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{{Infobox publisher |
{{Infobox publisher |
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| name = Public Library of Science |
| name = Public Library of Science |
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| image = |
| image = Logo Plos.svg |
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| caption = PLOS logo since March 2020 |
| caption = PLOS logo since March 2020 |
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| parent = |
| parent = |
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| traded_as = |
| traded_as = |
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| predecessor = |
| predecessor = |
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| founded = 2000<br>2003 (public operations) |
| founded = {{start date and age|df=y|2000}}<br />{{start date and age|df=y|2003}} (public operations) |
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| founder = [[Patrick O. Brown]] |
| founder = {{ubl|[[Patrick O. Brown]]|[[Michael Eisen]]}} |
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| successor = |
| successor = |
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| country = United States |
| country = United States |
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| headquarters = [[Levi's Plaza]] |
| headquarters = [[Levi's Plaza]], [[San Francisco]], [[California]] |
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| distribution = |
| distribution = |
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| keypeople = Alison Mudditt |
| keypeople = Alison Mudditt (CEO) |
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| publications = [[Academic journal]]s |
| publications = [[Academic journal]]s |
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| topics = [[Science]] |
| topics = [[Science]] |
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| revenue = |
| revenue = |
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| numemployees = |
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| url = {{URL|plos.org}} |
| url = {{URL|https://plos.org/}} |
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}} |
}} |
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'''PLOS''' (for '''Public Library of Science''') is a nonprofit [[open-access]] science, technology, and medicine |
'''PLOS''' (for '''Public Library of Science'''; '''PLoS''' until 2012 <ref name=Knutson2012) />) is a nonprofit publisher of [[open-access journal]]s in science, technology, and medicine and other [[scientific literature]], under an [[open-content]] license. It was founded in 2000 and launched its first journal, ''[[PLOS Biology]]'', in October 2003. |
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{{As of|2022|post=,}} PLOS publishes 12 academic journals,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Choose Your Journal |url=https://plos.org/your-journal-options/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=PLOS |language=en-US}}</ref> including 7 journals indexed within the [[Science Citation Index Expanded]], and consequently 7 journals ranked with an [[impact factor]]. |
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PLOS journals are included in the [[Directory of Open Access Journals]] (DOAJ). PLOS is also a member of the [[Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association]] (OASPA), a participating publisher and supporter of the [[Initiative for Open Citations]], and a member of the [[Committee on Publication Ethics]] (COPE). |
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== History == |
== History == |
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[[File:Open Access PLoS.svg|thumb|The Open Access logo]] |
[[File:Open Access PLoS.svg|thumb|The Open Access logo]] |
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[[File:Mechanism-for-Multiple-Ligand-Recognition-by-the-Human-Transferrin-Receptor-pbio.0000051.sv001.ogv|thumb|The first video published alongside a PLOS article: a model of how the human [[transferrin receptor]] assists transferrin in releasing iron<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Giannetti | first1 = A. M. | last2 = Snow | first2 = P. M. | last3 = Zak | first3 = O. | last4 = Björkman | first4 = P. J. | title = Mechanism for Multiple Ligand Recognition by the Human Transferrin Receptor | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0000051 | journal = PLOS Biology | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = e1 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14691533| pmc = 300677}}</ref>]] |
[[File:Mechanism-for-Multiple-Ligand-Recognition-by-the-Human-Transferrin-Receptor-pbio.0000051.sv001.ogv|thumb|The first video published alongside a PLOS article: a model of how the human [[transferrin receptor]] assists transferrin in releasing iron<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Giannetti | first1 = A. M. | last2 = Snow | first2 = P. M. | last3 = Zak | first3 = O. | last4 = Björkman | first4 = P. J. | title = Mechanism for Multiple Ligand Recognition by the Human Transferrin Receptor | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0000051 | journal = PLOS Biology | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = e1 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14691533| pmc = 300677 | doi-access = free }}</ref>]] |
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[[File:Thank you for practicing Open Science - Igsi8c4BjI8.webm|thumb|thumbtime=0:32|PLOS created this fictional thank you note from the future to contemporary researchers for sharing their research openly]] |
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The Public Library of Science began in 2000 with an online petition initiative by [[Nobel Prize]] winner [[Harold Varmus]], formerly director of the [[National Institutes of Health]] and at that time director of [[Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center]]; [[Patrick O. Brown]], a [[ |
The Public Library of Science began in 2000 with an online petition initiative by [[Nobel Prize]] winner [[Harold Varmus]], formerly director of the [[National Institutes of Health]] and at that time director of [[Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center]]; [[Patrick O. Brown]], a [[biochemist]] at [[Stanford University]]; and [[Michael Eisen]], a [[Computational biology|computational biologist]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], and the [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plos.org/about/plos/history/ |title=History |access-date=24 August 2014 |publisher=PLOS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811081426/http://www.plos.org/about/plos/history/ |archive-date=11 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gttower.org/research.php?volume=6&issue=2&article=eisen |title=Professor Michael Eisen: A Pioneer of Open Access Science |publisher=The Tower |year=2014 |access-date=2015-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101015934/http://gttower.org/research.php?volume=6&issue=2&article=eisen |archive-date=1 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The petition called for all scientists to pledge that, from September 2001, they would discontinue submission of articles to journals that did not make the full text of their articles available to all, free and unfettered, either immediately or after a delay of no more than six months. Although tens of thousands signed the petition, most did not act upon its terms; and in August 2001, Brown and Eisen announced that they would start their own nonprofit publishing operation.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Brower | first1 = V. | title = Public library of science shifts gears: As scientific publishing boycott deadline approached, advocates of free scientific publishing announce that they will create their own online, free-access archive | doi = 10.1093/embo-reports/kve239 | journal = EMBO Reports | volume = 2 | issue = 11 | pages = 972–973 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11713184| pmc =1084138 }}</ref> In December 2002, the [[Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation]] awarded PLOS a $9 million grant, which it followed in May 2006 with a $1 million grant to help PLOS achieve financial sustainability and launch new free-access biomedical journals.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.moore.org/newsroom/press-releases/2002/12/17/public-library-of-science-to-launch-new-free-access-biomedical-journals-with-$9-million-grant-from-the-gordon-and-betty-moore-foundation |title=Public Library of Science to launch new free-access biomedical journals with $9 million grant from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation |date=17 December 2002 |website=Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation |access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref> |
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The PLOS organizers turned their attention to starting their own journal |
The PLOS organizers turned their attention to starting their own journal along the lines of the UK-based [[BioMed Central]], which has been publishing open-access scientific articles in the biological sciences in journals such as ''Genome Biology'' since 2000. The PLOS journals are what is described as "open-access content"; all content is published under the [[Creative Commons]] [[Creative Commons licenses|"attribution" license]]. The project states (quoting the [[Budapest Open Access Initiative]]) that: "The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited." |
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As a publishing company, the Public Library of Science officially launched its operation on 13 October 2003, with the publication of a print and online scientific journal entitled ''[[PLOS Biology]]'', and has since launched |
As a publishing company, the Public Library of Science officially launched its operation on 13 October 2003, with the publication of a print and online scientific journal entitled ''[[PLOS Biology]]'', and has since launched 11 more journals.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Submit|url=https://plos.org/publish/submit/|access-date=2021-11-29|website=PLOS|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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One, ''PLOS Clinical Trials'', has since been merged into ''[[PLOS ONE]]''. Following the merger, the company started the PLOS Hub for Clinical Trials to collect journal articles published in any PLOS journal that related to clinical trials; the hub was discontinued in July 2013. |
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PLOS became a signatory of the [[SDG Publishers Compact]] in 2023,<ref name="Etah">{{cite web |last1=Etah |first1=Oben Joseph |title=Building a more sustainable future through Open Access research |url=https://theplosblog.plos.org/2023/04/building-a-more-sustainable-future-through-open-access-research/ |website=The Official PLOS Blog |date=21 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="members">{{cite web |title=SDG Publishers Compact Members |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sdg-publishers-compact-members/ |website=United Nations Sustainable Development |access-date=18 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="UN">{{cite web |title=SDG Publishers Compact |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sdg-publishers-compact/ |website=United Nations Sustainable Development |access-date=20 July 2023}}</ref> and has taken steps to support the achievement of the [[Sustainable Development Goals]] (SDGs). These include the introduction of five new open-access journals in 2021 to publish research relevant to the SDGs: ''PLOS Climate'', ''PLOS Water'', ''PLOS Sustainability and Transformation'', ''PLOS Digital Health'', and ''PLOS Global Public Health''.<ref name="Jacob">{{cite web |last1=Jacob |first1=Eduard |title=To boldly grow: five new journals shaped by Open Science |url=https://theplosblog.plos.org/2021/04/launching-new-journals-2021/ |website=The Official PLOS Blog |date=27 April 2021}}</ref> |
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The PLOS journals are what is described as "open-access content"; all content is published under the [[Creative Commons]] [[Creative Commons licenses|"attribution" license]]. The project states (quoting the [[Budapest Open Access Initiative]]) that: "The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited." |
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In 2011, the Public Library of Science became an official financial supporting organization of [[Healthcare Information For All by 2015]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hifa2015.org/how-organisations-support-hifa2015/ |title=How organisations support HIFA2015 |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref> a global initiative that advocates unrestricted access to medical knowledge, sponsoring the first HIFA2015 Webinar in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hifa2015.org/hifa2015-webinars/ |title=HIFA2015 Webinars |access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref> |
In 2011, the Public Library of Science became an official financial supporting organization of [[Healthcare Information For All by 2015]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hifa2015.org/how-organisations-support-hifa2015/ |title=How organisations support HIFA2015 |access-date=22 July 2013 |archive-date=20 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820201319/http://www.hifa2015.org/how-organisations-support-hifa2015/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> a global initiative that advocates unrestricted access to medical knowledge, sponsoring the first HIFA2015 Webinar in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hifa2015.org/hifa2015-webinars/ |title=HIFA2015 Webinars |access-date=22 July 2013 |archive-date=7 April 2012 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120407182200/http://www.hifa2015.org/hifa2015-webinars/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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In 2012 the organization quit using the stylization "PLoS" to identify itself and began using only "PLOS".<ref name=Knutson2012)>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.plos.org/plos/2012/07/new-plos-look/ |title=New PLOS look | |
In 2012, the organization quit using the stylization "PLoS" to identify itself and began using only "PLOS".<ref name=Knutson2012)>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.plos.org/plos/2012/07/new-plos-look/ |title=New PLOS look |first=David |last=Knutson |date=23 July 2012 |work=PLOS BLOG |publisher=Public Library of Science |access-date=6 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801091652/http://blogs.plos.org/plos/2012/07/new-plos-look/ |archive-date=1 August 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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In 2016, PLOS confirmed that |
In 2016, PLOS confirmed that its chief executive officer, [[Elizabeth Marincola]], would be leaving for personal and professional reasons at the end of that year.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://twitter.com/PLOS/status/793126454615834625 |title=PLOS on Twitter |quote=Our CEO Elizabeth Marincola is leaving as of 12/31/16 to go to Kenya for personal and professional reasons. |newspaper=Twitter |access-date=2016-10-31}}</ref> In May 2017, PLOS announced that their new CEO would be Alison Mudditt with effect from June.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stm-publishing.com/plos-appoints-alison-mudditt-chief-executive-officer/ |title=PLOS Appoints Alison Mudditt Chief Executive Officer {{!}} STM Publishing News |website=www.stm-publishing.com |language=en-US |access-date=2017-05-19}}</ref> |
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In 2021, PLOS announced a policy that required changes in reporting for researchers working in other countries as an attempt to address [[Neocolonialism|neo-colonial]] [[parachute research]] practices.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-27|title=Announcing a new PLOS policy on inclusion in global research|url=https://theplosblog.plos.org/2021/09/announcing-a-new-plos-policy-on-inclusion-in-global-research/|access-date=2021-10-11|website=The Official PLOS Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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== Financial model == |
== Financial model == |
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To fund the journals, PLOS charges an [[article processing charge]] (APC) to be paid by the author or the author's employer or funder. In the United States, institutions such as the National Institutes of Health and the [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]] have pledged that recipients of their grants will be allocated funds to cover such author charges. The Global Participation Initiative (GPI) was instituted in 2012, by which authors in "group-one countries" are not charged a fee |
To fund the journals, PLOS charges an [[article processing charge]] (APC) to be paid by the author or the author's employer or funder. In the United States, institutions such as the National Institutes of Health and the [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]] have pledged that recipients of their grants will be allocated funds to cover such author charges. The Global Participation Initiative (GPI) was instituted in 2012, by which authors in "group-one countries" are not charged a fee and those in "group-two countries" are given a fee reduction. (In all cases, decisions to publish are based solely on editorial criteria.) |
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PLOS was launched with grants totaling US$13 million from the [[Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation]] and the [[Sandler Family Supporting Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite journal |
PLOS was launched with grants totaling US$13 million from the [[Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation]] and the [[Sandler Family Supporting Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite journal |
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| author-link = Declan Butler |
| author-link = Declan Butler |
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| doi-access = free |
| doi-access = free |
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}}</ref> PLOS confirmed in July 2011 that it no longer relies on subsidies from foundations and is covering all of its operational costs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.plos.org/plos/2011/07/2010-plos-progress-update/ |title=2010 PLOS Progress Update | The Official PLOS Blog |publisher=Blogs.plos.org |date=2011-07-20 |access-date=2012-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nii.ac.jp/sparc/en/publications/newsletter/14/fa1.html |title=How far has open access progressed? |first=Shigeki |last=Sugita |publisher=SPARC Japan |year=2014 |access-date=2015-10-26}}</ref> Since then the PLOS balance sheet has improved from $20,511,000 net assets in 2012–2013 to $36,591,000 in 2014–2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plos.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Progress-Update_FINAL_hyperlinked-091813.pdf |title=2012-2013 Progress Update |publisher=PLOS |date=2013-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007113622/http://www.plos.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Progress-Update_FINAL_hyperlinked-091813.pdf |access-date=2014-01-01|archive-date=7 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.plos.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Progress-Update_FINAL_LO_RES_Update-9.15.15.pdf |title=2014-2015 Progress Update |publisher=PLOS |date=2015-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202614/https://www.plos.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Progress-Update_FINAL_LO_RES_Update-9.15.15.pdf |access-date=2015-10-26|archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> |
}}</ref> PLOS confirmed in July 2011 that it no longer relies on subsidies from foundations and is covering all of its operational costs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.plos.org/plos/2011/07/2010-plos-progress-update/ |title=2010 PLOS Progress Update | The Official PLOS Blog |publisher=Blogs.plos.org |date=2011-07-20 |access-date=2012-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nii.ac.jp/sparc/en/publications/newsletter/14/fa1.html |title=How far has open access progressed? |first=Shigeki |last=Sugita |publisher=SPARC Japan |year=2014 |access-date=2015-10-26}}</ref> Since then, the PLOS balance sheet has improved from $20,511,000 net assets in 2012–2013 to $36,591,000 in 2014–2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plos.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Progress-Update_FINAL_hyperlinked-091813.pdf |title=2012-2013 Progress Update |publisher=PLOS |date=2013-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007113622/http://www.plos.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Progress-Update_FINAL_hyperlinked-091813.pdf |access-date=2014-01-01|archive-date=7 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.plos.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Progress-Update_FINAL_LO_RES_Update-9.15.15.pdf |title=2014-2015 Progress Update |publisher=PLOS |date=2015-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202614/https://www.plos.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Progress-Update_FINAL_LO_RES_Update-9.15.15.pdf |access-date=2015-10-26|archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> |
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==Publications== |
==Publications== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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!Title |
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!Inception |
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!ISSN |
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⚫ | |''[[PLOS Computational Biology]]'' || 2005-05-01 || {{ISSN|1553-7374}} |
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|''[[PLOS Genetics]]'' || 2005-06-01 || {{ISSN|1553-7404}} |
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|''[[PLOS Pathogens]]'' || 2005-09-01 || {{ISSN|1549-1676}} |
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|''[[PLOS |
|''[[PLOS Clinical Trials]]''<br/>(later merged into ''PLOS ONE'') || 2006-04-01 || {{ISSN|1555-5887}} |
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|- |
|- |
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|''[[PLOS |
|''[[PLOS ONE]]'' || 2006-12-01 || {{ISSN|1932-6203}} |
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|''[[PLOS |
|''[[PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases]]'' || 2007-10-01 || {{ISSN|1935-2735}} |
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|'' |
|''PLOS Hub for Clinical Trials'' || 2007-09-01 || — |
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|''[[PLOS |
|''[[PLOS Currents]]'' || 2009-08-01 || {{ISSN|2157-3999}} |
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|''PLOS Climate'' |
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|''[[PLOS Clinical Trials]]''<br/>(later merged into ''PLOS ONE'') || May 2006 || {{ISSN|1555-5887}} |
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|2021 |
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|{{ISSN|2767-3200}} |
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|''PLOS Digital Health'' |
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|2021 |
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|{{ISSN|2767-3170}} |
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|''PLOS Global Public Health'' |
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⚫ |
|''[[PLOS |
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|2021 |
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|{{ISSN|2767-3375}} |
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|''PLOS Sustainability and Transformation'' |
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|''[[PLOS Hub for Clinical Trials]]'' || third quarter 2007 || — |
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|2021 |
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|{{ISSN|2767-3197}} |
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|''PLOS Water'' |
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⚫ | |||
|2021 |
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|{{ISSN|2767-3219}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{refbegin|30em}} |
{{refbegin|30em}} |
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*Adam, David. [https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,3604,1056608,00.html "Scientists Take on the Publishers in an Experiment to Make Research Free to All"] ''The Guardian |
*Adam, David. [https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,3604,1056608,00.html "Scientists Take on the Publishers in an Experiment to Make Research Free to All"] ''The Guardian'', 6 October 2003. |
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*Albanese, Andrew. "Open Access Gains with PLoS Launch: Scientists Call for Cell Press Boycott; Harvard Balks on Big Deal." ''Library Journal |
*Albanese, Andrew. "Open Access Gains with PLoS Launch: Scientists Call for Cell Press Boycott; Harvard Balks on Big Deal." ''Library Journal'', 15 November 2003, 18–19. |
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*{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0000034 |pmid=14551925 |pmc=212705 |title=PLoS Biology—We're Open |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=e34 |year=2003 |last1=Bernstein |first1=Philip |last2=Cohen |first2=Barbara |last3=MacCallum |first3=Catriona |last4=Parthasarathy |first4=Hemai |last5=Patterson |first5=Mark |last6=Siegel |first6=Vivian }} |
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0000034 |pmid=14551925 |pmc=212705 |title=PLoS Biology—We're Open |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=e34 |year=2003 |last1=Bernstein |first1=Philip |last2=Cohen |first2=Barbara |last3=MacCallum |first3=Catriona |last4=Parthasarathy |first4=Hemai |last5=Patterson |first5=Mark |last6=Siegel |first6=Vivian |doi-access=free }} |
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*{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/embo-reports/kve239 |pmid=11713184 |pmc=1084138 |title=Public library of science shifts gears |journal=EMBO Reports |volume=2 |issue=11 |pages=972–973 |year=2001 |last1=Brower |first1=Vicki }} |
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/embo-reports/kve239 |pmid=11713184 |pmc=1084138 |title=Public library of science shifts gears |journal=EMBO Reports |volume=2 |issue=11 |pages=972–973 |year=2001 |last1=Brower |first1=Vicki }} |
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**{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0000036 |pmid=14551926 |pmc=212706 |title=Why PLoS Became a Publisher |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=e36 |year=2003 |last1=Brown |first1=Patrick O. |last2=Eisen |first2=Michael B. |last3=Varmus |first3=Harold E. }} |
**{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0000036 |pmid=14551926 |pmc=212706 |title=Why PLoS Became a Publisher |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=e36 |year=2003 |last1=Brown |first1=Patrick O. |last2=Eisen |first2=Michael B. |last3=Varmus |first3=Harold E. |doi-access=free }} |
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*Butler, Declan. [http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/e-access/Articles/butler3.html "Public Library Set to Turn Publisher as Boycott Looms."] ''Nature'', 2 August 2001, 469. |
*Butler, Declan. [http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/e-access/Articles/butler3.html "Public Library Set to Turn Publisher as Boycott Looms."] ''Nature'', 2 August 2001, 469. |
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*{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/425554a |pmid=14534559 |title=Who will pay for open access? |journal=Nature |volume=425 |issue=6958 |pages=554–555 |year=2003 |last1=Butler |first1=Declan }} |
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/425554a |pmid=14534559 |title=Who will pay for open access? |journal=Nature |volume=425 |issue=6958 |pages=554–555 |year=2003 |last1=Butler |first1=Declan |doi-access=free }} |
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*Case, Mary. "The Public Library of Science." ''ARL: A Bimonthly Report on Research Library Issues and Actions from ARL, CNI, and SPARC |
*Case, Mary. "The Public Library of Science." ''ARL: A Bimonthly Report on Research Library Issues and Actions from ARL, CNI, and SPARC'', no. 215 (2001): 4. https://web.archive.org/web/20151110091642/http://www.arl.org/newsltr/215/plos.html |
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*{{cite journal |last1=Case |first1=Mary M. |title=Public Access to Scientific Information: Are 22,700 Scientists Wrong? |journal=College & Research Libraries News |volume=62 |issue=7 |year=2001 |pages=706–709, 716 |hdl=10027/83|hdl-access=free |doi=10.5860/crln.62.7.706 }} |
*{{cite journal |last1=Case |first1=Mary M. |title=Public Access to Scientific Information: Are 22,700 Scientists Wrong? |journal=College & Research Libraries News |volume=62 |issue=7 |year=2001 |pages=706–709, 716 |hdl=10027/83|hdl-access=free |doi=10.5860/crln.62.7.706 }} |
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*{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020025 |pmid=14737199 |pmc=314475 |title=PLoS Biology in Action |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=e25 |year=2004 |last1=Cohen |first1=Barbara }} |
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020025 |pmid=14737199 |pmc=314475 |title=PLoS Biology in Action |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=e25 |year=2004 |last1=Cohen |first1=Barbara |doi-access=free }} |
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*{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020063 |pmid=14966553 |pmc=340963 |title=PLoS Medicine |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=e63 |year=2004 |last1=Cohen |first1=Barbara }} |
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020063 |pmid=14966553 |pmc=340963 |title=PLoS Medicine |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=e63 |year=2004 |last1=Cohen |first1=Barbara |doi-access=free }} |
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*Doyle, Helen. "Public Library of Science (PLoS): Committed to Making the World's Scientific and Medical Literature A Public Resource." ''ASIDIC Newsletter |
*Doyle, Helen. "Public Library of Science (PLoS): Committed to Making the World's Scientific and Medical Literature A Public Resource." ''ASIDIC Newsletter'', no. 87 (2004): 9–10. https://nfais.memberclicks.net/assets/ASIDIC/Newsletters/s04_newsletter.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905223000/https://nfais.memberclicks.net/assets/ASIDIC/Newsletters/s04_newsletter.pdf |date=5 September 2019 }} |
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*{{cite journal | last1 = Doyle | first1 = Helen J | year = 2004 | title = The Public Library of Science—Open Access from the Ground Up. | url = http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/crlnews/backissues2004/march04/publiclibraryscience.htm | journal = College & Research Libraries News | volume = 65 | issue = 3| pages = 134–136 | doi = 10.5860/crln.65.3.134 | doi-access = free }} |
*{{cite journal | last1 = Doyle | first1 = Helen J | year = 2004 | title = The Public Library of Science—Open Access from the Ground Up. | url = http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/crlnews/backissues2004/march04/publiclibraryscience.htm | journal = College & Research Libraries News | volume = 65 | issue = 3 | pages = 134–136 | doi = 10.5860/crln.65.3.134 | doi-access = free }} |
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*{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.326.7379.11/b |pmid=12511446 |pmc=1168941 |title= |
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.326.7379.11/b |pmid=12511446 |pmc=1168941 |title='Free' medical publishing venture gets under way |journal=BMJ |volume=326 |issue=7379 |pages=11b–11 |year=2003 |last1=Eaton |first1=L. }} |
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*Eisen, Michael. "Publish and Be Praised." ''The Guardian |
*Eisen, Michael. "Publish and Be Praised." ''The Guardian'', 9 October 2003. http://www.guardian.co.uk/life/opinion/story/0,12981,1058578,00.html |
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*Foster, Andrea L. "Scientists Plan 2 Online Journals to Make Articles Available Free." ''The Chronicle of Higher Education |
*Foster, Andrea L. "Scientists Plan 2 Online Journals to Make Articles Available Free." ''The Chronicle of Higher Education'', 10 January 2003, A29. |
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*{{cite journal | last1 = Gallagher | first1 = Richard | year = 2003 | title = Will Walls Come Tumbling Down? | journal = The Scientist | volume = 17 | issue = 5| page = 15 }} |
*{{cite journal | last1 = Gallagher | first1 = Richard | year = 2003 | title = Will Walls Come Tumbling Down? | journal = The Scientist | volume = 17 | issue = 5| page = 15 }} |
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*Kleiner, Kurt. "Free Online Journal Gives Sneak Preview." ''New Scientist |
*Kleiner, Kurt. "Free Online Journal Gives Sneak Preview." ''New Scientist'', 19 August 2003, 18. https://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99994071 |
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*{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/35092675 |pmid=11544488 |title=Journal boycott presses demand for free access |journal=Nature |volume=413 |issue=6851 |pages=6 |year=2001 |last1=Knight |first1=Jonathan |bibcode=2001Natur.413....6K |doi-access=free }} |
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/35092675 |pmid=11544488 |title=Journal boycott presses demand for free access |journal=Nature |volume=413 |issue=6851 |pages=6 |year=2001 |last1=Knight |first1=Jonathan |bibcode=2001Natur.413....6K |doi-access=free }} |
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*Malakoff, David. "Opening the Books on Open Access." ''Science Magazine |
*Malakoff, David. "Opening the Books on Open Access." ''Science Magazine'', 24 October 2003, 550–554. |
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*Mantell, Katie. "Open-Access Journal Seeks to Cut Costs for Researchers." ''SciDev.Net |
*Mantell, Katie. "Open-Access Journal Seeks to Cut Costs for Researchers." ''SciDev.Net'', 15 January 2004. http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=1194&language=1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234544/http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=1194&language=1 |date=26 September 2007 }} |
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**{{cite web |last1=Mason |first1=Betsy |title=Cell Editor Joins PLoS |website=The Scientist |date=13 January 2003 |url=https://www.the-scientist.com/news-analysis/cell-editor-joins-plos-52255 }} |
**{{cite web |last1=Mason |first1=Betsy |title=Cell Editor Joins PLoS |website=The Scientist |date=13 January 2003 |url=https://www.the-scientist.com/news-analysis/cell-editor-joins-plos-52255 }} |
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*{{cite web |last1=Mason |first1=Betsy |title=New Open-Access Journals |website=The Scientist |date=20 December 2002 |url=https://www.the-scientist.com/news-analysis/new-open-access-journals-52343 }} |
*{{cite web |last1=Mason |first1=Betsy |title=New Open-Access Journals |website=The Scientist |date=20 December 2002 |url=https://www.the-scientist.com/news-analysis/new-open-access-journals-52343 }} |
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*{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/gb-spotlight-20001113-02 |title=Senior scientists promise to boycott journals |journal=Genome Biology |volume=1 |pages=spotlight–20001113–02 |year=2000 |last1=McLaughlin |first1=Andrew |url=http://genomebiology.com/2000/1/null/spotlight/20001113 |doi-access=free }} |
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/gb-spotlight-20001113-02 |title=Senior scientists promise to boycott journals |journal=Genome Biology |volume=1 |pages=spotlight–20001113–02 |year=2000 |last1=McLaughlin |first1=Andrew |url=http://genomebiology.com/2000/1/null/spotlight/20001113 |doi-access=free }}{{Dead link|date=July 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
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*{{cite journal |doi=10.1108/10650750410527278 |title=Of budgets and boycotts: The battle over open access publishing |journal=OCLC Systems & Services: International Digital Library Perspectives |volume=20 |pages=7–10 |year=2004 |last1=Medeiros |first1=Norm |url=http://eprints.rclis.org/4740/1/ELIS_OTDCF_v20no1.PDF }} |
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1108/10650750410527278 |title=Of budgets and boycotts: The battle over open access publishing |journal=OCLC Systems & Services: International Digital Library Perspectives |volume=20 |pages=7–10 |year=2004 |last1=Medeiros |first1=Norm |url=http://eprints.rclis.org/4740/1/ELIS_OTDCF_v20no1.PDF }} |
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*Mellman, Ira. "Setting Logical Priorities: A Boycott Is Not the Best Route to Free Exchange of Scientific Information." ''Nature'', 26 April 2001, 1026. |
*Mellman, Ira. "Setting Logical Priorities: A Boycott Is Not the Best Route to Free Exchange of Scientific Information." ''Nature'', 26 April 2001, 1026. |
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*{{cite journal | last1 = Ojala | first1 = Marydee | year = 2003 | title = Intro to Open Access: The Public Library of Science | url = http://www.econtentmag.com/Articles/ArticleReader.aspx?ArticleID=5552&Query=intro%20open | journal = EContent | volume = 26 | issue = 10| pages = 11–12 }} |
*{{cite journal | last1 = Ojala | first1 = Marydee | year = 2003 | title = Intro to Open Access: The Public Library of Science | url = http://www.econtentmag.com/Articles/ArticleReader.aspx?ArticleID=5552&Query=intro%20open | journal = EContent | volume = 26 | issue = 10 | pages = 11–12 }} |
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*Olsen, Florence. "Scholars Urge Boycott of Journals That Won't Join Free Archives." ''The Chronicle of Higher Education |
*Olsen, Florence. "Scholars Urge Boycott of Journals That Won't Join Free Archives." ''The Chronicle of Higher Education'', 6 April 2001, A43. |
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*Peek, Robin. "Can Science and Nature Be Trumped?" ''Information Today'' 20, no. 2 (2003): 19, 50–51. |
*Peek, Robin. "Can Science and Nature Be Trumped?" ''Information Today'' 20, no. 2 (2003): 19, 50–51. |
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*———. "The Future of the Public Library of Science." ''Information Today'' 19, no. 2 (2002): 28. |
*———. "The Future of the Public Library of Science." ''Information Today'' 19, no. 2 (2002): 28. |
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*———. "The Scholarly Publisher as Midwife." ''Information Today'' 18, no. 7 (2001): 32. |
*———. "The Scholarly Publisher as Midwife." ''Information Today'' 18, no. 7 (2001): 32. |
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*Pickering, Bobby. "Medical Journals to Get Open Access Rival." ''Information World Review |
*Pickering, Bobby. "Medical Journals to Get Open Access Rival." ''Information World Review'', 21 May 2004. http://www.iwr.co.uk/iwreview/1155321{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
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*Public Library of Science. "Open Letter to Scientific Publishers." (2001). http://www.plos.org/about/letter.html |
*Public Library of Science. "Open Letter to Scientific Publishers." (2001). http://www.plos.org/about/letter.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314072907/https://www.plos.org/about/letter.html |date=14 March 2019 }} |
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*Reich, Margaret. "Peace, Love, and PLoS." ''The Physiologist'' 2003; 46(4): 137, 139–141. https://web.archive.org/web/20041223045509/http://www.the-aps.org/news/PloS.pdf |
*Reich, Margaret. "Peace, Love, and PLoS." ''The Physiologist'' 2003; 46(4): 137, 139–141. https://web.archive.org/web/20041223045509/http://www.the-aps.org/news/PloS.pdf |
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*{{cite journal | last1 = Russo | first1 = Eugene | year = 2001 | title = New Adventures in Science Publishing | journal = The Scientist | volume = 15 | issue = 21| page = 12 }} |
*{{cite journal | last1 = Russo | first1 = Eugene | year = 2001 | title = New Adventures in Science Publishing | journal = The Scientist | volume = 15 | issue = 21| page = 12 }} |
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*{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nm0203-154b |pmid = 12563324|title = PLoS snaps up Cell editor|journal = Nature Medicine|volume = 9|issue = 2|pages = 154–155|year = 2003|last1 = Schubert|first1 = Charlotte}} |
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nm0203-154b |pmid = 12563324|title = PLoS snaps up Cell editor|journal = Nature Medicine|volume = 9|issue = 2|pages = 154–155|year = 2003|last1 = Schubert|first1 = Charlotte|s2cid = 35914398}} |
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*{{cite journal | last1 = Stankus | first1 = Tony | year = 2003 | title = The Public Library of Science Passes Its First Biology Test | journal = Technicalities | volume = 23 | issue = 6| pages = 4–5 }} |
*{{cite journal | last1 = Stankus | first1 = Tony | year = 2003 | title = The Public Library of Science Passes Its First Biology Test | journal = Technicalities | volume = 23 | issue = 6| pages = 4–5 }} |
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*Suber, Peter. "The Launch of PLoS Biology." ''SPARC Open Access Newsletter'', no. 67 (2003). http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/11-02-03.htm#launch |
*Suber, Peter. "The Launch of PLoS Biology." ''SPARC Open Access Newsletter'', no. 67 (2003). http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/11-02-03.htm#launch {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804160311/http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/11-02-03.htm#launch |date=4 August 2012 }} |
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*{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020048 |pmid=14966541 |pmc=340951 |title=Quality Information for Improved Health |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=e48 |year=2004 |last1=Thibodeau |first1=Patricia L. |last2=Funk |first2=Carla J. }} |
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020048 |pmid=14966541 |pmc=340951 |title=Quality Information for Improved Health |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=e48 |year=2004 |last1=Thibodeau |first1=Patricia L. |last2=Funk |first2=Carla J. |doi-access=free }} |
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*{{cite journal |doi=10.1629/17127 |title=Launching PLoS Biology - six months in the open |journal=Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=127–131 |year=2004 |last1=Twyman |first1=Nick |doi-access=free }} |
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1629/17127 |title=Launching PLoS Biology - six months in the open |journal=Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=127–131 |year=2004 |last1=Twyman |first1=Nick |doi-access=free }} |
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*Velterop, Jan. "Vendor View." ''Information World Review |
*Velterop, Jan. "Vendor View." ''Information World Review'', 1 December 2001. http://www.iwr.co.uk/iwreview/1150688{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
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*Wadman, Meredith. "Publishers Challenged over Access to Papers." ''Nature |
*Wadman, Meredith. "Publishers Challenged over Access to Papers." ''Nature'', 29 March 2001, 502. |
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*{{cite web |last1=Walgate |first1=Robert |title=PLoS Biology Launches |website=The Scientist |date=10 October 2003 |url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/news/20031010/10/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031204215413/http://www.biomedcentral.com/news/20031010/10/ |archive-date=December 4, 2003 }} |
*{{cite web |last1=Walgate |first1=Robert |title=PLoS Biology Launches |website=The Scientist |date=10 October 2003 |url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/news/20031010/10/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031204215413/http://www.biomedcentral.com/news/20031010/10/ |archive-date=December 4, 2003 }} |
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{{Refend}} |
{{Refend}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Commons category| |
{{Commons category|PLOS}} |
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* {{Official website| |
* {{Official website|https://plos.org/}} |
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*[https://www.ibiology.org/biomedical-workforce/publishing-scientific-papers/ Harold Varmus's Short Talk: "Changing the Way We Publish"] |
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* [https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/07/opinion/07THU3.html Editorial in the 7 August 2003 edition of ''The New York Times'' concerning Public Library of Science journals] |
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{{PLOS}} |
{{PLOS}} |
![]()
PLOS logo since March 2020
| |
Founded | 2000; 24 years ago (2000) 2003; 21 years ago (2003) (public operations) |
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Founder |
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Country of origin | United States |
Headquarters location | Levi's Plaza, San Francisco, California |
Key people | Alison Mudditt (CEO) |
Publication types | Academic journals |
Nonfiction topics | Science |
Official website | plos |
PLOS (for Public Library of Science; PLoS until 2012 [1]) is a nonprofit publisher of open-access journals in science, technology, and medicine and other scientific literature, under an open-content license. It was founded in 2000 and launched its first journal, PLOS Biology, in October 2003.
As of 2022,[update] PLOS publishes 12 academic journals,[2] including 7 journals indexed within the Science Citation Index Expanded, and consequently 7 journals ranked with an impact factor.
PLOS journals are included in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). PLOS is also a member of the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), a participating publisher and supporter of the Initiative for Open Citations, and a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).
The Public Library of Science began in 2000 with an online petition initiative by Nobel Prize winner Harold Varmus, formerly director of the National Institutes of Health and at that time director of Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center; Patrick O. Brown, a biochemistatStanford University; and Michael Eisen, a computational biologist at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.[4][5] The petition called for all scientists to pledge that, from September 2001, they would discontinue submission of articles to journals that did not make the full text of their articles available to all, free and unfettered, either immediately or after a delay of no more than six months. Although tens of thousands signed the petition, most did not act upon its terms; and in August 2001, Brown and Eisen announced that they would start their own nonprofit publishing operation.[6] In December 2002, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation awarded PLOS a $9 million grant, which it followed in May 2006 with a $1 million grant to help PLOS achieve financial sustainability and launch new free-access biomedical journals.[7]
The PLOS organizers turned their attention to starting their own journal along the lines of the UK-based BioMed Central, which has been publishing open-access scientific articles in the biological sciences in journals such as Genome Biology since 2000. The PLOS journals are what is described as "open-access content"; all content is published under the Creative Commons "attribution" license. The project states (quoting the Budapest Open Access Initiative) that: "The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited."
As a publishing company, the Public Library of Science officially launched its operation on 13 October 2003, with the publication of a print and online scientific journal entitled PLOS Biology, and has since launched 11 more journals.[8] One, PLOS Clinical Trials, has since been merged into PLOS ONE. Following the merger, the company started the PLOS Hub for Clinical Trials to collect journal articles published in any PLOS journal that related to clinical trials; the hub was discontinued in July 2013.
PLOS became a signatory of the SDG Publishers Compact in 2023,[9][10][11] and has taken steps to support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These include the introduction of five new open-access journals in 2021 to publish research relevant to the SDGs: PLOS Climate, PLOS Water, PLOS Sustainability and Transformation, PLOS Digital Health, and PLOS Global Public Health.[12]
In 2011, the Public Library of Science became an official financial supporting organization of Healthcare Information For All by 2015,[13] a global initiative that advocates unrestricted access to medical knowledge, sponsoring the first HIFA2015 Webinar in 2012.[14]
In 2012, the organization quit using the stylization "PLoS" to identify itself and began using only "PLOS".[1]
In 2016, PLOS confirmed that its chief executive officer, Elizabeth Marincola, would be leaving for personal and professional reasons at the end of that year.[15] In May 2017, PLOS announced that their new CEO would be Alison Mudditt with effect from June.[16]
In 2021, PLOS announced a policy that required changes in reporting for researchers working in other countries as an attempt to address neo-colonial parachute research practices.[17]
To fund the journals, PLOS charges an article processing charge (APC) to be paid by the author or the author's employer or funder. In the United States, institutions such as the National Institutes of Health and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute have pledged that recipients of their grants will be allocated funds to cover such author charges. The Global Participation Initiative (GPI) was instituted in 2012, by which authors in "group-one countries" are not charged a fee and those in "group-two countries" are given a fee reduction. (In all cases, decisions to publish are based solely on editorial criteria.)
PLOS was launched with grants totaling US$13 million from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the Sandler Family Supporting Foundation.[18] PLOS confirmed in July 2011 that it no longer relies on subsidies from foundations and is covering all of its operational costs.[19][20] Since then, the PLOS balance sheet has improved from $20,511,000 net assets in 2012–2013 to $36,591,000 in 2014–2015.[21][22]
Title | Inception | ISSN |
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PLOS Biology | 2003-10-01 | ISSN 1544-9173 |
PLOS Medicine | 2004-10-01 | ISSN 1549-1676 |
PLOS Computational Biology | 2005-05-01 | ISSN 1553-7374 |
PLOS Genetics | 2005-06-01 | ISSN 1553-7404 |
PLOS Pathogens | 2005-09-01 | ISSN 1549-1676 |
PLOS Clinical Trials (later merged into PLOS ONE) |
2006-04-01 | ISSN 1555-5887 |
PLOS ONE | 2006-12-01 | ISSN 1932-6203 |
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | 2007-10-01 | ISSN 1935-2735 |
PLOS Hub for Clinical Trials | 2007-09-01 | — |
PLOS Currents | 2009-08-01 | ISSN 2157-3999 |
PLOS Climate | 2021 | ISSN 2767-3200 |
PLOS Digital Health | 2021 | ISSN 2767-3170 |
PLOS Global Public Health | 2021 | ISSN 2767-3375 |
PLOS Sustainability and Transformation | 2021 | ISSN 2767-3197 |
PLOS Water | 2021 | ISSN 2767-3219 |
In April 2017, PLOS was one of the founding partners in the Initiative for Open Citations.[23]
PLOS has its main headquarters in Suite 225 in the Koshland East Building in Levi's PlazainSan Francisco.[24] Previously, the company had been located at 185 Berry Street.[25] In June 2010, PLOS announced that it was moving to a new location in order to accommodate its rapid growth. The move to the Koshland East Building went into effect on 21 June 2010.[26]
Our CEO Elizabeth Marincola is leaving as of 12/31/16 to go to Kenya for personal and professional reasons.
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