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{{for|the Islamic scholar of the Qing dynasty|Ma Zhu}}
⚫

{{Infobox Former Country

{{Short description|State in Southern China (907-951) during the 5 Dynasties and 10 Kingdoms period}}
⚫

|native_name = 楚
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{{Infobox country
⚫

|native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|zh|楚}}}}

|conventional_long_name = Chu

|conventional_long_name = Chu

|common_name = Chu (Ten Kingdoms)

|common_name = Chu (Ten Kingdoms)

|

|
⚫

|continent = Asia

|region = East Asia

|country = China

|era = Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period

|era = Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period

|status =

|status =

|status_text =

|status_text =

|empire = Late Liang Dynasty

|empire = Late Liang dynasty

|government_type = Monarchy

|government_type = Monarchy

|

|
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|

|

|event_start = Became the State

|event_start = Became the State

|date_start = 907

|date_start =

|event_end = Ended by [[Southern Tang]]

|event_end = Ended by [[Southern Tang]]

|date_end = 951

|date_end =

|

|

|event1 = establishment of the Kingdom

|event1 = establishment of the Kingdom
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|date_post =

|date_post =

|

|

|p1 = Tang Dynasty

|p1 = Tang dynasty

|s1 = Southern Tang

|s1 = Southern Tang

|

|
Line 61: Line 60:

|common_languages = [[Middle Chinese]]

|common_languages = [[Middle Chinese]]

|religion =

|religion =

|currency = [[Silk]], [[Coin]] ([[Iron]])

|currency = [[Silk]], [[Ancient Chinese coinage|Cash coins]] ([[Iron]])

|

|

|leader1 = [[Ma Yin]]

|leader1 = [[Ma Yin]]
Line 99: Line 98:

|stat_pop5 =

|stat_pop5 =

|footnotes =

|footnotes =
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|today = [[China]]

}}

}}

'''Chǔ''' (楚), often referred to as '''Ma Chu''' (马楚) or '''Southern Chu''' (南楚) to distinguish it from other historical states called Chu, was a kingdom in southern China during the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]] (907–960). It existed from 907 to 951.

'''Chu''' ({{zh|c={{linktext|楚}} |p=Chǔ}}), known in historiography as '''Ma Chu''' ({{lang|zh|馬楚}}) or '''Southern Chu''' ({{lang|zh|南楚}}), was a [[Dynasties of China|dynastic state of China]] that existed from 907 to 951. It is counted as one of the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period#Ten Kingdoms|Ten Kingdoms]] during the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]] of Chinese history.


==Founding==

==Founding==

[[Ma Yin]] was named regional governor by the [[Tang Dynasty|Tang]] court in 896 after fighting against a rebel named [[Yang Xingmi]]. He declared himself as the Prince of Chu with the fall of the [[Tang Dynasty]] in 907. Ma’s position as Prince of Chu was confirmed by the [[Later Tang]] in the north in 927 and was given the posthumous title of King Wumu of Chu.

[[Ma Yin]] was named regional governor by the [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] court in 896 after fighting against a rebel named [[Yang Xingmi]]. He declared himself as the Prince of Chu with the fall of the [[Tang dynasty]] in 907. Ma's position as Prince of Chu was confirmed by the [[Later Tang]] in the north in 927 and was given the posthumous title of King Wumu of Chu.


==Territories==

==Territories==

The capital of the Chu Kingdom was [[Changsha]] ([[Tanzhou (in modern Hunan)|Tanzhou]]).<ref>''[[New History of the Five Dynasties]]'', vol. 66 {{cite web |url=http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/nf4.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-04-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011080241/http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/nf4.htm |archivedate=2007-10-11 |df= }}.</ref> Present-day [[Hunan]] and northeastern [[Guangxi]] were under the control of the kingdom.

The capital of the Chu Kingdom was [[Changsha]] ([[Tanzhou (in modern Hunan)|Tanzhou]]).<ref>''[[New History of the Five Dynasties]]'', vol. 66 {{cite web |url=http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/nf4.htm |title=新五代史 考 世家 附錄 |access-date=2007-04-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011080241/http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/nf4.htm |archive-date=2007-10-11 }}.</ref> The kingdom ruled over present-day [[Hunan]] and northeastern [[Guangxi]].



==Economy==

==Economy==
Line 113: Line 112:


==Fall of Chu==

==Fall of Chu==

After [[Ma Yin]] died the leadership was subject to struggle and conflict which resulted in the fall of the kingdom. The [[Southern Tang]], fresh from its conquest of the [[Min (Ten Kingdoms)|Min Kingdom]], took advantage and conquered the kingdom in 951. The ruling family was removed to the [[Southern Tang]] capital of [[Nanjing|Jinling]]. However, the following year, Chu generals rose against Southern Tang and expelled the Southern Tang expeditionary force, leaving the former Chu territory to be ruled by several of those generals in succession until 963, when the territory was seized by [[Song Dynasty]]. During these post-Chu years of de facto independence, the center of power was usually at Lang Prefecture (朗州, in modern [[Changde]], [[Hunan]]).

After [[Ma Yin]] died the leadership was subject to struggle and conflict which resulted in the fall of the kingdom. The [[Southern Tang]], fresh from its conquest of the [[Min (Ten Kingdoms)|Min Kingdom]], took advantage and conquered the kingdom in 951. The ruling family was removed to the [[Southern Tang]] capital of [[Nanjing|Jinling]]. However, the following year, Chu generals rose against Southern Tang and expelled the Southern Tang expeditionary force, leaving the former Chu territory to be ruled by several of those generals called '''Wuping [[Jiedushi]]''' (武平军节度使) in succession.


[[Zhou Xingfeng]] ([[:zh:周行逢|周行逢]]) ruled the Jiedushi from 956-962. In 956, Zhou Xingfeng executed and beheaded [[Pan Shusi]] ([[:zh:潘叔嗣|潘叔嗣]]), a general of the Southern Chu.<ref>︽十国春秋︾卷70︽周行逢传︾‥潘叔嗣既杀逵，或劝其入朗州，叔嗣曰‥“吾杀逵，救死而已，朗地非吾利也。”乃还岳州，遣其客将李简率朗人迎行逢为帅。行逢入城，自称武平留后，告于周。或请以潭州与叔嗣，行逢曰‥“叔嗣杀主帅，罪当死，若与武安，是吾使之杀主公也。”召以为行军司马。叔嗣怒，称疾不至。行逢曰‥“是又欲杀我矣。”乃阳以武安与之，召使至府受命。至则遣人执之立庭下，责之曰‥“汝为小校，无大功，王逵用汝为团练使，一旦反杀主帅。吾未忍斩汝，乃敢拒吾命乎！”遂杀之。</ref><ref>[[Zizhi Tongjian]], Volume 292︽资治通鉴︾卷二百九十二</ref>

During these post-Chu years of ''de facto'' independence, the center of power was usually at Lang Prefecture (朗州, in modern [[Changde]], [[Hunan]]).

In 963, the Wuping Jiedushi ended and its territory was seized by the [[Song dynasty]].



==Rulers==

==Rulers==
Line 119: Line 124:

|+ '''Sovereigns in Chu Kingdom 907–951''' (+ Rulers of Formerly Chu Lands 951–963)

|+ '''Sovereigns in Chu Kingdom 907–951''' (+ Rulers of Formerly Chu Lands 951–963)

|-

|-

! style="background:#efefef;" | Temple Names ( [[Miao Hao]] 廟號 miao4 hao4)

! style="background:#efefef;" | Temple Names ( [[Miao Hao]] {{nobold|{{lang|zh-hant|廟號}}}}; {{lang|zh-Latn|miaò haò}})

! style="background:#efefef;" | Posthumous Names ( [[Shi Hao]] 諡號 )

! style="background:#efefef;" | Posthumous Names ( [[Shi Hao]] {{nobold|{{lang|zh-hant|諡號}}}} )

! style="background:#efefef;" | Personal Names

! style="background:#efefef;" | Personal Names

! style="background:#efefef;" | Period of Reigns

! style="background:#efefef;" | Period of Reigns

! style="background:#efefef;" | Era Names ([[Nian Hao]] 年號) and their according range of years

! style="background:#efefef;" | Era Names ([[Nian Hao]] {{nobold|{{lang|zh-hant|年號}}}}) and their according range of years

|-

|-

| Did not exist

| Did not exist

| Wǔmù Wáng 武穆王

| {{lang|zh-Latn|Wǔmù Wáng}} {{lang|zh|武穆王}}

| [[Ma Yin|Mǎ Yīn]]|馬殷

| [[Ma Yin|Mǎ Yīn]]<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|馬殷}}

| 907–930

| 907–930

| Did not exist

| Did not exist

|-

|-

| Did not exist

| Did not exist

| None (commonly known as Prince of Hengyang (衡陽王, Héngyáng Wáng))

| None (commonly known as Prince of Hengyang ({{zh|labels=no |t=衡陽王 |p=Héngyáng Wáng}}))

| [[Ma Xisheng|Mǎ Xīshēng]]|馬希聲

| [[Ma Xisheng|Mǎ Xīshēng]]<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|馬希聲}}

| 930–932

| 930–932

| Did not exist

| Did not exist

|-

|-

| Did not exist

| Did not exist

| Wénzhāo Wáng 文昭王

| {{lang|zh-Latn|Wénzhāo Wáng}} {{lang|zh|文昭王}}

| [[Ma Xifan|Mǎ Xīfàn]]|馬希範

| [[Ma Xifan|Mǎ Xīfàn]]<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|馬希範}}

| 932–947

| 932–947

| Did not exist

| Did not exist

|-

|-

| Did not exist

| Did not exist

| None (commonly known as Deposed Prince (廢王, Fèi Wáng))

| None (commonly known as Deposed Prince ({{zh|labels=no |t=廢王 |p=Fèi Wáng}}))

| [[Ma Xiguang|Mǎ Xīguǎng]]|馬希廣

| [[Ma Xiguang|Mǎ Xīguǎng]]<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|馬希廣}}

| 947–951

| 947–951

| Did not exist

| Did not exist

|-

|-

| Did not exist

| Did not exist

| Gōngxìao Wáng 恭孝王

| {{lang|zh-Latn|Gōngxìao Wáng}} {{lang|zh|恭孝王}}

| [[Ma Xi'e|Mǎ Xī'è]]|馬希萼

| [[Ma Xi'e|Mǎ Xī'è]]<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|馬希萼}}

| 951

| 951

| Did not exist

| Did not exist
Line 157: Line 162:

| Did not exist

| Did not exist

| Did not exist

| Did not exist

| [[Ma Xichong|Mǎ Xīchóng]]|馬希崇

| [[Ma Xichong|Mǎ Xīchóng]]<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|馬希崇}}

| 951

| 951

| Did not exist

| Did not exist

|-

| Did not exist

| Did not exist

| [[Liu Yan (Chu)|Líu Yán]]|劉言

| 951–953

| Did not exist

|-

| Did not exist

| Did not exist

| [[Wang Kui|Wáng Kúi]]|王逵

| 953–956

| Did not exist

|-

| Did not exist

| Did not exist

| [[Zhou Xingfeng|Zhōu Xíngféng]]|周行逢

| 956–962

| Did not exist

|-

| Did not exist

| Did not exist

| [[Zhou Baoquan|Zhōu Bǎoquán]]|周保權

| 962–963

| Did not exist

|-

|}

|}


==Ma rulers family tree==

==Ma rulers family tree==

{{chart top|width=77%|Ma rulers family tree}}

{{Ma Chu rulers family tree}}

{{chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:110%;|summary=Boxes and lines diagram with 10 boxes}}

{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Yi | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Yi=<small>{{nowrap| Ma Yin 馬殷 (b.853-d.930)</small><br />'''[[Ma Yin|Wumu 楚武穆王]]'''<br /> r.907-930}}|boxstyle_Yi=border-width:2px}}

{{chart|border=1| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| }}

{{chart|border=1| Xz | |Xs | |Xf | | Xw | | Xo | |Xe | |Xc | |Xg |Xz=Ma Xizhen 馬希振|Xs='''[[Ma Xisheng]]''' <br />馬希聲 <small>899-932</small><br>r.930-932|boxstyle_Xs=border-width:2px|Xf={{nowrap|<small>Ma Xifan 馬希範 (899-947)</small><br> '''[[Ma Xifan|Wénzhāo 文昭]]''' <br />r.932-947}}|boxstyle_Xf=border-width:2px|Xw=Ma Xiwang <br />馬希旺 <small>d.~933</small>|Xo=Ma Xigao <br />馬希杲 <small>d.945</small>|Xe='''[[Ma Xi'e|Mǎ Xī'è]]''' <br />馬希萼<br>r.950-951|boxstyle_Xe=border-width:2px|Xc='''[[Ma Xichong|Mǎ Xīchóng]]''' <br />馬希崇 <small>b.912</small><br>r.950-951|boxstyle_Xc=border-width:2px|Xg='''[[Ma Xiguang|Mǎ Xīguǎng]]''' <br>馬希廣 <small>d.950<br /></small>r.947-950|boxstyle_Xg=border-width:2px}}

{{chart|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}

{{chart|border=1| Gh | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Gh=[[Ma Guanghui|Mǎ Guānghuì]] <br />馬光惠}}

<!-- Unused parameters: -->

{{chart|Xa=[[马希瞻]]|Xn=[[马希能]]|Xan=[[马希贯]]|Xj=[[马希浚]]|Xy=[[马希隐]]|Gz=[[马光赞]]}}

{{chart/end}}

{{chart bottom}}


==Notes==

==Notes==
Line 205: Line 175:

==References==

==References==

*{{cite book|title=Imperial China (900-1800)|author=Mote, F.W.|year=1999|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=0-674-01212-7|page=15}}

*{{cite book|title=Imperial China (900-1800)|author=Mote, F.W.|year=1999|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=0-674-01212-7|page=15}}

*{{cite web|url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Tang/rulers-chu.html|title=Chu 楚|work=The Ten Kingdoms|accessdate=12 April 2005 }}


{{-}}

{{5d10k}}

{{5d10k}}


{{coord missing}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chu}}
⚫

[[Category:Ma Chu| ]]

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[[Category:Chu (Ten Kingdoms)| ]]

[[Category:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms]]

[[Category:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms]]

[[Category:Dynasties of China]]

[[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]]

[[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]]

[[Category:10th-century establishments in China]]

[[Category:10th-century establishments in China]]

[[Category:907 establishments in Asia]]

[[Category:907 establishments]]

[[Category:951 disestablishments in Asia]]

[[Category:951 disestablishments]]

[[Category:10th-century disestablishments in China]]

[[Category:10th-century disestablishments in China]]

[[Category:States and territories established in 907]]

[[Category:States and territories established in the 900s]]

[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 950s]]

[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 950s]]

Latest revision as of 19:34, 9 June 2024

For the Islamic scholar of the Qing dynasty, see Ma Zhu.
Chu
楚
907–951
CapitalChangsha
Common languagesMiddle Chinese
GovernmentMonarchy
Prince/King 

• 907–930

Ma Yin

• 950–951

Ma Xichong
Historical eraFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period

• Became the State

907

• establishment of the Kingdom

927

• Ended by Southern Tang

951
CurrencySilk, Cash coins (Iron)
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Tang dynasty
Southern Tang
Today part ofChina

Chu (Chinese: 楚; pinyin: Chǔ), known in historiography as Ma Chu (馬楚) or Southern Chu (南楚), was a dynastic state of China that existed from 907 to 951. It is counted as one of the Ten Kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of Chinese history.

Founding[edit]

Ma Yin was named regional governor by the Tang court in 896 after fighting against a rebel named Yang Xingmi. He declared himself as the Prince of Chu with the fall of the Tang dynasty in 907. Ma's position as Prince of Chu was confirmed by the Later Tang in the north in 927 and was given the posthumous title of King Wumu of Chu.

Territories[edit]

The capital of the Chu Kingdom was Changsha (Tanzhou).[1] The kingdom ruled over present-day Hunan and northeastern Guangxi.

Economy[edit]

Chu was peaceful and prosperous under Ma Yin's rule, exporting horses, silk and tea. Silk and lead coinage were often used as currency, particularly with external communities which would not accept other coinage of the land. Taxation was low for the peasantry and merchants.

Fall of Chu[edit]

After Ma Yin died the leadership was subject to struggle and conflict which resulted in the fall of the kingdom. The Southern Tang, fresh from its conquest of the Min Kingdom, took advantage and conquered the kingdom in 951. The ruling family was removed to the Southern Tang capital of Jinling. However, the following year, Chu generals rose against Southern Tang and expelled the Southern Tang expeditionary force, leaving the former Chu territory to be ruled by several of those generals called Wuping Jiedushi (武平军节度使) in succession.

Zhou Xingfeng (周行逢) ruled the Jiedushi from 956-962. In 956, Zhou Xingfeng executed and beheaded Pan Shusi (潘叔嗣), a general of the Southern Chu.[2][3]

During these post-Chu years of de facto independence, the center of power was usually at Lang Prefecture (朗州, in modern Changde, Hunan).

In 963, the Wuping Jiedushi ended and its territory was seized by the Song dynasty.

Rulers[edit]

Sovereigns in Chu Kingdom 907–951 (+ Rulers of Formerly Chu Lands 951–963)
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號; miaò haò) Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Did not exist Wǔmù Wáng 武穆王 Mǎ Yīn
馬殷 		907–930 Did not exist
Did not exist None (commonly known as Prince of Hengyang (衡陽王; Héngyáng Wáng)) Mǎ Xīshēng
馬希聲 		930–932 Did not exist
Did not exist Wénzhāo Wáng 文昭王 Mǎ Xīfàn
馬希範 		932–947 Did not exist
Did not exist None (commonly known as Deposed Prince (廢王; Fèi Wáng)) Mǎ Xīguǎng
馬希廣 		947–951 Did not exist
Did not exist Gōngxìao Wáng 恭孝王 Mǎ Xī'è
馬希萼 		951 Did not exist
Did not exist Did not exist Mǎ Xīchóng
馬希崇 		951 Did not exist

Ma rulers family tree[edit]

Ma Chu rulers family tree
Ma Yin 馬殷 (b. 853–d. 930)
Wumu 楚武穆王
r. 907–930
Ma Xizhen 馬希振Ma Xisheng
馬希聲 899–932
r. 930–932		Ma Xifan 馬希範 (899–947)
Wénzhāo 文昭
r. 932–947		Ma Xiwang
馬希旺 d. ~933		Ma Xigao
馬希杲 d. 945		Mǎ Xī'è
馬希萼
r. 950–951		Mǎ Xīchóng
馬希崇 b.912
r. 950–951		Mǎ Xīguǎng
馬希廣 d.950
r. 947–950
Mǎ Guānghuì
马光惠


Notes[edit]



(一)^ New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 66 "新五代史 考 世家 附錄". Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-04-20..

(二)^ ︽十国春秋︾卷70︽周行逢传︾‥潘叔嗣既杀逵，或劝其入朗州，叔嗣曰‥“吾杀逵，救死而已，朗地非吾利也。”乃还岳州，遣其客将李简率朗人迎行逢为帅。行逢入城，自称武平留后，告于周。或请以潭州与叔嗣，行逢曰‥“叔嗣杀主帅，罪当死，若与武安，是吾使之杀主公也。”召以为行军司马。叔嗣怒，称疾不至。行逢曰‥“是又欲杀我矣。”乃阳以武安与之，召使至府受命。至则遣人执之立庭下，责之曰‥“汝为小校，无大功，王逵用汝为团练使，一旦反杀主帅。吾未忍斩汝，乃敢拒吾命乎！”遂杀之。

(三)^ Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 292︽资治通鉴︾卷二百九十二

References[edit]

  • Mote, F.W. (1999). Imperial China (900-1800). Harvard University Press. p. 15. ISBN 0-674-01212-7.
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