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{{Short description|Alloy}} |
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{{Orphan|date=April 2010}} |
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A '''niobium alloy''' is one in which the most common element is [[niobium]]. |
A '''niobium alloy''' is one in which the most common element is [[niobium]]. |
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==Alloys used for the production of other alloys== |
==Alloys used for the production of other alloys== |
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The most common commercial niobium alloys are ferroniobium and nickel-niobium, produced by [[thermite]] reduction of appropriate mixtures of the oxides; these are not usable as engineering materials, but are used as convenient sources of niobium for specialist steels and nickel-based |
The most common commercial niobium alloys are [[ferroniobium]] and nickel-niobium, produced by [[thermite]] reduction of appropriate mixtures of the oxides; these are not usable as engineering materials, but are used as convenient sources of niobium for specialist steels and nickel-based [[superalloy]]s. Going via an iron-niobium or nickel-niobium alloy avoids problems associated with the high melting point of niobium. |
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==Superconducting alloys== |
==Superconducting alloys== |
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[[File:ITER wire.jpg|thumb|Niobium–tin superconducting wire from the [[ITER]] [[fusion reactor]], which is currently under construction.]] |
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[[Niobium-tin]] and [[Niobium-titanium]] are essential alloys for the industrial use of superconductors, since they remain superconducting in high magnetic fields ( |
[[Niobium-tin]] and [[Niobium-titanium]] are essential alloys for the industrial use of [[Superconductivity|superconductors]], since they remain superconducting in high magnetic fields ({{val|30|ul=T}} for Nb<sub>3</sub>Sn, {{val|15|u=T}} for NbTi); there are 1200 tons of NbTi in the magnets of the [[Large Hadron Collider]], whilst Nb<sub>3</sub>Sn is used in the windings of almost all hospital [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] machines. |
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===Aerospace rivets=== |
===Aerospace rivets=== |
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Niobium-titanium alloy, of the same composition as the superconducting one, is used for rivets in the aerospace industry; it is easier to form than CP titanium, and stronger at elevated (> 300 |
Niobium-titanium alloy, of the same composition as the superconducting one, is used for [[blind rivet|rivets]] in the aerospace industry; it is easier to form than CP titanium, and stronger at elevated (> 300°C) temperatures. |
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Usage field of rivet in aircraft |
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Blind rivet used in wing of aircraft fastening and for wheels of aircraft. |
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==Refractory alloys== |
==Refractory alloys== |
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Niobium-1% zirconium is used in rocketry and in the nuclear industry. It is regarded as a low-strength alloy.<ref>{{cite journal|title=TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FOR AN ADVANCED POTASSIUM RANKINE POWER CONVERSION SYSTEM COMPATIBLE WITH SEVERAL SPACE REACTOR DESIGNS|first1=G.|last1=Yoder|first2=J.|last2=Carbajo|first3=R.|last3=Murphy|first4=A.|last4=Qualls|first5=C.|last5=Sulfredge|first6=M.|last6=Moriarty|first7=F.|last7=Widman|first8=K.|last8=Metcalf|first9=M.|last9=Nikitkin|date=September 2005|url=http://web.ornl.gov/~webworks/cppr/y2001/rpt/121399.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite tech report |title=Evaluation of Niobium-Vanadium Alloys for Application in High-Temperature Reactor Systems |first=T. |last=Roche |date=1 October 1965 |publisher=Oak Ridge National Laboratory |id=ORNL-TM-1131 |doi=10.2172/4615900 |url=http://web.ornl.gov/info/reports/1965/3445605491517.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=7 January 2014 |archive-date=7 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107121701/http://web.ornl.gov/info/reports/1965/3445605491517.pdf }}</ref> |
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Niobium-1% zirconium is used in rocketry and in the nuclear industry; the space nuclear reactor presented in http://www.ornl.gov/~webworks/cppr/y2001/rpt/121399.pdf is predominantly made of this alloy. It is regarded as a low-strength alloy. |
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C-103, which is 89% Nb, 10% Hf and 1% Ti, |
C-103, which is 89% Nb, 10% Hf and 1% Ti, is used for the rocket nozzle of the [[Apollo service module]] and the [[SpaceX Merlin#Merlin Vacuum (1C)|Merlin vacuum]]<ref>{{cite conference |
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|title=Hafnium |
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|publisher=Alkane Resources Ltd. |
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|conference=6th Annual Cleantech & Technology Metals Conference |
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|date=15–16 May 2017 |
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|location=[[Toronto]] |
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|url=http://www.alkane.com.au:80/images/pdf/asx/2017/20170516.pdf#page=10 |
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918054609/http://www.alkane.com.au/images/pdf/asx/2017/20170516.pdf#page=10 |
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|archive-date=2017-09-18 |
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|url-status=dead |
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|access-date=2020-12-06 |
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}}</ref> engines; it is regarded as a medium-strength alloy. |
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High-strength alloys include C-129Y (10% tungsten, 10% hafnium, 0.1% yttrium, balance niobium), Cb-752 (10% tungsten, 2.5% zirconium), and the even higher strength C-3009 (61% niobium, 30% hafnium, 9% tungsten); these can be used at temperatures up to |
High-strength alloys include C-129Y (10% tungsten, 10% hafnium, 0.1% yttrium, balance niobium), Cb-752 (10% tungsten, 2.5% zirconium), and the even higher strength C-3009 (61% niobium, 30% hafnium, 9% tungsten); these can be used at temperatures up to 1650°C with acceptable strength, though are expensive and hard to form. |
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Niobium alloys in general are inconvenient to weld: both sides of the weld |
Niobium alloys in general are inconvenient to weld: both sides of the weld must be protected with a stream of inert gas, because hot niobium will react with oxygen and nitrogen in the air. It is also necessary to take care (e.g. hard chrome-plating of all copper tooling) to avoid copper contamination. |
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Blind rivet used in wing of aircraft fastening |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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http://www.wahchang.com/pages/products/data/niobium/Niobium.pdf |
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[[Category:Niobium]] |
[[Category:Niobium alloys| ]] |
Aniobium alloy is one in which the most common element is niobium.
The most common commercial niobium alloys are ferroniobium and nickel-niobium, produced by thermite reduction of appropriate mixtures of the oxides; these are not usable as engineering materials, but are used as convenient sources of niobium for specialist steels and nickel-based superalloys. Going via an iron-niobium or nickel-niobium alloy avoids problems associated with the high melting point of niobium.
Niobium-tin and Niobium-titanium are essential alloys for the industrial use of superconductors, since they remain superconducting in high magnetic fields (30 T for Nb3Sn, 15 T for NbTi); there are 1200 tons of NbTi in the magnets of the Large Hadron Collider, whilst Nb3Sn is used in the windings of almost all hospital MRI machines.
Niobium-titanium alloy, of the same composition as the superconducting one, is used for rivets in the aerospace industry; it is easier to form than CP titanium, and stronger at elevated (> 300°C) temperatures.
Niobium-1% zirconium is used in rocketry and in the nuclear industry. It is regarded as a low-strength alloy.[1][2]
C-103, which is 89% Nb, 10% Hf and 1% Ti, is used for the rocket nozzle of the Apollo service module and the Merlin vacuum[3] engines; it is regarded as a medium-strength alloy.
High-strength alloys include C-129Y (10% tungsten, 10% hafnium, 0.1% yttrium, balance niobium), Cb-752 (10% tungsten, 2.5% zirconium), and the even higher strength C-3009 (61% niobium, 30% hafnium, 9% tungsten); these can be used at temperatures up to 1650°C with acceptable strength, though are expensive and hard to form.
Niobium alloys in general are inconvenient to weld: both sides of the weld must be protected with a stream of inert gas, because hot niobium will react with oxygen and nitrogen in the air. It is also necessary to take care (e.g. hard chrome-plating of all copper tooling) to avoid copper contamination.
{{cite journal}}
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