italics (presented name of statue in captions)
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{{Short description| |
{{Short description|Abrahamic holy site in Jordan}} |
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{{Other places}} |
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{{Infobox mountain |
{{Infobox mountain |
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| name = Mount Nebo |
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|native_name |
| native_name = {{native name|ar|جَبَل نِيبُو}} |
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| other_name = {{lang|ar|جَبَل نِيبُو}}<br/>{{Script/Hebrew|הַר נְבוֹ}} |
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| photo = Mount Nebo BW 6.JPG |
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| photo_caption = Mount Nebo seen from the east |
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| map = Jordan |
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| map_caption = Location |
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| location = [[Jordan]] |
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| region = [[Madaba Governorate]] |
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| coordinates = {{coord|31|46.0|N|35|43.5|E|region:JO_type:mountain|display=inline,title}} |
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| elevation = 700 metres (2,297 ft) |
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'''Mount Nebo''' ({{lang-ar|جَبَل نِيبُو|Jabal Nībū}}; {{lang-he|{{Script/Hebr|הַר נְבוֹ}}|Har Nəḇō}}) is an elevated [[ridge]] located in [[Jordan]], approximately {{convert| |
'''Mount Nebo''' ({{lang-ar|جَبَل نِيبُو|Jabal Nībū}}; {{lang-he|{{Script/Hebr|הַר נְבוֹ}}|Har Nəḇō}}) is an elevated [[ridge]] located in [[Jordan]], approximately {{convert|700|m}} [[Height above sea level|above sea level]]. Part of the [[Abarim]] mountain range, Mount Nebo is mentioned in the [[Bible]] as the place where [[Moses]] was granted a view of the [[Promised Land]] before his death. The view from the summit provides a panorama of the [[West Bank]] across the [[Jordan River]] valley. The city of [[Jericho]] is usually visible from the summit, as is [[Jerusalem]] on a very clear day. The biblical town of Nebo, now known as [[Khirbet al-Mukhayyat]], is located 3.5 km away. |
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==Religious significance== |
==Religious significance== |
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[[File:Nebo04(js).jpg|thumb|left|The ''Brazen Serpent'' sculpture and view towards the Promised Land–Dead Sea and Jerusalem]] |
[[File:Nebo04(js).jpg|thumb|left|The ''Brazen Serpent'' sculpture and view towards the Promised Land–Dead Sea and Jerusalem]] |
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According to the [[Bible]] ([[Book of Deuteronomy|Deuteronomy]]), Moses ascended Mount Nebo, in the land of [[Moab]] (today in [[Jordan]]), and from there he saw the [[Canaan|Land of Canaan]] (the [[Promised Land]]), which God had said he would not enter; Moses then died there.<ref>{{bibleverse|Deuteronomy||34:1-6|NKJV}}</ref> The Bible ({{bibleverse|Deuteronomy||34:6}}) says Moses' burial place was unknown. A monument atop Mount Nebo commemorates Moses' death after seeing Canaan, across the Jordan valley. A purported grave of Moses is located at [[Maqam (shrine)|Maqam]] El-[[Nabi Musa]], in the [[West Bank]], {{convert|11|km|abbr=on}} south of [[Jericho]] and {{convert|20|km|abbr=on}} east of [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Amelia Thomas|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetisra00mich|title=Israel & the Palestinian Territories|author2=Michael Kohn|author3=Miriam Raphael|author4=Dan Savery Raz|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2010|isbn=9781741044560|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetisra00mich/page/319 319]|url-access=registration}}</ref> |
According to the [[Bible]] ([[Book of Deuteronomy|Deuteronomy]]), Moses ascended Mount Nebo, in the land of [[Moab]] (today in [[Jordan]]), and from there he saw the [[Canaan|Land of Canaan]] (the [[Promised Land]]), which God had said he would not enter; Moses then died there.<ref>{{bibleverse|Deuteronomy||34:1-6|NKJV}}</ref> The Bible ({{bibleverse|Deuteronomy||34:6}}) says Moses' burial place was unknown. A monument atop Mount Nebo commemorates Moses' death after seeing Canaan, across the Jordan valley. A purported grave of Moses is located at [[Maqam (shrine)|Maqam]] El-[[Nabi Musa]], in the [[West Bank]], {{convert|11|km|abbr=on}} south of [[Jericho]] and {{convert|20|km|abbr=on}} east of [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Amelia Thomas|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetisra00mich|title=Israel & the Palestinian Territories|author2=Michael Kohn|author3=Miriam Raphael|author4=Dan Savery Raz|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2010|isbn=9781741044560|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetisra00mich/page/319 319]|url-access=registration}}</ref> |
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Mount Nebo is then mentioned again |
Mount Nebo is then mentioned again in [[2 Maccabees]] ({{bibleverse-nb|2 Maccabees|2:4–7}}), when the prophet [[Jeremiah]] hid the tabernacle and the [[Ark of the Covenant]] in a cave there. |
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A Christian church from [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] times stands on the top of Mount Nebo. |
A Christian church from [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] times stands on the top of Mount Nebo. |
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On March 20, 2000, [[Pope John Paul II]] visited the summit of Mount Nebo during his pilgrimage to the Holy Land.<ref> |
On March 20, 2000, [[Pope John Paul II]] visited the summit of Mount Nebo during his pilgrimage to the Holy Land.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3713020,00.html|title=Pope speaks of 'inseparable' bond between Christians, Jews|agency=Associated Press|date=May 9, 2009|via=www.ynetnews.com}}</ref> During his visit, he planted an [[Olive|olive tree]] next to the Byzantine chapel, as a symbol of peace.<ref>Piccirillo, Michele (2009). ''Mount Nebo'' (Studium Biblicum Franciscanum Guide Books, 2) p. 107.</ref> [[Pope Benedict XVI]] visited the site in 2009, gave a speech, and looked out from the top of the mountain in the direction of Jerusalem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/15929/pope-benedict-begins-his-pilgrimage-on-mt-nebo|title=Pope Benedict begins his pilgrimage on Mt. Nebo|website=Catholic News Agency}}</ref> |
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A serpentine cross sculpture atop Mount Nebo was created by Italian artist |
A serpentine cross sculpture atop Mount Nebo was created by Italian artist Gian Paolo Fantoni. It is symbolic of the miracle of the bronze serpent invoked by Moses in the wilderness ({{bibleverse|Numbers||21:4–9}}) and the cross upon which Jesus was crucified ({{bibleverse|John||3:14}}). |
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==Archaeology== |
==Archaeology== |
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{{ |
{{further|Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East#Mount Nebo}} |
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[[File:Nebo05(js).jpg|thumb|left|Mosaic floor in the diaconicon-baptistery]] |
[[File:Nebo05(js).jpg|thumb|left|Mosaic floor in the diaconicon-baptistery]] |
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Systematic exploration begun by Sylvester J. Saller O.F.M. |
Systematic exploration begun by Sylvester J. Saller O.F.M. was continued in 1933 by Jerome Mihaic of the [[Studium Biblicum Franciscanum]]. On the highest point of the mountain, Syagha,<ref>Also found as "Siyagha" the peak is (710 metres), while the south eastern peak "el-Mukhayyat" is 790 metres. Piccirillo, Michele (2009). ''Mount Nebo''. p. 17.</ref> the remains of a Byzantine church<ref name=madainnebo>{{cite web|title=Complete compendium of Mount Nebo|url=http://madainproject.com/mount_nebo|website=Madain Project|access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> and [[monastery]] were discovered in 1933.<ref>Piccirillo, Michele (2009) ''Mount Nebo'' (Studium Biblicum Franciscanum Guide Books, 2) pp. 14–15. Extract from Sylvester Saller ''The Memorial of Moses on Mount Nebo Jerusalem'' 1941, pp. 15–18.</ref> The church was first constructed in the second half of the 4th century to commemorate the place of Moses' death. The church design follows a typical [[basilica]] pattern. It was enlarged in the late fifth century AD and rebuilt in AD 597. The church is first mentioned in an account of a [[pilgrimage]] made by a lady [[Egeria (pilgrim)|Aetheria]] in AD 394. Six tombs have been found hollowed from the natural rock beneath the [[mosaic]]-covered floor of the church. |
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[[Bellarmino Bagatti]] worked on the site in 1935. [[Virgilio Canio Corbo]] later excavated the interior of the basilica.<ref name=madainchronology>{{cite web|title=Chronology of Mount Nebo|url=http://madainproject.com/mount_nebo_chronology|website=Madain Project|access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> |
[[Bellarmino Bagatti]] worked on the site in 1935. [[Virgilio Canio Corbo]] later excavated the interior of the basilica.<ref name=madainchronology>{{cite web|title=Chronology of Mount Nebo|url=http://madainproject.com/mount_nebo_chronology|website=Madain Project|access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> |
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==History of the modern Memorial of Moses== |
==History of the modern Memorial of Moses== |
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The ancient church, a pilgrimage destination since the 4th century, was excavated between 1933 and 1938 by Sylvester Saller, bringing to light the basilica with its chapels and the annexes of the monastery.<ref name=shelter>{{cite book |last= Pappalardo |first= Carmelo |title= The Memorial of Moses on Mount Nebo, Jordan. A new shelter for the monument and the |
The ancient church, a pilgrimage destination since the 4th century, was excavated between 1933 and 1938 by Sylvester Saller, bringing to light the basilica with its chapels and the annexes of the monastery.<ref name=shelter>{{cite book |last= Pappalardo |first= Carmelo |title= The Memorial of Moses on Mount Nebo, Jordan. A new shelter for the monument and the restoration of the mosaics: the ongoing project and new perspectives |pages= 377–384 |editor-last= Michaelides |editor-first= Demetrios |editor-last2= Guimier-Sorbets |editor-first2= Anne-Marie |work= Managing archaeological sites with mosaics: from real problems to practical solutions |publisher= EDIFIR-Edizioni Firenze |location= Florence |year= 2017 |isbn= 978-88-7970-844-9 |url= https://www.academia.edu/30905691 |access-date= 25 November 2021}}</ref> The exquisite mosaics were then covered back with soil for protection.<ref name=shelter/> In 1963, the Custody of the Holy Land decided to restore the mosaic floors and Virgilio Corbo was put in charge of the project.<ref name=shelter/> A metal shelter designed in Oxford was erected over the ruins, but work was interrupted by the [[1967 Arab-Israeli war]].<ref name=shelter/> Renewed work ensued between 1976-1984, when a new mosaic was discovered in the [[diaconicon]]-[[baptistery]].<ref name=shelter/> By 1984 the consolidation work was completed, and as a result, the basilica could be used both for liturgical purposes, as well as for displaying the restored mosaics, either in situ or mounted on the walls.<ref name=shelter/> After renewed plans drawn in 1989 and geological surveys and assessments of the ancient and modern structures made a decade later, a new shelter, basically a complete basilica was built over the ancient church between December 2007 and the reopening day on 15 October 2016. Not even the sudden death of Michelle Piccirillo, a key figure in the project, in October 2008, led to a break in the work.<ref name=shelter/> |
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==Exhibited mosaics== |
==Exhibited mosaics== |
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In the modern chapel [[presbytery (architecture)|presbytery]], built to protect the site and provide worship space, remnants of mosaic floors from different periods can be seen. The earliest of these is a panel with a [[braid]]ed cross presently placed on the east end of the south wall.{{ |
In the modern chapel [[presbytery (architecture)|presbytery]], built to protect the site and provide worship space, remnants of mosaic floors from different periods can be seen. The earliest of these is a panel with a [[braid]]ed cross presently placed on the east end of the south wall.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} |
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==Gallery== |
==Gallery== |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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File:Mount Nebo-Siyagha, Jordan (2009).jpg|left |
File:Mount Nebo-Siyagha, Jordan (2009).jpg|left|Stone marker at the entrance |
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File:Memorial of Moses Stone.jpg|Stone marker next to the building |
File:Memorial of Moses Stone.jpg|Stone marker next to the building |
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File:Mount Nebo Distances.jpg|Plaque showing the distance from Mount Nebo to various locations |
File:Mount Nebo Distances.jpg|Plaque showing the distance from Mount Nebo to various locations |
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File:Mt Nebo Mosaic.jpg|Mosaic floor in the diaconicon-baptistery |
File:Mt Nebo Mosaic.jpg|Mosaic floor in the diaconicon-baptistery |
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File:Nebo07(js).jpg|Mosaic: peacock |
File:Nebo07(js).jpg|Mosaic: peacock |
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File:Nebo10(js).jpg|Mosaic: pair of birds |
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File:Nebo09(js).jpg|Mosaic: zebu (humped ox) |
File:Nebo09(js).jpg|Mosaic: zebu (humped ox) |
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File:Prosphora Nebo.jpg|Mosaic inscription ("Offering of Caesarion, at the time of Alexios and Theophilos priests") |
File:Prosphora Nebo.jpg|Mosaic inscription ("Offering of Caesarion, at the time of Alexios and Theophilos priests") |
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File:The Brazen Serpent, Mount Nebo.jpg|The ''Brazen Serpent'' sculpture, Mount Nebo |
File:The Brazen Serpent, Mount Nebo.jpg|The ''Brazen Serpent'' sculpture, Mount Nebo |
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File:BrazenSerpent.JPG|Detail of ''Brazen Serpent'' statue |
File:BrazenSerpent.JPG|Detail of ''Brazen Serpent'' statue |
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File:Mount Nebo (2007-05-826) (1330156315).jpg|View from Mount Nebo |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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*{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Nebo, Mount|short=x}} |
*{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Nebo, Mount|short=x}} |
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*[https://acor.digitalrelab.com/index.php?s=filter=place_name:Mount%20Nebo%20(Jordan) Photos of Mount Nebo] at the [[American Center of Research]] |
*[https://acor.digitalrelab.com/index.php?s=filter=place_name:Mount%20Nebo%20(Jordan) Photos of Mount Nebo] at the [[American Center of Research]] |
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*[https://www.manar-al-athar.ox.ac.uk/pages/collections_featured.php?parent=6223 Photos of Mount Nebo] at the [[Manar al-Athar]] photo archive |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Ridges of Asia]] |
[[Category:Ridges of Asia]] |
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[[Category:Tourism in Jordan]] |
[[Category:Tourism in Jordan]] |
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[[Category:Mountains associated with Christian monasticism|Nebo]] |
Mount Nebo | |
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جَبَل نِيبُو הַר נְבוֹ | |
Mount Nebo seen from the east
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Highest point | |
Elevation | 700 metres (2,297 ft) |
Coordinates | 31°46.0′N 35°43.5′E / 31.7667°N 35.7250°E / 31.7667; 35.7250 |
Naming | |
Native name | جَبَل نِيبُو (Arabic) |
Geography | |
Location | |
Location | Jordan |
Region | Madaba Governorate |
Mount Nebo (Arabic: جَبَل نِيبُو, romanized: Jabal Nībū; Hebrew: הַר נְבוֹ, romanized: Har Nəḇō) is an elevated ridge located in Jordan, approximately 700 metres (2,300 ft) above sea level. Part of the Abarim mountain range, Mount Nebo is mentioned in the Bible as the place where Moses was granted a view of the Promised Land before his death. The view from the summit provides a panorama of the West Bank across the Jordan River valley. The city of Jericho is usually visible from the summit, as is Jerusalem on a very clear day. The biblical town of Nebo, now known as Khirbet al-Mukhayyat, is located 3.5 km away.
According to the Bible (Deuteronomy), Moses ascended Mount Nebo, in the land of Moab (today in Jordan), and from there he saw the Land of Canaan (the Promised Land), which God had said he would not enter; Moses then died there.[1] The Bible (Deuteronomy 34:6) says Moses' burial place was unknown. A monument atop Mount Nebo commemorates Moses' death after seeing Canaan, across the Jordan valley. A purported grave of Moses is located at Maqam El-Nabi Musa, in the West Bank, 11 km (6.8 mi) south of Jericho and 20 km (12 mi) east of Jerusalem.[2]
Mount Nebo is then mentioned again in 2 Maccabees (2:4–7), when the prophet Jeremiah hid the tabernacle and the Ark of the Covenant in a cave there.
A Christian church from Byzantine times stands on the top of Mount Nebo.
On March 20, 2000, Pope John Paul II visited the summit of Mount Nebo during his pilgrimage to the Holy Land.[3] During his visit, he planted an olive tree next to the Byzantine chapel, as a symbol of peace.[4] Pope Benedict XVI visited the site in 2009, gave a speech, and looked out from the top of the mountain in the direction of Jerusalem.[5]
A serpentine cross sculpture atop Mount Nebo was created by Italian artist Gian Paolo Fantoni. It is symbolic of the miracle of the bronze serpent invoked by Moses in the wilderness (Numbers 21:4–9) and the cross upon which Jesus was crucified (John 3:14).
Systematic exploration begun by Sylvester J. Saller O.F.M. was continued in 1933 by Jerome Mihaic of the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum. On the highest point of the mountain, Syagha,[6] the remains of a Byzantine church[7] and monastery were discovered in 1933.[8] The church was first constructed in the second half of the 4th century to commemorate the place of Moses' death. The church design follows a typical basilica pattern. It was enlarged in the late fifth century AD and rebuilt in AD 597. The church is first mentioned in an account of a pilgrimage made by a lady Aetheria in AD 394. Six tombs have been found hollowed from the natural rock beneath the mosaic-covered floor of the church.
Bellarmino Bagatti worked on the site in 1935. Virgilio Canio Corbo later excavated the interior of the basilica.[9]
The ancient church, a pilgrimage destination since the 4th century, was excavated between 1933 and 1938 by Sylvester Saller, bringing to light the basilica with its chapels and the annexes of the monastery.[10] The exquisite mosaics were then covered back with soil for protection.[10] In 1963, the Custody of the Holy Land decided to restore the mosaic floors and Virgilio Corbo was put in charge of the project.[10] A metal shelter designed in Oxford was erected over the ruins, but work was interrupted by the 1967 Arab-Israeli war.[10] Renewed work ensued between 1976-1984, when a new mosaic was discovered in the diaconicon-baptistery.[10] By 1984 the consolidation work was completed, and as a result, the basilica could be used both for liturgical purposes, as well as for displaying the restored mosaics, either in situ or mounted on the walls.[10] After renewed plans drawn in 1989 and geological surveys and assessments of the ancient and modern structures made a decade later, a new shelter, basically a complete basilica was built over the ancient church between December 2007 and the reopening day on 15 October 2016. Not even the sudden death of Michelle Piccirillo, a key figure in the project, in October 2008, led to a break in the work.[10]
In the modern chapel presbytery, built to protect the site and provide worship space, remnants of mosaic floors from different periods can be seen. The earliest of these is a panel with a braided cross presently placed on the east end of the south wall.[citation needed]
{{cite book}}
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