m Reverted edit by Murtasim khan (talk) to last version by BilCat
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Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5
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{{Short description|US-made towed howitzer}} |
{{Short description|US-made towed howitzer}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}} |
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{{Infobox weapon |
{{Infobox weapon |
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|name=M114 |
|name=M114 |
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|design_date=1939–1941 |
|design_date=1939–1941 |
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|manufacturer=[[Rock Island Arsenal]] (U.S.) |
|manufacturer=[[Rock Island Arsenal]] (U.S.) |
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|production_date=1941–1953 (U.S.)<ref name="Korean War : Weapons of the United Nations">{{Cite book |last=Bak |first=Dongchan |url=http://medcmd.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202105270240172800.pdf |title=Korean War : Weapons of the United Nations |publisher=Ministry of Defense Institute for Military History |date=March 2021 |isbn=979-11-5598-079-8 |location=Republic of Korea |pages=105–107 |language=Korean |access-date=7 July 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170621/http://medcmd.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202105270240172800.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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|production_date=1941–1953 (U.S.)<ref name="Korean War : Weapons of the United Nations"/> |
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|number=10,300 (U.S.)<ref name="Korean War : Weapons of the United Nations"/> |
|number=10,300 (U.S.)<ref name="Korean War : Weapons of the United Nations"/> |
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|variants= none |
|variants= none |
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<!-- General specifications --> |
<!-- General specifications --> |
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|weight=Travel: {{convert|5800|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<br>Combat: {{convert|5600|kg |lb|abbr=on}} |
|weight=Travel: {{convert|5800|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<br />Combat: {{convert|5600|kg |lb|abbr=on}} |
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|length=Travel: {{convert|7.315|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} |
|length=Travel: {{convert|7.315|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} |
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|width=Travel: {{convert|2.438|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} |
|width=Travel: {{convert|2.438|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} |
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|height=Travel: {{convert|1.8|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |
|height=Travel: {{convert|1.8|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |
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|part_length=Bore: {{convert|3.564|m|ftin|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} L/23<br>Overall: {{convert|3.79|m|ftin|abbr=on}} L/24.5 |
|part_length=Bore: {{convert|3.564|m|ftin|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} L/23<br />Overall: {{convert|3.79|m|ftin|abbr=on}} L/24.5 |
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|crew=11 |
|crew=11 |
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<!-- Ranged weapon specifications --> |
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications --> |
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|caliber={{convert|155|mm|in|abbr=on}} |
|caliber={{convert|155|mm|in|abbr=on}} |
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|action= |
|action= |
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|rate=burst: 4 rpm <br>sustained: 40 rph |
|rate=burst: 4 rpm <br />sustained: 40 rph |
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|velocity=563 m/s (1,847 ft/s) |
|velocity=563 m/s (1,847 ft/s) |
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|range= |
|range= |
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==Development== |
==Development== |
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{{bareurl|section|date=May 2023}} |
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[[File:47inch-gun-155mm-howitzer-carriage-M1920-FAJ19220101-2.jpg|thumb|upright|left|155 mm howitzer M1920]] |
[[File:47inch-gun-155mm-howitzer-carriage-M1920-FAJ19220101-2.jpg|thumb|upright|left|155 mm howitzer M1920]] |
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After the end of the First World War a board later labeled the Westervelt Board was convened to assess the artillery experience of the combatant powers and map out future directions for the US Army artillery. The conclusion of the board vis-a-vis corps (heavy field) artillery was that an ideal heavy howitzer should have range of at least {{convert|16,000|yards|km}} and allow the elevation of 65°<ref name="Joyce">B. P. Joyce, New "Four-Point-Seven" Guns [https://tradocfcoeccafcoepfwprod.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/fires-bulletin-archive/1922/JAN_FEB_1922/JAN_FEB_1922_FULL_EDITION.pdf The Field Artillery Journal (volume XII) 1922]</ref> (as opposed to the existing [[World War I]]-era M-1918 155 mm howitzer's, a license-built French [[Canon de 155 C modèle 1917 Schneider]], 11.5 |
After the end of the First World War a board later labeled the Westervelt Board was convened to assess the artillery experience of the combatant powers and map out future directions for the US Army artillery. The conclusion of the board vis-a-vis corps (heavy field) artillery was that an ideal heavy howitzer should have range of at least {{convert|16,000|yards|km}} and allow the elevation of 65°<ref name="Joyce">B. P. Joyce, New "Four-Point-Seven" Guns [https://tradocfcoeccafcoepfwprod.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/fires-bulletin-archive/1922/JAN_FEB_1922/JAN_FEB_1922_FULL_EDITION.pdf The Field Artillery Journal (volume XII) 1922], p. 3 Retrieved 12/14/2023.</ref> (as opposed to the existing [[World War I]]-era M-1918 155 mm howitzer's, a license-built French [[Canon de 155 C modèle 1917 Schneider]], 11.5 km and +42° 20' respectively). Board also recommended that the new 155-mm howitzer and the new {{convert|4.7|in|mm|adj=on}} gun share all the carriage, even if it compromises both designs. |
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The M1920 carriage resulting from this requirements was of the split-trail type with pneumatic [[equilibrator]]s, permitting a total traverse of 60°.<ref name="Joyce" /> Unfortunately, it "gave considerable trouble due to the persistent failure of the top carriage" on the firing tests.<ref name="Goebert">https://tradocfcoeccafcoepfwprod.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/fires-bulletin-archive/1931/NOV_DEC_1931/NOV_DEC_1931_FULL_EDITION.pdf, pp. 30-32</ref> In 1923–1925 the design was modified with the top carriage reinforced, with the result standardized as M1925.<ref name="Goebert" /> However, it was never built in steel, because after the evaluation of a wooden model the project was abandoned.<ref name="Goebert" /> Instead, two new carriages were developed and built in the following years, which were designated T1 and T1E1.<ref name="Goebert" /> All of them had the same ballistics (perhaps even the same gun body), with maximal range of {{convert|16,390|yds|km}}, and were undergoing tests in early 1930s.<ref name="Goebert" /> By 1934, the US Army was concerned about the arising high-speed towing requirements not satisfied by the [[plain bearing]]s and solid rubber ties.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dHwNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA216|title=Materiel (Weapons).|first=Field Artillery School (Fort Sill|last=Okla.)|date=17 May 1934|publisher=Printing plant, The Field artillery school|via=Google Books}}</ref> |
The M1920 carriage resulting from this requirements was of the split-trail type with pneumatic [[equilibrator]]s, permitting a total traverse of 60°.<ref name="Joyce" /> Unfortunately, it "gave considerable trouble due to the persistent failure of the top carriage" on the firing tests.<ref name="Goebert">https://tradocfcoeccafcoepfwprod.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/fires-bulletin-archive/1931/NOV_DEC_1931/NOV_DEC_1931_FULL_EDITION.pdf, pp. 30-32 Retrieved 12/14/2023.</ref> In 1923–1925 the design was modified with the top carriage reinforced, with the result standardized as M1925.<ref name="Goebert" /> However, it was never built in steel, because after the evaluation of a wooden model the project was abandoned.<ref name="Goebert" /> Instead, two new carriages were developed and built in the following years, which were designated T1 ([https://www.digitalniknihovna.cz/dsmo/view/uuid:2abc64dd-9b71-4ee0-ab26-7e92591aeb22?page=uuid:ed7ddf1f-b1ce-11ea-b950-001b63bd97ba photos]) and T1E1.<ref name="Goebert" /> All of them had the same ballistics (perhaps even the same gun body), with maximal range of {{convert|16,390|yds|km}}, and were undergoing tests in early 1930s.<ref name="Goebert" /> By 1934, the US Army was concerned about the arising high-speed towing requirements not satisfied by the [[plain bearing]]s and solid rubber ties.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dHwNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA216|title=Materiel (Weapons).|first=Field Artillery School (Fort Sill|last=Okla.)|date=17 May 1934|publisher=Printing plant, The Field artillery school|via=Google Books}}</ref> |
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In 1939 the development began anew,<ref name=HOGG-68 /> by spring 1941 the first specimen was ready to be test-fired and immediately after passing them<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1M8AAAAMAAJ&pg=PT1|title=Sketches of the Ordnance Research and Development Center in World War II.|first=Aberdeen Proving Ground (Md) Ordnance Research and Development|last=Center|date=17 May 1945|publisher=Aberdeen Proving Ground|via=Google Books}}</ref> it was standardized on 15 May 1941 as Howitzer M1 on the Carriage M1. The howitzer itself differed from the older model by a lengthened barrel of 20 calibers and a new breech mechanism. Uniquely it was the sole 'slow-cone' interrupted screw mechanism to enter US service after 1920.<ref name=HOGG-68>Hogg - ''Allied Artillery of World War II'', p 68.</ref> |
In 1939 the development began anew,<ref name=HOGG-68 /> by spring 1941 the first specimen was ready to be test-fired and immediately after passing them<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1M8AAAAMAAJ&pg=PT1|title=Sketches of the Ordnance Research and Development Center in World War II.|first=Aberdeen Proving Ground (Md) Ordnance Research and Development|last=Center|date=17 May 1945|publisher=Aberdeen Proving Ground|via=Google Books}}</ref> it was standardized on 15 May 1941 as Howitzer M1 on the Carriage M1. The howitzer itself differed from the older model by a lengthened barrel of 20 calibers and a new breech mechanism. Uniquely it was the sole 'slow-cone' interrupted screw mechanism to enter US service after 1920.<ref name=HOGG-68>Hogg - ''Allied Artillery of World War II'', p 68.</ref> |
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The ballistics of the adopted variant ended up being very similar to French [[Canon de 155 L modèle 1918 Schneider]] gun. |
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The M1A1 was redesignated as the M114A1 in 1962.{{Cn|date=January 2021}} |
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==Carriage variants== |
==Carriage variants== |
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The carriage was also used by the [[4.5 inch Gun M1|4.5 inch Gun M-1]]. It went through a number of minor changes over time. The original Warner electric brakes were replaced by Westinghouse air brakes on the M1A1. Both the M1 and M1A1 carriages used a mid-axle firing pedestal that was extended by a ratchet mechanism. The M1A2 replaced the ratchet with a screw-jack system and also modified the traveling lock. The M1A1E1 carriage was intended for use in jungle and muddy terrain and replaced the wheels of the M1A1 with a free-wheeling tracked suspension, but the project was terminated after [[V-J day]] without having reached production. The T-9 and T-10 carriages were projects using low-grade steel alloys that were canceled when no longer needed. The T-16 was a light-weight carriage using high-grade steel that was estimated to save some {{convert|1200|lb|abbr=on}}; work began in July 1945 and continued after the war, although nothing seems to have come from it.<ref name="HOGG-68" /> |
The carriage was also used by the [[4.5 inch Gun M1|4.5 inch Gun M-1]]. It went through a number of minor changes over time. The original Warner electric brakes were replaced by Westinghouse air brakes on the M1A1. Both the M1 and M1A1 carriages used a mid-axle firing pedestal that was extended by a ratchet mechanism. The M1A2 replaced the ratchet with a screw-jack system and also modified the traveling lock. The M1A1E1 carriage was intended for use in jungle and muddy terrain and replaced the wheels of the M1A1 with a free-wheeling tracked suspension, but the project was terminated after [[V-J day]] without having reached production. The T-9 and T-10 carriages were projects using low-grade steel alloys that were canceled when no longer needed. The T-16 was a light-weight carriage using high-grade steel that was estimated to save some {{convert|1200|lb|abbr=on}}; work began in July 1945 and continued after the war, although nothing seems to have come from it.<ref name="HOGG-68" /> |
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A mid-1960s variant was the 155mm XM123 & M123A1 auxiliary-propelled howitzers. The XM123 was produced by American Machine and Foundry and outfitted with two 20 horsepower air-cooled engines produced by Consolidated Diesel Corporation, driver's seat, steering wheel, and guide wheel on the left trail, allowing it to be more rapidly emplaced when detached from the prime mover, while the XM123A1 provided a single 20 horsepower motor with electric steering. The extra weight on the left trail displaced the howitzer after each round was fired, requiring it to be realigned, and the project was abandoned. The concept was copied from the Soviet 85mm SD-44 auxiliary-propelled antitank gun developed in 1954 and used by airborne forces.{{ |
A mid-1960s variant was the 155mm XM123 & M123A1 auxiliary-propelled howitzers. The XM123 was produced by American Machine and Foundry and outfitted with two 20 horsepower air-cooled engines produced by Consolidated Diesel Corporation, driver's seat, steering wheel, and guide wheel on the left trail, allowing it to be more rapidly emplaced when detached from the prime mover, while the XM123A1 provided a single 20 horsepower motor with electric steering. The extra weight on the left trail displaced the howitzer after each round was fired, requiring it to be realigned, and the project was abandoned. The concept was copied from the Soviet 85mm SD-44 auxiliary-propelled antitank gun developed in 1954 and used by airborne forces.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} |
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[[File:XM123 Medium Auxiliary Propelled 155mm Howitzer.jpg|thumb|Front view of an XM123 Medium Auxiliary Propelled 155mm Howitzer at the [[Rock Island Arsenal|Rock Island Arsenal Museum]]]] |
[[File:XM123 Medium Auxiliary Propelled 155mm Howitzer.jpg|thumb|Front view of an XM123 Medium Auxiliary Propelled 155mm Howitzer at the [[Rock Island Arsenal|Rock Island Arsenal Museum]]]] |
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[[File:XM123 auxiliary drive unit and seat.jpg|thumb|XM123 Medium Auxiliary Propelled 155mm Howitzer seat and power unit at the [[Rock Island Arsenal|Rock Island Arsenal Museum]]]] |
[[File:XM123 auxiliary drive unit and seat.jpg|thumb|XM123 Medium Auxiliary Propelled 155mm Howitzer seat and power unit at the [[Rock Island Arsenal|Rock Island Arsenal Museum]]]] |
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==Self-propelled mounts== |
==Self-propelled mounts== |
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The howitzer was experimentally mounted on a lengthened chassis of the [[M3 Stuart|M5 light tank]]. The resulting vehicle received the designation 155 mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T64. A single prototype was built before the T64 project was abandoned in favor of T64E1, based on the [[M24 Chaffee]] light tank chassis. This was eventually adopted as the [[M41 Howitzer Motor Carriage]] and saw action in the [[Korean War]].<ref name=HUNNICUTT-STUART-337>Hunnicutt, p 337–339, 502.</ref> Towards the end of the Korean War the US Army replaced the M41 self-propelled howitzer with the [[M44 howitzer|M44 self-propelled howitzer]].{{ |
The howitzer was experimentally mounted on a lengthened chassis of the [[M3 Stuart|M5 light tank]]. The resulting vehicle received the designation 155 mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T64. A single prototype was built before the T64 project was abandoned in favor of T64E1, based on the [[M24 Chaffee]] light tank chassis. This was eventually adopted as the [[M41 Howitzer Motor Carriage]] and saw action in the [[Korean War]].<ref name=HUNNICUTT-STUART-337>Hunnicutt, p 337–339, 502.</ref> Towards the end of the Korean War the US Army replaced the M41 self-propelled howitzer with the [[M44 howitzer|M44 self-propelled howitzer]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} |
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==Ammunition== |
==Ammunition== |
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==Operators== |
== Operators == |
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[[File:M114 operators.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Operators {{legend|#0b60d4|Current}}{{legend|#dc0023|Former}}]] |
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{{More citations needed section|date=January 2021}} |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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[[File:M114 operators.png|thumb|300px|Map of M114 operators in blue with former operators in red]] |
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!Country |
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!Number |
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===Current operators=== |
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!Variant |
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* {{flag|Afghanistan}}: 24 {{as of|lc=yes|2016}}{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=231}}{{Update inline|date=April 2022}} |
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!Notes |
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* {{flag|Argentina}}: 6 {{as of|lc=yes|2016}}{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=377}} |
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|- |
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* {{flag|Brazil}}: 95 in the Army and 8 with the Marines {{as of|lc=yes|2016}}{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|pp=383-384}} |
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! colspan="4" |Current operators |
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* {{flag|Ecuador}}: 12 {{as of|lc=yes|2016}}{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=396}} |
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|- |
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* {{flag|El Salvador}}: 6 |
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|{{flag|Turkey}} |
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* {{flag|Iran}}: 70 {{as of|lc=yes|2016}}{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=328}} |
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|~553 |
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* {{flag|Jordan}}: 18 {{as of|lc=yes|2016}}{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=336}} |
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|M114A1 / M114A2 |
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* {{flag|Laos}}: 12 {{as of|lc=yes|2016}}{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=271}} |
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|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Military Balance 2023 |url=https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance/ |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=IISS |language=en}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Lebanon}}: 18 {{as of|lc=yes|2016}}{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=340}} |
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|- |
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* {{flag|Libya}}: donated by Turkey in 2020<ref name="military donations turkey">{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=From Türkiye With Love: Tracking Turkish Military Donations |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2021/12/from-turkey-with-love-tracking-turkish.html |website=Oryx Blog |date=18 December 2021}}</ref> |
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|{{flag|Greece}} |
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* {{flag|Mexico}}{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=345}} |
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|~230 |
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* {{MAR}}: 20 {{as of|lc=yes|2016}}{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=346}} |
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|M114 |
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* {{flag|Myanmar}} : 100 in service<ref name="asiapacificdefencereporter.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.asiapacificdefencereporter.com/order-of-battle/myanmar|title=Myanmar|access-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129025311/http://www.asiapacificdefencereporter.com/order-of-battle/myanmar|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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|<ref name=":0" /> |
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* {{flag|Pakistan}}: 144 in service with the [[Pakistan Army]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan Army |url=http://www.defence.pk/pakistan-army/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513205333/http://www.defence.pk/pakistan-army/ |archive-date=2013-05-13 }}</ref>{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=280}} |
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|- |
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* {{flag|Peru}}: 36 {{as of|lc=yes|2021}}<ref name="IISS212">{{cite journal |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |date=2021 |title=The Military Balance 2021 |journal=The Military Balance |language=en |volume=}}</ref> |
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|{{flag|Portugal}} |
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* {{flag|Philippines}}: 12 as of 2022{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=284}} |
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|~24 |
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* {{flag|Portugal}}: 24 {{as of|lc=yes|2016}}{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=130}} |
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|M114A1 |
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* {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}: 50 {{as of|lc=yes|2016}}{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=351}} |
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|<ref name=":0" /> |
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* {{flag|South Korea}}: The [[Republic of Korea Armed Forces|Armed Forces]] acquired since Sep 1951, and 294 M1s were in service at the end of the [[Korean War]]. Later produced locally as KM114 in 1970s.<ref name="Korean War : Weapons of the United Nations">{{Cite book |last=Bak |first=Dongchan |url=http://medcmd.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202105270240172800.pdf |title=Korean War : Weapons of the United Nations |publisher=Ministry of Defense Institute for Military History |date=March 2021 |isbn=979-11-5598-079-8 |location=Republic of Korea |pages=105–107 |language=Korean}}</ref> |
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|- |
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* {{flag|Sudan}}: 12 {{as of|lc=yes|2016}}{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=471}} |
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|{{flag|South Korea}} |
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* {{flagdeco|Syrian Opposition}} [[Syrian National Army]]: donated by Turkey in 2020<ref name="military donations turkey"/> |
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| |
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* {{flag|Taiwan}}: 750 {{as of|lc=yes|2016}}{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=291}} |
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|KM114A1 |
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* {{flag|Thailand}}: 48 {{as of|lc=yes|2016}},{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=293}} In reserve |
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| |
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* {{flag|Tunisia}}: 12 {{as of|lc=yes|2016}}{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=356}} |
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|- |
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* {{flag|Turkey}}: 517 {{as of|lc=yes|2016}}{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=148}} |
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|{{flag|Laos}} |
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* {{flag|Uruguay}}: 8 {{as of|lc=yes|2016}}{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=414}} |
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|~12 |
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* {{flag|Venezuela}}: 12 {{as of|lc=yes|2016}}{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=416}} |
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|M114 |
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* {{flag|Vietnam}}{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=297}} |
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|<ref name=":0" /> |
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|- |
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|{{flag|Pakistan}} |
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|~144 |
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|M114 |
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|<ref name=":0" /> |
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|- |
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|{{flag|Philippines}} |
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|~10 |
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|M114 |
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|<ref name=":0" /> |
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|- |
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|{{flag|Taiwan}} |
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|~250 |
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|T-65 |
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|<ref name=":0" /> |
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|- |
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|{{flag|Vietnam}} |
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|n/a |
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|M114 |
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|<ref name=":0" /> |
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|- |
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|{{flag|Iran}} |
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|~70 |
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|M114 |
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|<ref name=":0" /> |
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|- |
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|{{flag|Jordan}} |
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|~18 |
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|M114 |
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|<ref name=":0" /> |
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|- |
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|{{flag|Lebanon}} |
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|~18 |
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|M114A1 |
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|<ref name=":0" /> |
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|- |
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|{{MAR}} |
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|~29 |
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|M114 |
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|<ref name=":0" /> |
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|- |
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|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}} |
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|~50 |
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|M114 |
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|<ref name=":0" /> |
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|- |
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|{{flag|Tunisia}} |
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|~12 |
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|M114A1 |
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|<ref name=":0" /> |
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|- |
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|{{flag|Argentina}} |
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|~6 |
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|M114 |
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|<ref name=":0" /> |
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|- |
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|{{flag|Brazil}} |
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|~103 |
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|M114 |
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|<ref name=":0" /> |
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|- |
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|{{flag|Ecuador}} |
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|~12 |
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|M114 |
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|<ref name=":0" /> |
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|- |
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|{{flag|Peru}} |
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|~36 |
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|M114 |
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|<ref name=":0" /> |
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|- |
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|{{flag|Uruguay}} |
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|~8 |
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|M114A1 |
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|<ref name=":0" /> |
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|- |
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|{{flag|Venezuela}} |
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|~12 |
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|M114A1 |
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|<ref name=":0" /> |
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|- |
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|{{flag|Sudan}} |
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|~12 |
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|M114A1 |
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|<ref name=":0" /> |
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|- |
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|{{flag|Ukraine}} |
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|~70 |
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|M114 |
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|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zoria |first=Yuri |date=2024-03-15 |title=Greece negotiates deal with Czechia for ammunition transfer to Ukraine |url=https://euromaidanpress.com/2024/03/15/greece-negotiates-deal-with-czechia-for-ammunition-transfer-to-ukraine/ |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=Euromaidan Press |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zoria |first=Yuri |date=2024-03-15 |title=Greece negotiates deal with Czechia for ammunition transfer to Ukraine |url=https://euromaidanpress.com/2024/03/15/greece-negotiates-deal-with-czechia-for-ammunition-transfer-to-ukraine/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=Euromaidan Press |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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|- |
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! colspan="4" |Former operators |
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|- |
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|{{flag|Thailand}} |
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|~48 |
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|M114 |
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===Former operators=== |
===Former operators=== |
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* {{flaglist|Denmark}}<ref name="Wiener 1987">{{cite book|title=The armies of the NATO nations: Organization, concept of war, weapons and equipment|series=Truppendienst Handbooks Volume 3|year= 1987|first=Friedrich |last=Wiener |pages=494–495|publisher=Herold Publishers|location=Vienna}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Austria}}{{cn|date=January 2019}} |
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* {{flag|Belgium}} |
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* {{flag|Khmer Republic}} |
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* {{flag|Kingdom of Laos}} |
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* {{flag|Canada}} |
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* {{flag|Croatia}} |
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* {{flaglist|Denmark}}<ref name="Wiener 1987">{{cite book|title=The armies of the NATO nations: Organization, concept of war, weapons and equipment|series=Truppendienst Handbooks Volume 3|year= 1987|first=Friedrich |last=Wiener |page=494-495|publisher=Herold Publishers|location=Vienna}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|France}} |
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* {{flag|Greece}}: 271 total, withdrawn in 2012 |
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* {{flaglist|Israel}} |
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* {{flag|Italy}}<ref name="Wiener 1987"/> |
* {{flag|Italy}}<ref name="Wiener 1987"/> |
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* {{flag|Japan}} 220 total, a small number were produced domestically as Type 58. All retired.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rightwing.sakura.ne.jp/equipment/jgsdf/firearms/155howitzer-m1/155howitzer-m1.html |title=155 mm Howitzer M1 |access-date=2023-10-18 |work= Gallery Rightwing}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Japan}} |
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* {{flaglist|Norway}}<ref name="Wiener 1987"/> |
* {{flaglist|Norway}}<ref name="Wiener 1987"/> |
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* {{flag|Netherlands}}<ref name="Wiener 1987"/> |
* {{flag|Netherlands}}<ref name="Wiener 1987"/> |
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* {{flag|Singapore}} |
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* {{flag|South Vietnam}} |
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* {{flag|Spain}}<ref name="Wiener 1987"/> |
* {{flag|Spain}}<ref name="Wiener 1987"/> |
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* {{flag|United States}}<ref name="Wiener 1987"/> |
* {{flag|United States}}<ref name="Wiener 1987"/> |
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* {{flag|Yugoslavia}} (passed on to successor states) |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[List of U.S. Army weapons by supply catalog designation]] (SNL C-39) |
* [[List of U.S. Army weapons by supply catalog designation]] (SNL C-39) |
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* |
* {{lwc|M549}} |
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* |
* {{lwc|M864}} |
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* |
* {{lwc|M795}} |
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* |
* {{lwc|W48}} |
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* |
* {{lwc|M777 howitzer}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Line 328: | Line 415: | ||
==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{commons|M114 155 mm howitzer}} |
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* [https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/m114.htm The M114 155mm howitzer] |
* [https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/m114.htm The M114 155mm howitzer] |
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkyR4bgYeU4 M114 ] |
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkyR4bgYeU4 M114 ] |
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* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.dod.dimoc.26979|name=STAFF FILM REPORT 66-27A (1966)}} |
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.dod.dimoc.26979|name=STAFF FILM REPORT 66-27A (1966)}} |
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{{commons|M114 155 mm howitzer}} |
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{{WWIIUSGuns}} |
{{WWIIUSGuns}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:M114 155 Mm Howitzer}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:M114 155 Mm Howitzer}} |
M114 | |
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![]() | |
Type | Howitzer |
Place of origin | United States |
Service history | |
In service | 1942–present |
Used by | See operators |
Wars | List of Conflicts |
Production history | |
Designed | 1939–1941 |
Manufacturer | Rock Island Arsenal (U.S.) |
Produced | 1941–1953 (U.S.)[1] |
No. built | 10,300 (U.S.)[1] |
Variants | none |
Specifications | |
Mass | Travel: 5,800 kg (12,800 lb) Combat: 5,600 kg (12,300 lb) |
Length | Travel: 7.315 m (20 ft) |
Barrel length | Bore: 3.564 m (11 ft 8 in) L/23 Overall: 3.79 m (12 ft 5 in) L/24.5 |
Width | Travel: 2.438 m (8 ft) |
Height | Travel: 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) |
Crew | 11 |
Shell | Separate-loading bagged charge |
Caliber | 155 mm (6.1 in) |
Breech | Slow-cone interrupted screw |
Recoil | Hydro-pneumatic |
Carriage | Split trail |
Elevation | −2°/+63° |
Traverse | 25° left or right |
Rate of fire | burst: 4 rpm sustained: 40 rph |
Muzzle velocity | 563 m/s (1,847 ft/s) |
Maximum firing range | 14,600 m (16,000 yd) |
The M114 is a towed howitzer developed and used by the United States Army. It was first produced in 1942 as a medium artillery piece under the designation of 155 mm Howitzer M1. It saw service with the US Army during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War, before being replaced by the M198 howitzer.
The gun was also used by the armed forces of many nations. The M114A1 remains in service in some countries.
After the end of the First World War a board later labeled the Westervelt Board was convened to assess the artillery experience of the combatant powers and map out future directions for the US Army artillery. The conclusion of the board vis-a-vis corps (heavy field) artillery was that an ideal heavy howitzer should have range of at least 16,000 yards (15 km) and allow the elevation of 65°[2] (as opposed to the existing World War I-era M-1918 155 mm howitzer's, a license-built French Canon de 155 C modèle 1917 Schneider, 11.5 km and +42° 20' respectively). Board also recommended that the new 155-mm howitzer and the new 4.7-inch (120 mm) gun share all the carriage, even if it compromises both designs.
The M1920 carriage resulting from this requirements was of the split-trail type with pneumatic equilibrators, permitting a total traverse of 60°.[2] Unfortunately, it "gave considerable trouble due to the persistent failure of the top carriage" on the firing tests.[3] In 1923–1925 the design was modified with the top carriage reinforced, with the result standardized as M1925.[3] However, it was never built in steel, because after the evaluation of a wooden model the project was abandoned.[3] Instead, two new carriages were developed and built in the following years, which were designated T1 (photos) and T1E1.[3] All of them had the same ballistics (perhaps even the same gun body), with maximal range of 16,390 yards (14.99 km), and were undergoing tests in early 1930s.[3] By 1934, the US Army was concerned about the arising high-speed towing requirements not satisfied by the plain bearings and solid rubber ties.[4]
In 1939 the development began anew,[5] by spring 1941 the first specimen was ready to be test-fired and immediately after passing them[6] it was standardized on 15 May 1941 as Howitzer M1 on the Carriage M1. The howitzer itself differed from the older model by a lengthened barrel of 20 calibers and a new breech mechanism. Uniquely it was the sole 'slow-cone' interrupted screw mechanism to enter US service after 1920.[5]
The ballistics of the adopted variant ended up being very similar to French Canon de 155 L modèle 1918 Schneider gun.
The carriage was also used by the 4.5 inch Gun M-1. It went through a number of minor changes over time. The original Warner electric brakes were replaced by Westinghouse air brakes on the M1A1. Both the M1 and M1A1 carriages used a mid-axle firing pedestal that was extended by a ratchet mechanism. The M1A2 replaced the ratchet with a screw-jack system and also modified the traveling lock. The M1A1E1 carriage was intended for use in jungle and muddy terrain and replaced the wheels of the M1A1 with a free-wheeling tracked suspension, but the project was terminated after V-J day without having reached production. The T-9 and T-10 carriages were projects using low-grade steel alloys that were canceled when no longer needed. The T-16 was a light-weight carriage using high-grade steel that was estimated to save some 1,200 lb (540 kg); work began in July 1945 and continued after the war, although nothing seems to have come from it.[5]
A mid-1960s variant was the 155mm XM123 & M123A1 auxiliary-propelled howitzers. The XM123 was produced by American Machine and Foundry and outfitted with two 20 horsepower air-cooled engines produced by Consolidated Diesel Corporation, driver's seat, steering wheel, and guide wheel on the left trail, allowing it to be more rapidly emplaced when detached from the prime mover, while the XM123A1 provided a single 20 horsepower motor with electric steering. The extra weight on the left trail displaced the howitzer after each round was fired, requiring it to be realigned, and the project was abandoned. The concept was copied from the Soviet 85mm SD-44 auxiliary-propelled antitank gun developed in 1954 and used by airborne forces.[citation needed]
The howitzer was experimentally mounted on a lengthened chassis of the M5 light tank. The resulting vehicle received the designation 155 mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T64. A single prototype was built before the T64 project was abandoned in favor of T64E1, based on the M24 Chaffee light tank chassis. This was eventually adopted as the M41 Howitzer Motor Carriage and saw action in the Korean War.[7] Towards the end of the Korean War the US Army replaced the M41 self-propelled howitzer with the M44 self-propelled howitzer.[citation needed]
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The gun fires separate-loading, bagged charge ammunition, with up to seven different propelling charges, from 1 (the smallest) to 7 (the largest). Muzzle velocity, range and penetration in the tables below are for maximum charge in form of complete M4A1 propelling charge.
Propelling charges[8] | ||||
Model | Weight | Components | ||
M3 | 2.69 kg (5 lb 15 oz) | Base charge and four incremental charges (for charges 1 to 5) | ||
M4 | 6.29 kg (13 lb 14 oz) | Base charge and two incremental charges (for charges 5 to 7) | ||
M4A1 | 6.31 kg (13 lb 15 oz) | Base charge and four incremental charges (for charges 3 to 7) | ||
Mk I Dummy | 3.63 kg (8 lb) | Base charge and six incremental charges | ||
M2 Dummy | 3.34 kg (7 lb 6 oz) | Base charge and six incremental charges |
Projectiles[8][9] | |||||
Type | Model | Weight | Filler | Muzzle velocity | Range |
HE | HE M102 Shell | 43.13 kg (100 lb) | TNT, 7.06 kg (15 lb 9 oz) | ||
HE | HE M107 Shell | 43 kg (90 lb) | TNT, 6.86 kg (15 lb 2 oz) | 564 m/s (1,850 ft/s) | 14,955 m (16,355 yd) |
Smoke | FS M105 Shell | 45.14 kg (100 lb) | Sulfur trioxideinChlorosulfonic acid, 7.67 kg (16 lb 15 oz) | ||
Smoke | WP M105 Shell | 44.55 kg (100 lb) | White phosphorus (WP), 7.08 kg (15 lb 10 oz) | ||
Smoke | FS M110 Shell | 45.45 kg (100 lb) | Sulfur trioxideinChlorosulfonic acid, 7.67 kg (16 lb 15 oz) | ||
Smoke | WP M110 Shell | 44.63 kg (100 lb) | White phosphorus (WP), 7.08 kg (15 lb 10 oz) | ||
Smoke, colored | BE M116 Shell | 39.21 kg (90 lb) | Smoke mixture, 7.8 kg (17 lb 3 oz) | ||
Smoke | HC BE M116 Shell | 43.14 kg (100 lb) | Zinc chloride (HC), 11.7 kg (25 lb 13 oz) | 564 m/s (1,850 ft/s) | 14,955 m (16,355 yd) |
Chemical | CNS M110 Shell | 44.05 kg (100 lb) | Chloroacetophenone (CN), 6.26 kg (13 lb 13 oz) | ||
Chemical | H M110 Shell | 43.09 kg (90 lb) | Mustard gas, 5.02 kg (11 lb 1 oz) | 564 m/s (1,850 ft/s) | 14,972 m (16,374 yd) |
Nuclear | W48 Shell | 54 kg (100 lb) | Nuclear, 72 tonnes of TNT (300 GJ) equivalent | 564 m/s (1,850 ft/s) | 14,972 m (16,374 yd) |
Illumination | Illuminating M118 Shell | 46.77 kg (100 lb) | Illuminant candles, 4.02 kg (8 lb 14 oz) | ||
Drill | Dummy Mk I Projectile | - | - | - | |
Drill | Dummy M7 Projectile | 43.09 kg (90 lb) | - | - | - |
Concrete penetration, mm[9] | ||||
Ammunition \ Distance | 0 | 914 m (1,000 yd) | 2,743 m (3,000 yd) | 4,572 m (5,000 yd) |
HE M107 Shell (meet angle 0°) | 884 mm (2 ft 11 in) | 792 mm (2 ft 7 in) | 610 mm (2 ft) | 488 mm (1 ft 7 in) |
Different methods of measurement were used in different countries / periods. Therefore, direct comparison is often impossible. |
Country | Number | Variant | Notes |
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Current operators | |||
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~553 | M114A1 / M114A2 | [10] |
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~230 | M114 | [10] |
![]() |
~24 | M114A1 | [10] |
![]() |
KM114A1 | ||
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~12 | M114 | [10] |
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~144 | M114 | [10] |
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~10 | M114 | [10] |
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~250 | T-65 | [10] |
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n/a | M114 | [10] |
![]() |
~70 | M114 | [10] |
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~18 | M114 | [10] |
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~18 | M114A1 | [10] |
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~29 | M114 | [10] |
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~50 | M114 | [10] |
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~12 | M114A1 | [10] |
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~6 | M114 | [10] |
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~103 | M114 | [10] |
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~12 | M114 | [10] |
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~36 | M114 | [10] |
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~8 | M114A1 | [10] |
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~12 | M114A1 | [10] |
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~12 | M114A1 | [10] |
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~70 | M114 | [11][12] |
Former operators | |||
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~48 | M114 | [10] |
United States artillery of World War II
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Tank guns |
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Anti-tank guns |
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Field, medium and heavy guns |
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Mortars |
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Other vehicle-mounted |
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Anti-aircraft guns |
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Coast artillery guns |
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Railway artillery |
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Authority control databases: National ![]() |
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