to Bophuthatswana and Ciskei by allowing both polities to build trade missions in Tel Aviv
Jubaland Jubaland	1998–2001	Now part of Southwestern Somalia	Briefly declared independence in 1998 it rejoined the Transitional Federal Government in 2001.
Katanga Katanga	1960–1964	Part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo	Controlled the state of the same name within the former Belgian Congo after decolonisation
Moheli Mohéli	1997–1998	Now part of Comoros	Seceded in 1997 but quietly rejoined the next year.
Rhodesia  Rhodesia	1965–1979	Now Zimbabwe	British Colony that unilaterally declared independence
Rif  Republic of the Rif	1921–1926	Part of Morocco	Founded in September 1921, when the people of the Rif (the Riffians) revolted and declared their independence from Spanish Morocco. It was dissolved by Spanish and French forces on 27 May 1926.
Rwenzururu Kingdom of Rwenzururu	1963–1982	Now part of Uganda	Was based in the Rwenzori Mountains between Uganda and Congo
South Kasai South Kasai	1960-1961	Part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo	Controlled the state of the same name within the former Belgian Congo after decolonisation
Zimbabwe Rhodesia  Zimbabwe Rhodesia	1979	Now Zimbabwe	Short-lived version of Rhodesia (see above) that ended white minority government and introduced biracial government

Americas

Name	Period	Today	Notes
Acre Republic of Acre	1899–1903	Now part of Brazil	A trio of attempts to free Acre from Bolivia and give it to Brazil ending with turn it over to Brazil. Each attempt was defeated but part of Acre was turned over to Brazilian control after the final attempt.
Anguilla Republic of Anguilla	1967-1969	Now a British overseas territory	Created due to opposition to a union with modern St. Kitts and Nevis it ceased to exist after being occupied by the British Army.
Anguilla Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia	1860-1862	Now part of Argentina and Chile	Set up by a French adventurer who try to gain legitimacy for his state only to be denied. The self-proclaimed kingdom was conquered and partitioned by Chile and Argentina.
California California Republic	1846	Now part of the United States	Was also known as Bear Flag Republic
Confederate States of America  Confederate States of America	1861–1865	Now part of the United States	Originally formed by seven states (South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Texas, and Louisiana). After the American Civil War began, the states of Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North Carolina joined. Recognized by some nations as a "belligerent power". Reintegrated into the United States.
Indian Stream  Republic of Independent Guyana	1886–1891	Part of Amapa, Brazil	Established by French settlers in defiance of both France and Brazil
Indian Stream  Republic of Indian Stream	1832–1835	Now part of the United States	Annexed by the United States. Within the state of New Hampshire
Juliana Juliana Republic	1839	Part of Brazil	Today's Santa Catarina
Madawaska Republic of Madawaska	1827–1842	Now divided between Canada and the United States	Within the provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec and the state of Maine
Manitobah  Republic of Manitobah	1867–1869	Now part of Canada	Within the province of Manitoba
Muskogee State of Muskogee	1799–1832	Part of the United States	A short-lived Native American state in Florida; consisted of several tribes of Creeks and Seminoles. Annexed by US.
Piratini Piratini Republic	1836–1845	Part of Brazil	Today's Rio Grande do Sul
Rio Grande Republic of the Río Grande	1840	Now part of the United States and Mexico	Consisted part of southern Texas and the 3 Mexican states of Coahuila, Nuevo León and Tamaulipas
Vermont Vermont Republic	1777–1791	Now part of the United States	Became the State of Vermont
Watauga  Watauga Association	1772–1778	Now part of the United States	Annexed into the State of North Carolina
West Florida Free and Independent Republic of West Florida	1810	Now part of the United States	Short-lived republic consisting of parts of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama. Annexed during James Madison presidency.
Yucatán  Republic of Yucatán	1841–1843 & 1846–1848	Part of Mexico	A briefly lived state from 1841-1848, it was proclaimed after the Mexican government tried to centralize and tried to join the US during the Mexican-American War it was rejected and joined a federal Mexico after the war ended.

Oceania

Name	Period	Today	Notes
Bougainville Bougainville Interim Government	1990-1998	Part of Papua New Guinea	Signed a peace deal with Papua New Guinea giving the island autonomy pending an independence referendum within a decade
Franceville Independent Commune of Franceville	1889	Part of Vanuatu	Its independence guaranteed by France, this community of Melanesian natives and European settlers experimented with universal suffrage until France and Britain intervened in the New Hebrides[18]
North Solomons Republic of North Solomons	1975–1976	Part of Papua New Guinea	Seceded twice and returned after peace negotiations both times.
Tafea Tafea Nation	1980	Part of Vanuatu	Opposed to the Anglo-French condominium that ruled it but which ended the secessionist state.
Tanna Tanna Nation	1974	Part of Vanuatu	Declared independence but was suppressed by the Anglo-French condominium.
Vemerana Republic of Vemerana	1980	Part of Vanuatu	Central power of Vanuatu restored with assistance of army from Papua New Guinea

See also

• Micronation
• List of unrecognized countries
• List of historical autonomist and secessionist movements
• List of extinct states
• Flags of formerly independent states

References