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{{Infobox Lunar mare |
{{Infobox Lunar mare |
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|name = Mare Serenitatis |
|name = Mare Serenitatis |
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|image = |
|image = Mserentatis.jpg |
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|caption = Photograph of Mare Serenitatis |
|caption = Photograph of Mare Serenitatis |
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|eponym = Sea of Serenity |
|eponym = Sea of Serenity |
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|coordinates = {{coord|28.0|N|17.5|E|globe:moon_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} |
|coordinates = {{coord|28.0|N|17.5|E|globe:moon_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} |
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|diameter = {{convert|674|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name=USGS>{{ |
|diameter = {{convert|674|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name=USGS>{{gpn|3686}}</ref><ref name="Atlas">{{cite web |
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|title=Mare Serenitatis |
|title=Mare Serenitatis |
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|publisher=[http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/science/atlas/menu.html NASA Lunar Atlas] |
|publisher=[http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/science/atlas/menu.html NASA Lunar Atlas] |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Mare Serenitatis''' ("'''Sea of Serenity'''") is a [[lunar mare]] located to the east of [[Mare Imbrium]] on the [[Moon]]. |
'''Mare Serenitatis''' ("'''Sea of Serenity'''") is a [[lunar mare]] located to the east of [[Mare Imbrium]] on the [[Moon]]. Its diameter is {{convert|674|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=USGS/> |
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==Geology== |
==Geology== |
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Both [[Luna 21]] and [[Apollo 17]] landed near the eastern border of Mare Serenitatis, in the area of the [[Montes Taurus]] range. Apollo 17 landed specifically in the [[Taurus-Littrow]] valley, and Luna 21 landed in [[Le Monnier (crater)|Le Monnier]] crater. [[SpaceIL|SpaceIL's]] ''Beresheet'' lunar lander is planned to land in Mare Serenitatis sometime in April 2019.<ref>{{Citation|title=SpaceIL|date=2019-02-03|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SpaceIL&oldid=881642691|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref> |
Both [[Luna 21]] and [[Apollo 17]] landed near the eastern border of Mare Serenitatis, in the area of the [[Montes Taurus]] range. Apollo 17 landed specifically in the [[Taurus-Littrow]] valley, and Luna 21 landed in [[Le Monnier (crater)|Le Monnier]] crater. [[SpaceIL|SpaceIL's]] ''Beresheet'' lunar lander is planned to land in Mare Serenitatis sometime in April 2019.<ref>{{Citation|title=SpaceIL|date=2019-02-03|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SpaceIL&oldid=881642691|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref> |
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[[Image:Moon names.svg|thumb|Lunar nearside with major [[Lunar mare|maria]] and [[Impact crater|craters]] labelled.]] |
[[Image:Moon names.svg|thumb|Lunar nearside with major [[Lunar mare|maria]] and [[Impact crater|craters]] labelled.]] |
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==Selenography== |
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Numerous craters in and touching the sea include [[Abetti (crater)|Abetti]], [[Banting (crater)|Banting]], [[Bessel (crater)|Bessel]], [[Bobillier (crater)|Bobillier]], [[Borel (crater)|Borel]], [[Deseilligny (crater)|Deseilligny]], [[Finsch (crater)|Finsch]], [[Linné (crater)|Linné]], [[Le Monnier (crater)|Le Monnier]], [[Luther (crater)|Luther]], [[Sarabhai (crater)|Sarabhai]] and [[Very (lunar crater)|Very]] and a few more. Ridges inside and touching the sea (plain) include [[Dorsa Aldrovandi]], [[Dorsum Azara]], [[Dorsum Buckland]], [[Dorsum Von Cotta]], [[Dorsum Gast]], [[Dorsa Lister]], [[Dorsum Nicol]], [[Dorsum Owen]], [[Dorsa Smirnov]] and [[Dorsa Sorby]]. |
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==Views== |
==Views== |
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<gallery heights=" |
<gallery heights="150px" mode="packed"> |
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Image:Mare Serenetatis AS17-M-0940-0947-0954.jpg|These are three views of Mare Serenitatis, taken by the mapping camera of the [[Apollo 17]] mission in 1972, facing north-northeast from an average altitude of 107 km. At the right is the east margin of Mare Serenitatis, with the 95 km diameter crater [[Posidonius (crater)|Posidonius]] at the central horizon, the basalt-flooded [[Le Monnier (crater)|Le Monnier]] crater to the south, the mare ridge (or [[wrinkle ridge]]) [[Dorsa Aldrovandi]] at center, [[Littrow (crater)|Littrow]] crater at the right, and the landing site of Apollo 17 in the lower right corner in the [[Taurus–Littrow]] valley. In the center is the relatively small crater [[Bessel (crater)|Bessel]] (16 km), and two prominent rays probably from the [[Tycho (lunar crater)|Tycho]] impact far to the south. At the left is the western margin of the mare, with the [[Montes Caucasus|Caucasus Mountains]] at the central horizon, the [[Montes Apenninus|Apennine Mountains]] at left, and the [[Sulpicius Gallus (crater)|Sulpicius Gallus Rilles]] at the lower right. The sun elevation drops from 24 degrees at right to 5 degrees at left as the [[Apollo Command/Service Module|Command Module]] ''America'' orbited the moon. |
Image:Mare Serenetatis AS17-M-0940-0947-0954.jpg|These are three views of Mare Serenitatis, taken by the mapping camera of the [[Apollo 17]] mission in 1972, facing north-northeast from an average altitude of 107 km. At the right is the east margin of Mare Serenitatis, with the 95 km diameter crater [[Posidonius (crater)|Posidonius]] at the central horizon, the basalt-flooded [[Le Monnier (crater)|Le Monnier]] crater to the south, the mare ridge (or [[wrinkle ridge]]) [[Dorsa Aldrovandi]] at center, [[Littrow (crater)|Littrow]] crater at the right, and the landing site of Apollo 17 in the lower right corner in the [[Taurus–Littrow]] valley. In the center is the relatively small crater [[Bessel (crater)|Bessel]] (16 km), and two prominent rays probably from the [[Tycho (lunar crater)|Tycho]] impact far to the south. At the left is the western margin of the mare, with the [[Montes Caucasus|Caucasus Mountains]] at the central horizon, the [[Montes Apenninus|Apennine Mountains]] at left, and the [[Sulpicius Gallus (crater)|Sulpicius Gallus Rilles]] at the lower right. The sun elevation drops from 24 degrees at right to 5 degrees at left as the [[Apollo Command/Service Module|Command Module]] ''America'' orbited the moon. |
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Image:Mare Serenitatis AS17-150-23069.jpg|Some of the strongest tonal, color, and structural contrasts among mare materials occur in Mare Serenitatis. This color Apollo 17 image shows that the dark materials were emplaced before the lighter materials near the top. |
Image:Mare Serenitatis AS17-150-23069.jpg|Some of the strongest tonal, color, and structural contrasts among mare materials occur in Mare Serenitatis. This color Apollo 17 image shows that the dark materials were emplaced before the lighter materials near the top. |
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{{Commonscat}} |
{{Commonscat}} |
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*[http://the-moon.wikispaces.com/Mare+Serenitatis Mare Serenitatis at The Moon Wiki] |
*[http://the-moon.wikispaces.com/Mare+Serenitatis Mare Serenitatis at The Moon Wiki] |
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===Related articles=== |
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* {{cite web| last = Wood | first = Chuck | date = May 1, 2004 | url = http://www.lpod.org/archive/archive/2004/05/LPOD-2004-05-01.htm | title = Serenitatis Diameter Sequence | publisher = Lunar Photo of the Day }} |
* {{cite web| last = Wood | first = Chuck | date = May 1, 2004 | url = http://www.lpod.org/archive/archive/2004/05/LPOD-2004-05-01.htm | title = Serenitatis Diameter Sequence | publisher = Lunar Photo of the Day }} |
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* {{cite web| last = Wood | first = Chuck | date = March 4, 2004 | url = http://www.lpod.org/archive/LPOD-2004-08-27.htm | title = Serenitatis in Black and White and Gray | publisher = Lunar Photo of the Day }} |
* {{cite web| last = Wood | first = Chuck | date = March 4, 2004 | url = http://www.lpod.org/archive/LPOD-2004-08-27.htm | title = Serenitatis in Black and White and Gray | publisher = Lunar Photo of the Day }} |
Coordinates | 28°00′N 17°30′E / 28.0°N 17.5°E / 28.0; 17.5 |
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Diameter | 674 km (419 mi)[1][2] |
Eponym | Sea of Serenity |
Mare Serenitatis ("Sea of Serenity") is a lunar mare located to the east of Mare Imbrium on the Moon. Its diameter is 674 km (419 mi).[1]
Mare Serenitatis is located within the Serenitatis basin, which is of the Nectarian epoch. The material surrounding the mare is of the Lower Imbrian epoch, while the mare material is of the Upper Imbrian epoch. The mare basalt covers a majority of the basin and overflows into Lacus Somniorum to the northeast. The most noticeable feature is the crater Posidonius on the northeast rim of the mare.[3] The ring feature to the west of the mare is indistinct, except for Montes Haemus. Mare Serenitatis connects with Mare Tranquillitatis to the southeast and borders Mare Vaporum to the southwest. Mare Serenitatis is an example of a mascon, an anomalous gravitational region on the moon.
Amass concentration (mascon), or gravitational high, was identified in the center of Mare Serenitatis from Doppler tracking of the five Lunar Orbiter spacecraft in 1968.[4] The mascon was confirmed and mapped at higher resolution with later orbiters such as Lunar Prospector and GRAIL.
Like most of the other maria on the Moon, Mare Serenitatis was named by Giovanni Riccioli, whose 1651 nomenclature system has become standardized.[5] Previously, William Gilbert had included it among the Regio Magna Occidentalis ("Large Western Region") in his map of c.1600.[6] Pierre Gassendi had included it among the 'Homuncio' ('little man'), referring to a small humanoid figure that he could see among the maria; Gassendi also referred to it as 'Thersite' after Thersites, the ugliest warrior in the Trojan War.[7] Michael Van Langren had labelled it the Mare Eugenianum ("Eugenia's Sea") in his 1645 map,[8] in honour of Isabella Clara Eugenia, queen of the Spanish Netherlands.[9] And Johannes Hevelius included it within Pontus Euxinus (after the classical name for the Black Sea) in his 1647 map.
Both Luna 21 and Apollo 17 landed near the eastern border of Mare Serenitatis, in the area of the Montes Taurus range. Apollo 17 landed specifically in the Taurus-Littrow valley, and Luna 21 landed in Le Monnier crater. SpaceIL's Beresheet lunar lander is planned to land in Mare Serenitatis sometime in April 2019.[10]
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