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In [[metallurgy]], '''non-ferrous metals''' are metals or [[alloy]]s that do not contain [[iron]] ([[Allotropes of iron ferrite]]) in appreciable amounts. |
In [[metallurgy]], '''non-ferrous metals''' are metals or [[alloy]]s that do not contain [[iron]] ([[Allotropes of iron ferrite]]) in appreciable amounts. |
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Generally more costly than ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals are used because of desirable properties such as low weight (e.g. [ |
Generally more costly than ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals are used because of desirable properties such as low weight (e.g. [), higher conductivity (e.g. [[copper]]),<ref name=fahlman>{{cite book|last=Fahlman|first=Bradley D.|title=Materials chemistry|publisher=Springer|location=Dordrecht [u.a.]|isbn=978-94-007-0692-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zKcd0IJDWTsC&pg=PA204|edition=2.|date=2011-03-18}}</ref> non-magnetic property or [[Corrosion#Resistance to corrosion|resistance to corrosion]] (e.g. [[zinc]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Non-Ferrous Metals |work=Engineers Handbook |url=http://www.engineershandbook.com/Materials/nonferrous.htm |access-date=25 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604174356/http://engineershandbook.com/Materials/nonferrous.htm |archive-date=4 June 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some non-ferrous materials are also used in the iron and [[steel]] industries. For example, [[bauxite]] is used as [[Flux (metallurgy)|flux]] for [[blast furnace]]s, while others such as [[wolframite]], [[pyrolusite]] and [[chromite]] are used in making ferrous alloys.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=R. C.|title=Theory and laboratory experiments in ferrous metallurgy|year=2010|publisher=PHI Learning Private Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-203-3924-8|pages=6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NplDxN_10DEC&pg=PA6}}</ref> |
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All pure metals are non-ferrous elements except iron (also called ferrite, chemical symbol Fe, from the Latin ''ferrum'', meaning "iron"). Important non-ferrous metals include aluminium, copper, [[lead]], [[nickel]], [[tin]], [[titanium]] and zinc, and alloys such as [[brass]]. [[Precious metal]]s such as [[gold]], [[silver]] and [[platinum]] and exotic or rare metals such as [[cobalt]], [[mercury (element)|mercury]], [[tungsten]], [[beryllium]], [[bismuth]], [[cerium]], [[cadmium]], [[niobium]], [[indium]], [[gallium]], [[germanium]], [[lithium]], [[selenium]], [[tantalum]], [[tellurium]], [[vanadium]], and [[zirconium]] are also non-ferrous.<ref name=osha>{{cite web|title=Commonly Recycled Metals and Their Sources|url=https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3348-metal-scrap-recycling.pdf|publisher=Occupational Safety and Health Administration|access-date=27 October 2011}}</ref> They are usually obtained through minerals such as [[sulfide]]s, [[carbonate]]s, and [[silicate]]s.<ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Courtney A. |editor-last=Young |title=Hydrometallurgy 2008 : proceedings of the sixth international symposium|year=2008|publisher=Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration|location=Littleton, Colo.|isbn=978-0-87335-266-6|pages=416|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1etfSdk55SYC&pg=PA416|edition=1st}}</ref> Non-ferrous metals are usually refined through [[electrolysis]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Chapter 82 – Metal Processing and Metal Working Industry|url=http://ilocis.org/documents/chpt82e.htm|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 4th Edition|access-date=26 October 2011}}</ref> |
All pure metals are non-ferrous elements except iron (also called ferrite, chemical symbol Fe, from the Latin ''ferrum'', meaning "iron"). Important non-ferrous metals include aluminium, copper, [[lead]], [[nickel]], [[tin]], [[titanium]] and zinc, and alloys such as [[brass]]. [[Precious metal]]s such as [[gold]], [[silver]] and [[platinum]] and exotic or rare metals such as [[cobalt]], [[mercury (element)|mercury]], [[tungsten]], [[beryllium]], [[bismuth]], [[cerium]], [[cadmium]], [[niobium]], [[indium]], [[gallium]], [[germanium]], [[lithium]], [[selenium]], [[tantalum]], [[tellurium]], [[vanadium]], and [[zirconium]] are also non-ferrous.<ref name=osha>{{cite web|title=Commonly Recycled Metals and Their Sources|url=https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3348-metal-scrap-recycling.pdf|publisher=Occupational Safety and Health Administration|access-date=27 October 2011}}</ref> They are usually obtained through minerals such as [[sulfide]]s, [[carbonate]]s, and [[silicate]]s.<ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Courtney A. |editor-last=Young |title=Hydrometallurgy 2008 : proceedings of the sixth international symposium|year=2008|publisher=Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration|location=Littleton, Colo.|isbn=978-0-87335-266-6|pages=416|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1etfSdk55SYC&pg=PA416|edition=1st}}</ref> Non-ferrous metals are usually refined through [[electrolysis]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Chapter 82 – Metal Processing and Metal Working Industry|url=http://ilocis.org/documents/chpt82e.htm|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 4th Edition|access-date=26 October 2011}}</ref> |
Inmetallurgy, non-ferrous metals are metals or alloys that do not contain iron (Allotropes of iron ferrite) in appreciable amounts.
Generally more costly than ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals are used because of desirable properties such as low weight (e.g. [), higher conductivity (e.g. copper),[1] non-magnetic property or resistance to corrosion (e.g. zinc).[2] Some non-ferrous materials are also used in the iron and steel industries. For example, bauxite is used as flux for blast furnaces, while others such as wolframite, pyrolusite and chromite are used in making ferrous alloys.[3]
All pure metals are non-ferrous elements except iron (also called ferrite, chemical symbol Fe, from the Latin ferrum, meaning "iron"). Important non-ferrous metals include aluminium, copper, lead, nickel, tin, titanium and zinc, and alloys such as brass. Precious metals such as gold, silver and platinum and exotic or rare metals such as cobalt, mercury, tungsten, beryllium, bismuth, cerium, cadmium, niobium, indium, gallium, germanium, lithium, selenium, tantalum, tellurium, vanadium, and zirconium are also non-ferrous.[4] They are usually obtained through minerals such as sulfides, carbonates, and silicates.[5] Non-ferrous metals are usually refined through electrolysis.[6]
Due to their extensive use, non-ferrous scrap metals are usually recycled. The secondary materials in scrap are vital to the metallurgy industry, as the production of new metals often needs them.[7] Some recycling facilities re-smelt and recast non-ferrous materials; the dross is collected and stored onsite while the metal fumes are filtered and collected.[8] Non-ferrous scrap metals are sourced from industrial scrap materials, particle emissions and obsolete technology (for example, copper cables) scrap.[9]
Non-ferrous metals were the first metals used by humans for metallurgy. Gold, silver and copper existed in their native crystalline yet metallic form. These metals, though rare, could be found in quantities sufficient to attract the attention of humans. Less susceptible to oxygen than most other metals, they can be found even in weathered outcroppings. Copper was the first metal to be forged; it was soft enough to be fashioned into various objects by cold forging and could be melted in a crucible. Gold, silver and copper replaced some of the functions of other resources, such as wood and stone, owing to their ability to be shaped into various forms for different uses.[10] Due to their rarity, these gold, silver and copper artifacts were treated as luxury items and handled with great care.[11] The use of copper also heralded the transition from the Stone Age to the Copper Age. The Bronze Age, which succeeded the Copper Age, was again heralded by the invention of bronze, an alloy of copper with the non-ferrous metal tin.[10]
It is used in residential,yes commercial, industrial industry. Material selection for a mechanical or structural application requires some important considerations, including how easily the material can be shaped into a finished part and how its properties can be either intentionally or inadvertently altered in the process. Depending on the end use, metals can be simply cast into the finished part, or cast into an intermediate form, such as an ingot, then worked, or wrought, by rolling, forging, extruding, or other deformation process. Although the same operations are used with ferrous as well as nonferrous metals and alloys, the reaction of nonferrous metals to these forming processes is often more severe. Consequently, properties may differ considerably between the cast and wrought forms of the same metal or alloy.[12]
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