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{{Use New Zealand English|date=August 2013}} |
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{{Infobox government agency |
{{Infobox government agency |
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| agency_name = National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research |
| agency_name = National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research |
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| nativename_r = {{lang|mi|Taihoro Nukurangi}} |
| nativename_r = {{lang|mi|Taihoro Nukurangi}} |
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| logo = NIWA Logo, 2018.png |
| logo = NIWA Logo, 2018.png |
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| logo_width = 250 px |
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| logo_caption = National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research logo |
| logo_caption = National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research logo |
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| image = National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research 20240213 125438 02.jpg |
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| image_caption = NIWA head offices in [[Auckland]], New Zealand |
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| formed = 1992<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our company {{!}} NIWA |url=https://niwa.co.nz/about-niwa/our-company |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=niwa.co.nz}}</ref> |
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| chief1_position = Chief Executive |
| chief1_position = Chief Executive |
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| chief2_name = Barry Harris |
| chief2_name = Barry Harris |
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| chief2_position = Chair |
| chief2_position = Chair |
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| website = {{Official URL}} |
| website = {{Official URL}} |
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The '''National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research''' or '''NIWA''' ({{lang-mi|Taihoro Nukurangi}}), is a [[Crown Research Institute]] of [[New Zealand]]. Established in 1992, NIWA conducts research across a broad range of disciplines in the [[environmental science]]s. It also maintains nationally and, in some cases, internationally important environmental monitoring networks, databases, and collections. |
The '''National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research''' or '''NIWA''' ({{lang-mi|Taihoro Nukurangi}}), is a [[Crown Research Institute]] of [[New Zealand]]. Established in 1992, NIWA conducts research across a broad range of disciplines in the [[environmental science]]s. It also maintains nationally and, in some cases, internationally important [[environmental monitoring]] networks, databases, and collections. |
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{{As of|2019}}, NIWA had 697 staff spread across 14 sites in New Zealand and one in [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]], Australia.<ref name="2014YearinReview">{{cite web|url=https://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/niwa.co.nz/files/NIWA_Annual_Report_2015-16printweb130ppi.pdf|title=NIWA Annual Report 2015–2016|access-date=2017-07-24}}</ref> Its head office is in [[Auckland]], with regional offices in [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]], [[Wellington]], [[Christchurch]], [[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]], and [[Lauder, New Zealand|Lauder]] (Central Otago). It also has small field teams, focused mostly on [[hydrology]], stationed in [[Bream Bay]], [[Lake Tekapo (town)|Lake Tekapo]], [[Rotorua]], [[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]], [[Whanganui]], [[Greymouth]], [[Alexandra, New Zealand|Alexandra]], and [[Dunedin]]. NIWA maintains a fleet of about 30 vessels for freshwater, marine, and atmospheric research.<ref name="NIWAvessels">{{cite web|url=https://www.niwa.co.nz/vessels|title=Vessels|date=23 February 2009}}</ref> |
{{As of|2019}}, NIWA had 697 staff spread across 14 sites in New Zealand and one in [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]], Australia.<ref name="2014YearinReview">{{cite web|url=https://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/niwa.co.nz/files/NIWA_Annual_Report_2015-16printweb130ppi.pdf|title=NIWA Annual Report 2015–2016|access-date=2017-07-24}}</ref> Its head office is in [[Auckland]], with regional offices in [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]], [[Wellington]], [[Christchurch]], [[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]], and [[Lauder, New Zealand|Lauder]] (Central Otago). It also has small field teams, focused mostly on [[hydrology]], stationed in [[Bream Bay]], [[Lake Tekapo (town)|Lake Tekapo]], [[Rotorua]], [[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]], [[Whanganui]], [[Greymouth]], [[Alexandra, New Zealand|Alexandra]], and [[Dunedin]]. NIWA maintains a fleet of about 30 vessels for freshwater, marine, and atmospheric research.<ref name="NIWAvessels">{{cite web|url=https://www.niwa.co.nz/vessels|title=Vessels|date=23 February 2009}}</ref> |
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== Mission statement == |
== Mission statement == |
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"NIWA's mission is to conduct leading [[environmental science]] to enable the sustainable management of natural resources for New Zealand and the planet."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.niwa.co.nz/|title=NIWA homepage|access-date=2009-07-03}}</ref> |
"NIWA's mission is to conduct leading [[environmental science]] to enable the sustainable management of natural resources for New Zealand and the planet."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.niwa.co.nz/|title=NIWA homepage|access-date=2009-07-03}}</ref> |
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== History == |
== History == |
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NIWA was formed as a stand-alone organisation in 1992 as part of a government initiative to restructure the New Zealand science sector.<ref>Davenport, S. and Bibby, D., 2007. Contestability and contested stability: Life and times of CSIRO’s New Zealand cousins, the Crown Research Institutes. Innovation, 9(2), pp.181-191.</ref> Its foundation staff came mainly from the former Department of Scientific |
NIWA was formed as a stand-alone organisation in 1992 as part of a government initiative to restructure the New Zealand science sector.<ref>Davenport, S. and Bibby, D., 2007. Contestability and contested stability: Life and times of CSIRO’s New Zealand cousins, the Crown Research Institutes. Innovation, 9(2), pp.181-191.</ref> Its foundation staff came mainly from the former [[Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (New Zealand)|Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR)]] and the [[Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited|Meteorological Service]]. One of the DSIR divisions absorbed was the [[N.Z. Oceanographic Institute]]. The Fisheries Research Division of the former Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries joined NIWA in 1995. |
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NIWA is currently structured as a limited liability company<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.business.govt.nz/companies/app/ui/pages/companies/550957 |title=NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WATER AND ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH LIMITED |work=business.govt.nz |year=2011 |access-date=15 October 2011}}</ref> under the [[Crown Research Institutes Act 1992]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1992/0047/latest/whole.html#dlm264292 |title=Crown Research Institutes Act 1992 No 47 (as at 01 February 2011), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation |work=legislation.govt.nz |year=2011 |access-date=15 October 2011}}</ref> |
NIWA is currently structured as a limited liability company<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.business.govt.nz/companies/app/ui/pages/companies/550957 |title=NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WATER AND ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH LIMITED |work=business.govt.nz |year=2011 |access-date=15 October 2011}}</ref> under the [[Crown Research Institutes Act 1992]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1992/0047/latest/whole.html#dlm264292 |title=Crown Research Institutes Act 1992 No 47 (as at 01 February 2011), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation |work=legislation.govt.nz |year=2011 |access-date=15 October 2011}}</ref> |
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⚫ | Most of NIWA's revenue is from contestable research funding and commercial consultancy work. {{As of|2014}}, NIWA had a revenue of $123.8 million and assets of $103.6 million.<ref name=2014YearinReview /> |
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== Research == |
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NIWA focuses on atmospheric, marine, and freshwater research – extending from the deep ocean to the upper atmosphere – in New Zealand, the Pacific, Southern Ocean, and Antarctica. |
NIWA focuses on atmospheric, marine, and freshwater research – extending from the deep ocean to the upper atmosphere – in New Zealand, the Pacific, Southern Ocean, and Antarctica. |
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NIWA's research spans diverse fields: |
NIWA's research spans diverse fields: |
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{{Div col|colwidth=22em}} |
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* [[aquaculture]] |
* [[aquaculture]] |
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* aquatic [[biodiversity]] |
* aquatic [[biodiversity]] |
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* [[oceanography]] |
* [[oceanography]] |
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* [[sedimentology]] |
* [[sedimentology]] |
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{{Div col end}} |
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Research projects are undertaken in collaboration with local and central government agencies, other [[Crown Research Institutes]], industry, private research companies, and universities in New Zealand and the rest of the world. In 2007–08, NIWA scientists were involved in more than 970 collaborations and NIWA had formal links with some 150 overseas institutions.<ref name=2008YearinReview>{{cite web|url=https://www.niwa.co.nz/about-niwa/annual-reports/2009 |title=2008 Year in Review of the National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd |access-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724052811/https://www.niwa.co.nz/about-niwa/annual-reports/2009 |archive-date=24 July 2009 }}</ref> |
Research projects are undertaken in collaboration with local and central government agencies, other [[Crown Research Institutes]], industry, private research companies, and universities in New Zealand and the rest of the world. In 2007–08, NIWA scientists were involved in more than 970 collaborations and NIWA had formal links with some 150 overseas institutions.<ref name=2008YearinReview>{{cite web|url=https://www.niwa.co.nz/about-niwa/annual-reports/2009 |title=2008 Year in Review of the National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd |access-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724052811/https://www.niwa.co.nz/about-niwa/annual-reports/2009 |archive-date=24 July 2009 }}</ref> |
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⚫ | Within New Zealand, NIWA has close working relationships with many Māori entities (85 entities in 2007-08<ref name=2008YearinReview />) through its Māori environmental research group, [https://www.niwa.co.nz/te-kūwaha Te Kūwaha o Taihoro Nukurangi]. NIWA set up the '''Te Kūwaha – Māori Environmental Research group''' to develop ways of sharing knowledge with Māori communities and empowering Māori business with the latest science. This is a critical part of science in Aotearoa New Zealand as institutes have been criticised for poor representation for Māori and Pasifika researchers.<ref>McAllister, T.G., Naepi, S., Wilson, E., Hikuroa, D. and Walker, L.A., 2020. Under-represented and overlooked: Māori and Pasifika scientists in Aotearoa New Zealand’s universities and crown-research institutes. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, pp.1-16.</ref> The team have had notable success with a [[taonga]] species guide and Māori specific climate impact research.<ref>King, D.N., Goff, J. and Skipper, A., 2007. Māori environmental knowledge and natural hazards in Aotearoa‐New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 37(2), pp.59-73.</ref> |
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⚫ | Most of NIWA's revenue is from contestable research funding and commercial consultancy work. {{As of|2014}}, NIWA had a revenue of $123.8 million and assets of $103.6 million.<ref name=2014YearinReview /> |
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== People == |
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== Share of 2007 Nobel Peace Prize == |
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Past and present staff include: |
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In 2007, 12 NIWA climate scientists – Greg Bodeker, Matt Dunn, Rod Henderson, Darren King, Keith Lassey, |
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{{Div col|colwidth=22em}} |
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*[[Helen Bostock]] – oceanographer |
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== Past and Present Notable Scientists == |
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*[[Helen Bostock]] – now at [[University of Queensland]] |
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*[[Helen Elizabeth Shearburn Clark|Helen ES Clark (Rotman)]] – zoologist |
*[[Helen Elizabeth Shearburn Clark|Helen ES Clark (Rotman)]] – zoologist |
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* Dennis Gordon – zoologist |
*[[Dennis Gordon (zoologist)|Dennis Gordon]] – zoologist |
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*[[Janet Grieve]] – zoologist |
*[[Janet Grieve]] – zoologist |
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*[[Clive Howard-Williams]] – freshwater biologist |
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*[[Andrew Leachman]] – master mariner |
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*[https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/climate-news/300001430/key-kiwi-in-the-field-of-climate-science Brett Mullan] climate scientist |
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*[[Brett Mullan]] – climate scientist<ref name="Stuff-Mullan1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/climate-news/300001430/key-kiwi-in-the-field-of-climate-science|title=Key Kiwi in the field of climate science|last=Pepperell|first=Susan|date=30 April 2020|work=Stuff|access-date=18 August 2023}}</ref> |
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*[[Dave Lowe (atmospheric scientist)]] |
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*[[ |
*[[Dave Lowe (atmospheric scientist)|Dave Lowe]] – atmospheric scientist |
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*[[ |
*[[Wendy Nelson (marine scientist)|Wendy Nelson]] – phycologist |
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*[[James Renwick (climate scientist)|James Renwick]] – climate scientist |
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*[[Natalie Robinson]] – polar oceanographer |
*[[Natalie Robinson]] – polar oceanographer |
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*[[Jim Salinger]] |
*[[Jim Salinger]] – climate scientist |
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*[[ |
*[[Simon Thrush]] – marine ecologist |
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*[[Dianne Tracey]] – deep-sea marine biologist |
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*[[David Wratt]] – climate scientist |
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{{Div col end}} |
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=== Awards === |
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⚫ | In 2007, 12 NIWA climate scientists – Greg Bodeker, Matt Dunn, Rod Henderson, Darren King, Keith Lassey, [[Dave Lowe (atmospheric scientist)|Dave Lowe]], [[Brett Mullan]], Kath O'Shaughnessy, Guy Penny, [[James Renwick (climate scientist)|James Renwick]], [[Jim Salinger]] and [[David Wratt]] – shared the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] with other contributors to the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]].<ref name=Nobel>{{cite web|url=https://www.royalsociety.org.nz/Site/news/media_releases/Nobel2007.aspx|title=Announcement by the Royal Society of New Zealand: New Zealand Scientists Part of Nobel Award|date=16 October 2007|access-date=2009-07-03}}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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== Research facilities == |
== Research facilities == |
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NIWA's |
NIWA's research facilities include: |
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* A gas laboratory which uses [[gas chromatography]] and [[mass spectrometry]] to assess the composition of gases and their [[isotopes]] in samples of air and water, and isotope analysis of solid material. |
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* An ecotoxicology laboratory for assessing the effects of contaminants – such as [[heavy metals]], [[pesticide]]s, and wastes – on aquatic organisms. |
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* Aquaculture research facilities at Bream Bay in Northland and at Mahanga Bay, Wellington. |
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* An upper atmosphere research laboratory located at Lauder, Central Otago, New Zealand. |
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* Additionally, NIWA also operates (in conjunction with [[Antarctica New Zealand]]) a suite of atmospheric in situ and [[remote sensing]] instruments at [[Arrival Heights]], Ross Island, Antarctica. |
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=== Lauder Atmospheric Research Laboratory === |
=== Lauder Atmospheric Research Laboratory === |
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==== Location ==== |
==== Location ==== |
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[[Lauder, New Zealand|Lauder]] |
[[Lauder, New Zealand|Lauder]] is located 33 km north-east of [[Alexandra, New Zealand|Alexandra]], in the [[South Island]] of New Zealand.<ref name="pamphlet">[https://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/niwa.co.nz/files/import/attachments/Lauder-Flyer-09h.pdf Atmospheric Research at NIWA Lauder Information Pamphlet, accessed 2 December 2015]</ref> It also hosts a telescope part of the [[BOOTES]] network. This location was chosen for the laboratory due to the area's low horizons, clear skies, dry atmosphere, and southern latitude location.<ref name="gawsis">[http://www.odt.co.nz/regions/central-otago/361572/installing-solar-panels-chance-test-benefits Installing solar panels chance to test benefits, accessed 3 December 2015]</ref> |
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==== Research history ==== |
==== Research history ==== |
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A research laboratory was originally established at Lauder in 1961 with the purpose of observing the [[aurora]].<ref name="gawsis" /><ref name="solar">{{cite web|url=http://gaw.empa.ch/gawsis/reports.asp?StationID=62|title=Global Atmosphere Watch Lauder Station Information, accessed 3.12.2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208133114/http://gaw.empa.ch/gawsis/reports.asp?StationID=62|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> |
A research laboratory was originally established at Lauder in 1961 with the purpose of observing the [[aurora]].<ref name="gawsis" /><ref name="solar">{{cite web|url=http://gaw.empa.ch/gawsis/reports.asp?StationID=62|title=Global Atmosphere Watch Lauder Station Information, accessed 3.12.2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208133114/http://gaw.empa.ch/gawsis/reports.asp?StationID=62|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> |
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In the Mid-70's Lauder was a ground tracking station for the satellite ensemble "International Satellites for Ionospheric Studies" ([[ISIS (satellite)]]). By the late 1970s research had shifted focus to the stratosphere.<ref name="fifty_years" /> This shift was driven by the fear of [[ozone depletion]] due to manufactured gases, and by the fact that the ozone hole had been discovered. Lauder had begun measuring UV radiation, ozone, and other gases associated with ozone depletion.<ref name="1999_Journal"> |
In the Mid-70's Lauder was a ground tracking station for the satellite ensemble "International Satellites for Ionospheric Studies" ([[ISIS (satellite)]]). By the late 1970s research had shifted focus to the stratosphere.<ref name="fifty_years" /> This shift was driven by the fear of [[ozone depletion]] due to manufactured gases, and by the fact that the ozone hole had been discovered. Lauder had begun measuring UV radiation, ozone, and other gases associated with ozone depletion.<ref name="1999_Journal">McKenzie, R., Connor, B., Bodeker, G. (1999). Increased Summertime UV Radiation in New Zealand in Response to Ozone Loss. Science. [Online] 285 (5434), 1709–1711. 10.1126/science.285.5434.1709.</ref> From the 1990s Lauder has also monitored the effects of ozone depletion on solar [[UV]] irradiance.<ref name="1996_Journal">McKenzie, R., Kotkamp, M., Ireland, W. (1996). Upwelling UV spectral irradiances and surface albedo measurements at Lauder, New Zealand. Geophysical Research Letters. [Online] 23 (14), 1757–1760. 10.1029/96GL01668</ref> |
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Recently, research at Lauder has focused on interactions between [[climate change]] and ozone depletion and Lauder now measures most gases that contribute to climate change.<ref name="fifty_years" /> Computer models to predict future atmospheric changes have also been developed at Lauder, and the atmospheric measurements taken at Lauder are used in climate models around the world.<ref name="fifty_years" /> |
Recently, research at Lauder has focused on interactions between [[climate change]] and ozone depletion and Lauder now measures most gases that contribute to climate change.<ref name="fifty_years" /> Computer models to predict future atmospheric changes have also been developed at Lauder, and the atmospheric measurements taken at Lauder are used in climate models around the world.<ref name="fifty_years" /> |
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==== Importance ==== |
==== Importance ==== |
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The Lauder Atmospheric Research Laboratory is well known throughout the international world of atmospheric research through its participation in the international Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change ([[NDACC]]),<ref name="NDACC">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndsc.ncep.noaa.gov/sites/stat_reps/lauder/|title=NDACC Station: Lauder, New Zealand|first=CPC NDACC Web|last=Team|website=ndsc.ncep.noaa.gov}}</ref> [[Baseline Surface Radiation Network|BSRN]],<ref name="BSRN">{{cite web|url=http://www.bsrn.awi.de/|title=Baseline Surface Radiation Network: Baseline Surface Radiation Network|last=wcohrs|website=bsrn.awi.de}}</ref> [[Total Carbon Column Observing Network|TCCON]],<ref name="TCCON">{{cite web|url=https://tccon-wiki.caltech.edu/|title=TCCON – Tccon-wiki|website=tccon-wiki.caltech.edu}}</ref> and [[Global Climate Observing System|GCOS]] Reference Upper Air Network (GRUAN).<ref name="global_status" /><ref name="GRUAN">{{cite web|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/programmes/global-climate-observing-system?name=GRUAN|title=Global Climate Observing System|date=16 October 2015}}</ref> |
The Lauder Atmospheric Research Laboratory is well known throughout the international world of atmospheric research through its participation in the international Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change ([[NDACC]]),<ref name="NDACC">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndsc.ncep.noaa.gov/sites/stat_reps/lauder/|title=NDACC Station: Lauder, New Zealand|first=CPC NDACC Web|last=Team|website=ndsc.ncep.noaa.gov}}</ref> [[Baseline Surface Radiation Network|BSRN]],<ref name="BSRN">{{cite web|url=http://www.bsrn.awi.de/|title=Baseline Surface Radiation Network: Baseline Surface Radiation Network|last=wcohrs|website=bsrn.awi.de}}</ref> [[Total Carbon Column Observing Network|TCCON]],<ref name="TCCON">{{cite web|url=https://tccon-wiki.caltech.edu/|title=TCCON – Tccon-wiki|website=tccon-wiki.caltech.edu}}</ref> and [[Global Climate Observing System|GCOS]] Reference Upper Air Network (GRUAN).<ref name="global_status" /><ref name="GRUAN">{{cite web|url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/programmes/global-climate-observing-system?name=GRUAN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218171803/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/programmes/global-climate-observing-system?name=GRUAN|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 December 2023|title=Global Climate Observing System|date=16 October 2015}}</ref> |
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Lauder has many ongoing long-term measurements, including the longest time-series of [[nitrogen dioxide]] in the world.<ref name="pamphlet" /> |
Lauder has many ongoing long-term measurements, including the longest time-series of [[nitrogen dioxide]] in the world.<ref name="pamphlet" /> |
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Solar radiation measurements at Lauder are used in studies on the effects of UV radiation on human health and in the solar energy and building industries<ref name="UV_article">{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/southland-times/news/features/8232012/New-study-on-UV|title=New study on UV|website=Stuff|date=28 January 2013}}</ref> |
Solar radiation measurements at Lauder are used in studies on the effects of UV radiation on human health and in the solar energy and building industries<ref name="UV_article">{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/southland-times/news/features/8232012/New-study-on-UV|title=New study on UV|website=Stuff|date=28 January 2013}}</ref> |
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[[File:RV Tangaroa(NCycle).jpg|thumb|right|450px|NZ research vessel RV Tangaroa]] |
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⚫ | In 2018 NIWA commissioned 3 powerful Cray supercomputers called Mahuika, Maui and Kupe, forming the HPCF (High Performance Computing Facility).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.niwa.co.nz/our-services/high-performance-computing-facility|title=High Performance Computing Facility|website=National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research|date=20 July 2010|access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref> The HPCF is capable of processing more than two thousand trillion calculations per second. 2 of the 3 Cray supercomputers (Mahuika and Maui) are located in NIWA's Wellington campus, while Kupe is located at the University of Tamaki Data Centre. It also leads investigations such as the analysis of genetic information, the modelling of the impact of climate change and forecasting weather related hazards. The detailed specifications of the HPCF can be found [https://www.niwa.co.nz/our-services/high-performance-computing-facility/hpcf-fact-sheet here]. |
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== NIWA |
=== NIWA Invertebrate Collection === |
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⚫ | The NIWA Invertebrate Collection (NIC) <ref>{{cite web|url=https://niwa.co.nz/our-services/online-services/nic|title=NIWA Invertebrate Collection|date=17 January 2019 }}</ref> is the largest repository of marine [[invertebrate]] (animals without a backbone) specimens from the New Zealand region, southwestern Pacific, and the [[Ross Sea]] (Antarctica). It holds representatives of almost all [[phylum|phyla]] in the New Zealand region. Collected over the last 50 years and still growing, the collection holds several million specimens, ranging from single-celled organisms to giant corals. {{As of|2015}}, it included over 2100 [[holotype|type]] specimens of species new to science (800 holotypes and 1300 paratypes). The collection is used by scientists, teachers, and journalists throughout New Zealand and the world. |
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=== Natural Hazards Centre === |
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[[File:RV Kaharoa.png|thumb|NZ research vessel RV Kaharoa]] |
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⚫ | In 2002 NIWA teamed up with the [[GNS Science|Institute of Geological and Nuclear Science]] to create the Natural Hazards Centre as a New Zealand resource for all hazards information and advice. The centre develops systems to monitor and predict the following hazards: [[earthquakes]], [[tsunami]], [[floods]], [[storms]], landslides, [[coastal flooding]] and waves, [[coastal erosion]], and [[volcanoes]]. |
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== Research vessels == |
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Foremost among NIWA's 30 vessels<ref name="NIWAvessels" /> is the 70-metre deepwater research vessel [[RV Tangaroa|RV ''Tangaroa'']],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.niwa.co.nz/services/vessels/niwa-vessels/rv-tangaroa|title=RV Tangaroa|date=23 February 2009}}</ref> New Zealand's only ice-strengthened research ship. The 28-metre RV [https://www.niwa.co.nz/services/vessels/niwa-vessels/kaharoa''Kaharoa''] is used mainly for coastal research, but has gone further afield to deploy ocean-profiling [[Argo (oceanography)|Argo]] floats, from Chile to Mauritius.<ref name=2008YearinReview /> |
Foremost among NIWA's 30 vessels<ref name="NIWAvessels" /> is the 70-metre deepwater research vessel [[RV Tangaroa|RV ''Tangaroa'']],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.niwa.co.nz/services/vessels/niwa-vessels/rv-tangaroa|title=RV Tangaroa|date=23 February 2009}}</ref> New Zealand's only ice-strengthened research ship. The 28-metre RV [https://www.niwa.co.nz/services/vessels/niwa-vessels/kaharoa''Kaharoa''] is used mainly for coastal research, but has gone further afield to deploy ocean-profiling [[Argo (oceanography)|Argo]] floats, from Chile to Mauritius.<ref name=2008YearinReview /> |
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{{Gallery |
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[[File:Argo floats in Feb. 2018 colour coded by country.png|thumb|Argo floats in Feb. 2018 colour coded by country]] |
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|title=NIWA research vessels |
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|width=180 |
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== Māori environmental science == |
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|align=center |
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⚫ |
NIWA set up the Te Kūwaha – Māori Environmental Research group to develop ways of sharing knowledge with Māori communities and empowering Māori business with the latest science. This is a critical part of science in Aotearoa New Zealand as institutes have been |
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|File:RV Tangaroa(NCycle).jpg |
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|{{center|[[RV Tangaroa|RV ''Tangaroa'']]}} |
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⚫ | |||
|File:RV Kaharoa.png |
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⚫ | In 2018 NIWA commissioned 3 powerful Cray supercomputers called Mahuika, Maui and Kupe, forming the HPCF (High Performance Computing Facility).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.niwa.co.nz/our-services/high-performance-computing-facility|title=High Performance Computing Facility|website=National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research|date=20 July 2010|access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref> The HPCF is capable of processing more than two thousand trillion calculations per second. 2 of the 3 Cray supercomputers (Mahuika and Maui) are located in NIWA's Wellington campus, while Kupe is located at the University of Tamaki Data Centre. It also leads investigations such as the analysis of genetic information, the modelling of the impact of climate change and forecasting weather related hazards. The detailed specifications of the HPCF can be found [https://www.niwa.co.nz/our-services/high-performance-computing-facility/hpcf-fact-sheet here]. |
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|{{center|RV ''Kaharoa''}} |
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}} |
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== Environmental Monitoring Networks == |
== Environmental monitoring == |
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=== Monitoring Networks === |
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NIWA maintains a range of monitoring networks that collect long-term environmental data, including climate information, sea level, river flows, water quality, and freshwater fish distributions and habitats. |
NIWA maintains a range of monitoring networks that collect long-term environmental data, including climate information, sea level, river flows, water quality, and freshwater fish distributions and habitats. |
||
As at 1 August 2008, NIWA had 1339 operational stations in its climate and water monitoring networks, spread throughout New Zealand, including the [[Chatham Islands]].<ref name=2008YearinReview /> NIWA also holds data from more than 3000 closed stations, many of which have long usable records.<ref name=2008YearinReview /> The National Water Quality Network, for instance, has been operating at 77 sites since the 1970s.<ref name=2008YearinReview /> It can now show long-term trends in water quality. |
As at 1 August 2008, NIWA had 1339 operational stations in its climate and water monitoring networks, spread throughout New Zealand, including the [[Chatham Islands]].<ref name=2008YearinReview /> NIWA also holds data from more than 3000 closed stations, many of which have long usable records.<ref name=2008YearinReview /> The National Water Quality Network, for instance, has been operating at 77 sites since the 1970s.<ref name=2008YearinReview /> It can now show long-term trends in water quality. |
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== Environmental data == |
=== Environmental data === |
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NIWA maintains several databases containing long-term records of environmental data, and species records. The [https://www.niwa.co.nz/our-science/climate/our-services/all/data National Climate Database], for instance, contains more than 250 million individual measurements ({{as of|2008|8|lc=y}}), with records dating back to the 1850s.<ref name=2008YearinReview /> The [https://www.niwa.co.nz/our-services/online-services/freshwater-fish-database New Zealand Freshwater Fish Database] records the occurrence of fish in fresh waters of New Zealand, including major offshore islands, and details of their habitats. {{As of|2009|6}}, the database included more than 28 000 records. Among other things, these databases are used to detect geographical and temporal trends in the state of the environment. |
NIWA maintains several databases containing long-term records of environmental data, and species records. The [https://www.niwa.co.nz/our-science/climate/our-services/all/data National Climate Database], for instance, contains more than 250 million individual measurements ({{as of|2008|8|lc=y}}), with records dating back to the 1850s.<ref name=2008YearinReview /> The [https://www.niwa.co.nz/our-services/online-services/freshwater-fish-database New Zealand Freshwater Fish Database] records the occurrence of fish in fresh waters of New Zealand, including major offshore islands, and details of their habitats. {{As of|2009|6}}, the database included more than 28 000 records. Among other things, these databases are used to detect geographical and temporal trends in the state of the environment. |
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The information in NIWA's databases is in high demand. In the 2007-08 financial year, for instance, NIWA responded to more than 350 000 requests for data from its databases.<ref name=2008YearinReview /> In July 2007, NIWA allowed free online access to archived data on climate, lake levels, river flow, sea levels, water quality, and freshwater fish. |
The information in NIWA's databases is in high demand. In the 2007-08 financial year, for instance, NIWA responded to more than 350 000 requests for data from its databases.<ref name=2008YearinReview /> In July 2007, NIWA allowed free online access to archived data on climate, lake levels, river flow, sea levels, water quality, and freshwater fish. |
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=== Weather forecasting competition with MetService === |
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== NIWA Invertebrate Collection == |
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⚫ | NIWA and [[MetService]] are both government organizations that produce weather forecasts. In 2009, they signed a memorandum of understanding to work more closely together.<ref>{{cite news |title=Better forecasts tipped as weather agencies end feud |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/139263/Better-forecasts-tipped-as-weather-agencies-end-feud |access-date=14 February 2023 |work=Stuff |date=17 February 2009 |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, NIWA chief executive John Morgan told Parliament the two organizations are like "a car and a truck; both being vehicles but each serving different purposes".<ref>{{cite news |title=Weather wars: MetService, Niwa grilled over forecaster 'double-up' |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/metservice-niwa-grilled-over-forecaster-double-up/EMMSND6FMCRRGRUZIUZP2E6W4Q/ |access-date=14 February 2023 |work=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> Private weather forecaster WeatherWatch commented that it is "bizarre" the government is funding two weather forecasters and compared it to "Fire Service getting into Police Speeding Infringements".<ref>{{cite news |title=ComCom ends investigation after MetService makes changes for good – but what about Niwa? |url=https://www.weatherwatch.co.nz/content/comcom-ends-investigation-after-metservice-makes-changes-for-good-but-what-about-niwa |access-date=14 February 2023 |work=WeatherWatch.co.nz}}</ref> |
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⚫ | The NIWA Invertebrate Collection<ref>{{cite web|url=https://niwa.co.nz/our-services/online-services/nic|title=NIWA Invertebrate Collection}}</ref> is the largest repository of marine [[invertebrate]] (animals without a backbone) specimens from the New Zealand region, southwestern Pacific, and the [[Ross Sea]] (Antarctica). It holds representatives of almost all [[phylum|phyla]] in the New Zealand region. Collected over the last 50 years and still growing, the collection holds several million specimens, ranging from single-celled organisms to giant corals. {{As of|2015}}, it included over 2100 [[holotype|type]] specimens of species new to science (800 holotypes and 1300 paratypes). The collection is used by scientists, teachers, and journalists throughout New Zealand and the world. |
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== |
== Legal issues == |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | In 2002 NIWA teamed up with the [[GNS Science|Institute of Geological and Nuclear Science]] to create the Natural Hazards Centre as a New Zealand resource for all hazards information and advice. The centre develops systems to monitor and predict the following hazards: [[earthquakes]], [[tsunami]], [[floods]], [[storms]], landslides, [[coastal flooding]] and waves, [[coastal erosion]], and [[volcanoes]]. |
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⚫ | From 2010 to 2012, NIWA defended itself in a court case claiming that they had exaggerated temperature increases. The charge was brought by the [[climate change deniers]] The New Zealand Climate Education Trust – a branch of the [[New Zealand Climate Science Coalition]]. They challenged NIWA figures which showed a rise in temperatures in New Zealand of 1 °C over the past 100 years. The [[climate denier]] group said the published increase of 1 °C was significantly higher than global warming figures around the world and almost 50 per cent above the global average. In a High Court judgement, Justice Geoffrey Venning ruled that the New Zealand Climate Science Education Trust had not been successful in any of the challenges they brought against NIWA. Justice Venning also decided that NIWA's cost should be paid by the trust and he said that if an agreement on the costs could not be reached he would make another ruling at a later stage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/7634556/Climate-sceptics-fail-in-Niwa-case|title = Climate sceptics fail in Niwa case|date = 7 September 2012}}</ref> |
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==Competition with MetService== |
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⚫ | NIWA and [[MetService]] are both government organizations that produce weather forecasts. In 2009, they signed a memorandum of understanding to work more closely together.<ref>{{cite news |title=Better forecasts tipped as weather agencies end feud |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/139263/Better-forecasts-tipped-as-weather-agencies-end-feud |access-date=14 February 2023 |work=Stuff |date=17 February 2009 |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, NIWA chief executive John Morgan told Parliament the two organizations are like "a car and a truck; both being vehicles but each serving different purposes".<ref>{{cite news |title=Weather wars: MetService, Niwa grilled over forecaster 'double-up' |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/metservice-niwa-grilled-over-forecaster-double-up/EMMSND6FMCRRGRUZIUZP2E6W4Q/ |access-date=14 February 2023 |work=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> Private weather forecaster WeatherWatch commented that it is "bizarre" the government is funding two weather forecasters and compared it to "Fire Service getting into Police Speeding Infringements".<ref>{{cite news |title=ComCom ends investigation after MetService makes changes for good – but what about Niwa? |url=https://www.weatherwatch.co.nz/content/comcom-ends-investigation-after-metservice-makes-changes-for-good-but-what-about-niwa |access-date=14 February 2023 |work=WeatherWatch.co.nz}}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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[[Category:Science and technology in New Zealand]] |
[[Category:Science and technology in New Zealand]] |
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[[Category:Hydrology organizations]] |
[[Category:Hydrology organizations]] |
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[[Category:Environmental organisations based in New Zealand]] |
Taihoro Nukurangi | |
![]()
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research logo
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![]() NIWA head offices in Auckland, New Zealand | |
Agency overview | |
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Formed | 1992[1] |
Headquarters | 41 Market Place, Viaduct Harbour, Auckland |
Employees | 610 |
Agency executives |
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Website | niwa![]() |
The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric ResearchorNIWA (Māori: Taihoro Nukurangi), is a Crown Research InstituteofNew Zealand. Established in 1992, NIWA conducts research across a broad range of disciplines in the environmental sciences. It also maintains nationally and, in some cases, internationally important environmental monitoring networks, databases, and collections.
As of 2019[update], NIWA had 697 staff spread across 14 sites in New Zealand and one in Perth, Australia.[2] Its head office is in Auckland, with regional offices in Hamilton, Wellington, Christchurch, Nelson, and Lauder (Central Otago). It also has small field teams, focused mostly on hydrology, stationed in Bream Bay, Lake Tekapo, Rotorua, Napier, Whanganui, Greymouth, Alexandra, and Dunedin. NIWA maintains a fleet of about 30 vessels for freshwater, marine, and atmospheric research.[3]
"NIWA's mission is to conduct leading environmental science to enable the sustainable management of natural resources for New Zealand and the planet."[4]
NIWA was formed as a stand-alone organisation in 1992 as part of a government initiative to restructure the New Zealand science sector.[5] Its foundation staff came mainly from the former Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) and the Meteorological Service. One of the DSIR divisions absorbed was the N.Z. Oceanographic Institute. The Fisheries Research Division of the former Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries joined NIWA in 1995.
NIWA is currently structured as a limited liability company[6] under the Crown Research Institutes Act 1992[7]
Most of NIWA's revenue is from contestable research funding and commercial consultancy work. As of 2014[update], NIWA had a revenue of $123.8 million and assets of $103.6 million.[2]
NIWA focuses on atmospheric, marine, and freshwater research – extending from the deep ocean to the upper atmosphere – in New Zealand, the Pacific, Southern Ocean, and Antarctica.
NIWA's research spans diverse fields:
Research projects are undertaken in collaboration with local and central government agencies, other Crown Research Institutes, industry, private research companies, and universities in New Zealand and the rest of the world. In 2007–08, NIWA scientists were involved in more than 970 collaborations and NIWA had formal links with some 150 overseas institutions.[8]
Within New Zealand, NIWA has close working relationships with many Māori entities (85 entities in 2007-08[8]) through its Māori environmental research group, Te Kūwaha o Taihoro Nukurangi. NIWA set up the Te Kūwaha – Māori Environmental Research group to develop ways of sharing knowledge with Māori communities and empowering Māori business with the latest science. This is a critical part of science in Aotearoa New Zealand as institutes have been criticised for poor representation for Māori and Pasifika researchers.[9] The team have had notable success with a taonga species guide and Māori specific climate impact research.[10]
Past and present staff include:
In 2007, 12 NIWA climate scientists – Greg Bodeker, Matt Dunn, Rod Henderson, Darren King, Keith Lassey, Dave Lowe, Brett Mullan, Kath O'Shaughnessy, Guy Penny, James Renwick, Jim Salinger and David Wratt – shared the Nobel Peace Prize with other contributors to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.[12]
NIWA's research facilities include:
The NIWA Lauder Atmospheric Research Laboratory takes atmospheric measurements for the purpose of observing and better understanding interactions between the stratosphere, troposphere and global climate. This is achieved through measurements of ozone, solar radiation, aerosols and greenhouse gases.[13] There are approximately 10 staff (scientists and technicians) working at the Laboratory (December 2015).
Lauder is located 33 km north-east of Alexandra, in the South Island of New Zealand.[14] It also hosts a telescope part of the BOOTES network. This location was chosen for the laboratory due to the area's low horizons, clear skies, dry atmosphere, and southern latitude location.[15]
A research laboratory was originally established at Lauder in 1961 with the purpose of observing the aurora.[15][16]
In the Mid-70's Lauder was a ground tracking station for the satellite ensemble "International Satellites for Ionospheric Studies" (ISIS (satellite)). By the late 1970s research had shifted focus to the stratosphere.[13] This shift was driven by the fear of ozone depletion due to manufactured gases, and by the fact that the ozone hole had been discovered. Lauder had begun measuring UV radiation, ozone, and other gases associated with ozone depletion.[17] From the 1990s Lauder has also monitored the effects of ozone depletion on solar UV irradiance.[18]
Recently, research at Lauder has focused on interactions between climate change and ozone depletion and Lauder now measures most gases that contribute to climate change.[13] Computer models to predict future atmospheric changes have also been developed at Lauder, and the atmospheric measurements taken at Lauder are used in climate models around the world.[13]
Measurements of the atmosphere at Lauder can be carried out in situ, and through remote sensing. In situ measurements are mostly done at ground-level; however balloons are launched weekly and carry out in situ measurements through the atmosphere to altitudes of approximately 30 km.[19] Data from these balloons enables atmospheric profiles of temperature, pressure, water vapour, and ozone to be produced.[20] One method of remote sensing measurements at Lauder uses a LIDAR system to generate ozone profiles to 100 km in altitude.[14] Another LIDAR measures aerosols in the atmosphere to 50 km in altitude.[14] Other remote sensing at Lauder uses UV/Vis grating and FTIR spectrometers to measure trace gases in the atmosphere. Measurements at Lauder are also used to calibrate satellites such as OCO-2 and GOSAT.[14]
The Lauder Atmospheric Research Laboratory is well known throughout the international world of atmospheric research through its participation in the international Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC),[21] BSRN,[22] TCCON,[23] and GCOS Reference Upper Air Network (GRUAN).[19][24]
Lauder has many ongoing long-term measurements, including the longest time-series of nitrogen dioxide in the world.[14]
The Laboratory is located in a data-sparse region of the globe. The oceans of the southern hemisphere and the Antarctic region play an important role in the global climate system and so measurements taken at Lauder are valuable to the global scientific community.[20]
Solar radiation measurements at Lauder are used in studies on the effects of UV radiation on human health and in the solar energy and building industries[25]
In 2018 NIWA commissioned 3 powerful Cray supercomputers called Mahuika, Maui and Kupe, forming the HPCF (High Performance Computing Facility).[26] The HPCF is capable of processing more than two thousand trillion calculations per second. 2 of the 3 Cray supercomputers (Mahuika and Maui) are located in NIWA's Wellington campus, while Kupe is located at the University of Tamaki Data Centre. It also leads investigations such as the analysis of genetic information, the modelling of the impact of climate change and forecasting weather related hazards. The detailed specifications of the HPCF can be found here.
The NIWA Invertebrate Collection (NIC) [27] is the largest repository of marine invertebrate (animals without a backbone) specimens from the New Zealand region, southwestern Pacific, and the Ross Sea (Antarctica). It holds representatives of almost all phyla in the New Zealand region. Collected over the last 50 years and still growing, the collection holds several million specimens, ranging from single-celled organisms to giant corals. As of 2015[update], it included over 2100 type specimens of species new to science (800 holotypes and 1300 paratypes). The collection is used by scientists, teachers, and journalists throughout New Zealand and the world.
In 2002 NIWA teamed up with the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Science to create the Natural Hazards Centre as a New Zealand resource for all hazards information and advice. The centre develops systems to monitor and predict the following hazards: earthquakes, tsunami, floods, storms, landslides, coastal flooding and waves, coastal erosion, and volcanoes.
Foremost among NIWA's 30 vessels[3] is the 70-metre deepwater research vessel RVTangaroa,[28] New Zealand's only ice-strengthened research ship. The 28-metre RV Kaharoa is used mainly for coastal research, but has gone further afield to deploy ocean-profiling Argo floats, from Chile to Mauritius.[8]
NIWA research vessels
NIWA maintains a range of monitoring networks that collect long-term environmental data, including climate information, sea level, river flows, water quality, and freshwater fish distributions and habitats.
As at 1 August 2008, NIWA had 1339 operational stations in its climate and water monitoring networks, spread throughout New Zealand, including the Chatham Islands.[8] NIWA also holds data from more than 3000 closed stations, many of which have long usable records.[8] The National Water Quality Network, for instance, has been operating at 77 sites since the 1970s.[8] It can now show long-term trends in water quality.
NIWA maintains several databases containing long-term records of environmental data, and species records. The National Climate Database, for instance, contains more than 250 million individual measurements (as of August 2008[update]), with records dating back to the 1850s.[8] The New Zealand Freshwater Fish Database records the occurrence of fish in fresh waters of New Zealand, including major offshore islands, and details of their habitats. As of June 2009[update], the database included more than 28 000 records. Among other things, these databases are used to detect geographical and temporal trends in the state of the environment.
NIWA holds the longest continuous record of atmospheric CO2 concentrations in the Southern Hemisphere, measured at Baring Head, near Wellington, since the 1970s. Along with equivalent measurements from the Northern Hemisphere, taken at Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, these records are used to model the effects of atmospheric CO2 on global climate. The history of this sampling record is described by Dave Lowe in the book "The Alarmist"[29] which recounts his career.
The information in NIWA's databases is in high demand. In the 2007-08 financial year, for instance, NIWA responded to more than 350 000 requests for data from its databases.[8] In July 2007, NIWA allowed free online access to archived data on climate, lake levels, river flow, sea levels, water quality, and freshwater fish.
NIWA and MetService are both government organizations that produce weather forecasts. In 2009, they signed a memorandum of understanding to work more closely together.[30] In 2020, NIWA chief executive John Morgan told Parliament the two organizations are like "a car and a truck; both being vehicles but each serving different purposes".[31] Private weather forecaster WeatherWatch commented that it is "bizarre" the government is funding two weather forecasters and compared it to "Fire Service getting into Police Speeding Infringements".[32]
From 2010 to 2012, NIWA defended itself in a court case claiming that they had exaggerated temperature increases. The charge was brought by the climate change deniers The New Zealand Climate Education Trust – a branch of the New Zealand Climate Science Coalition. They challenged NIWA figures which showed a rise in temperatures in New Zealand of 1 °C over the past 100 years. The climate denier group said the published increase of 1 °C was significantly higher than global warming figures around the world and almost 50 per cent above the global average. In a High Court judgement, Justice Geoffrey Venning ruled that the New Zealand Climate Science Education Trust had not been successful in any of the challenges they brought against NIWA. Justice Venning also decided that NIWA's cost should be paid by the trust and he said that if an agreement on the costs could not be reached he would make another ruling at a later stage.[33]
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