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{{Short description|Head of the Catholic Church from 1276 to 1277}} |
{{Short description|Head of the Catholic Church from 1276 to 1277}} |
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{{for|information on the medical author often identified with the pope|Peter of Spain}} |
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{{more citations needed|date=May 2014}} |
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{{lead too short|date=June 2016}} |
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{{Infobox Christian leader |
{{Infobox Christian leader |
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| image = Papa João XXI - Galeria dos Arcebispos de Braga.png |
| image = Papa João XXI - Galeria dos Arcebispos de Braga.png |
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| caption= Anonymous portrait, {{circa|16th century}}, now at the Archbishops Gallery of [[Braga]], [[Portugal]] |
| caption= Anonymous portrait, {{circa|16th century}}, now at the Archbishops Gallery of [[Braga]], [[Portugal]] |
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| birth_name = Pedro Julião |
| birth_name = Pedro Julião |
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| church = [[Catholic Church]] |
| church = [[Catholic Church]] |
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| term_start = 8 September 1276 |
| term_start = 8 September 1276 |
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| term_end = 20 May 1277 |
| term_end = 20 May 1277 |
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| predecessor = [[ |
| predecessor = [[Adrian V]] |
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| successor = [[Pope Nicholas III|Nicholas III]] |
| successor = [[Pope Nicholas III|Nicholas III]] |
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| previous_post = {{ |
| previous_post = {{Indented plainlist| |
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* [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Braga|Archbishop of Braga]] (1272–1275) |
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* [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Frascati|Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati]] (1273–1276) |
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}} |
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| ordination = May 1275 |
| ordination = May 1275 |
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| cardinal = 3 June 1273 |
| cardinal = 3 June 1273 |
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| created_cardinal_by = [[ |
| created_cardinal_by = [[Gregory X]] |
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| birth_date = |
| birth_date = {{circa|1215}} |
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| birth_place = [[Lisbon]], [[Kingdom of Portugal]] |
| birth_place = [[Lisbon]], [[Kingdom of Portugal]] |
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| death_date = {{death date and age|1277|5|20|1215|df=y}} |
| death_date = {{death date and age|1277|5|20|1215|df=y}} |
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| death_place = [[Viterbo]], [[Papal States]] |
| death_place = [[Viterbo]], [[Papal States]] |
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| coat_of_arms = C o a |
| coat_of_arms = C o a Johannes XXI.svg |
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| other = John |
| other = John |
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}} |
}} |
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⚫ | '''Pope John XXI''' ({{lang-la|Ioannes XXI}}, {{lang-pt|João XXI}}; {{circa|lk=no|1215}} – 20 May 1277), born '''Pedro Julião'''<ref>{{cite book|title=Os Papas: De São Pedro à João Paulo II|author=[[Richard McBrien]]|year= 1997 |publisher=Edições Loyola|translator=Barbara Theoto Lambert|page=229|isbn=8515019132}}</ref> ({{lang-la|Petrus Iulianus}}), was the bishopofRome and head of the [[Catholic Church]] from 8 September 1276 to his death. He is the only [[Portugal|Portuguese]] pope in history.<ref name="McBrien222">Richard P. McBrien, ''Lives of the Popes'', (Harper Collins, 1997), 222.</ref> He is sometimes identified with the [[logic]]ian and herbalist [[Peter of Spain (author)|Peter of Spain]] ({{lang-la|Petrus Hispanus}}; {{lang-pt|Pedro Hispano}}), which would make him the only pope to have been a physician.<ref name="McBrien222" /> |
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⚫ |
'''Pope John XXI''' ({{lang-la|Ioannes XXI}}; {{circa|lk=no|1215}} – 20 May 1277), born '''Pedro Julião'''<ref>{{cite book|title=Os Papas: De São Pedro à João Paulo II|author=[[Richard McBrien]]|publisher=Edições Loyola|translator=Barbara Theoto Lambert|page=229|isbn=8515019132}}</ref> ({{lang-la|Petrus Iulianus}}), was |
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{{anchor|Biography}} |
{{anchor|Biography}} |
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==Early life== |
==Early life== |
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Pedro |
Pedro Julião was born in [[Lisbon]] between 1210 and 1220 to Julião Pais, chancellor of [[Sancho I of Portugal|Sancho I]] and [[Afonso I of Portugal|Afonso Henriques]],{{sfn|Branco|2001|p=524}} and his wife Mor Mendes. He started his studies at the episcopal school of [[Lisbon Cathedral]] and later joined the [[University of Paris]], although some historians claim that he was educated at [[Montpellier]]. Wherever he studied, he concentrated on [[medicine]], [[theology]], [[logic]], [[physics]], [[metaphysics]], and [[Aristotle]]'s [[dialectic]]. He is traditionally and usually identified with the medical author [[Peter of Spain]], an important figure in the development of logic and [[pharmacology]]. Peter of Spain taught at the [[University of Siena]] in the 1240s and his ''{{lang|la|Summulae Logicales}}'' was used as a university textbook on [[Aristotelian logic]] for the next three centuries. At the court in Lisbon, he was the councilor and spokesman for [[Afonso III of Portugal|King Afonso III]] in church matters. Later, he became [[Prior (ecclesiastical)|prior]] of Guimarães. |
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He was Archdeacon of Vermoim (Vermuy) in the Archdiocese of Braga.<ref>Conradus Eubel, ''Hierarchia catholica medii aevi'' Tomus I, editio altera (Monasterii 1913), p. 144.</ref> He tried to become [[Patriarch of Lisbon|bishop of Lisbon]] but was defeated. Instead, he became the Master of the school of Lisbon. Peter became the physician of [[Pope Gregory X]] (1271– |
He was Archdeacon of Vermoim (Vermuy) in the Archdiocese of Braga.<ref>Conradus Eubel, ''Hierarchia catholica medii aevi'' Tomus I, editio altera (Monasterii 1913), p. 144.</ref> He tried to become [[Patriarch of Lisbon|bishop of Lisbon]] but was defeated. Instead, he became the Master of the school of Lisbon. Peter became the physician of [[Pope Gregory X]] (1271–1276) early in his reign. In March 1273, he was elected Archbishop of [[Braga]], but did not assume that post; instead, on 3 June 1273, [[Pope Gregory X]] created him [[Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati|Cardinal Bishop of Tusculum (Frascati)]].<ref>Conradus Eubel, ''Hierarchia catholica medii aevi'' Tomus I, editio altera (Monasterii 1913), p. 9.</ref> |
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==Papacy== |
==Papacy== |
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[[File:Luogo del primo sepolcro di vari papi, con resti del monumento di giovanni xxi, 01.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Pope John XXI in [[Viterbo Cathedral]]]] |
[[File:Luogo del primo sepolcro di vari papi, con resti del monumento di giovanni xxi, 01.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Pope John XXI in [[Viterbo Cathedral]]]] |
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After the death of [[Pope Adrian V]] on 18 August 1276, Peter was [[Papal election, September 1276|elected pope]] on 8 September.<ref name="McBrien222" /> He was crowned a week later on 20 September. One of John XXI's few acts during his brief reign was the reversal of a decree recently passed at the [[Second Council of Lyon]] (1274); the decree had not only confined cardinals in solitude until they elected a successor pope, but also progressively restricted their supplies of food and wine if their deliberations took too long. Though much of John XXI's brief papacy was dominated by the powerful Cardinal Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, who succeeded him as [[Pope Nicholas III]], John attempted to launch a [[crusade]] for the [[Holy Land]], pushed for a union with the Eastern church, and did what he could to maintain peace between the Christian nations. He also launched a [[Missionary|mission]] to convert the [[Tatars]], but he died before it could start.<ref> |
After the death of [[Pope Adrian V]] on 18 August 1276, Peter was [[Papal election, September 1276|elected pope]] on 8 September.<ref name="McBrien222" /> He was crowned a week later on 20 September. One of John XXI's few acts during his brief reign was the reversal of a decree recently passed at the [[Second Council of Lyon]] (1274); the decree had not only confined cardinals in solitude until they elected a successor pope, but also progressively restricted their supplies of food and wine if their deliberations took too long. Though much of John XXI's brief papacy was dominated by the powerful Cardinal Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, who succeeded him as [[Pope Nicholas III]], John attempted to launch a [[crusade]] for the [[Holy Land]], pushed for a union with the Eastern church, and did what he could to maintain peace between the Christian nations. He also launched a [[Missionary|mission]] to convert the [[Tatars]], but he died before it could start.<ref>Johann Peter Kirsch (1910). "[[wikisource:Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_John_XXI_(XX)|Pope John XXI (XX)]]". In ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. '''8.''' New York.</ref> |
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To secure the necessary quiet for his medical studies, he had an apartment added to the papal palace at [[Viterbo]], to which he could retire when he wished to work undisturbed. On 14 May 1277, while the pope was alone in this apartment, the ceiling collapsed; John was rescued alive from beneath the rubble; however, he died of his serious injuries on 20 May, possibly an early recorded case of [[crush syndrome]].<ref name="DeSanto2021">{{cite journal |last1=De Santo |first1=Natale G |last2=Bisaccia |first2=Carmela |last3=De Santo |first3=Luca S |last4=Cucu |first4=Andrei I |last5=Costea |first5=Claudia F |date=April 2021 |title=John XXI, the Pope Philosopher and Physician-Scientist of Portuguese Origins Died of Crush Syndrome in 1277 |url= |journal=J Relig Health |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=1305–1317 |doi=10.1007/s10943-020-01096-3 |pmid=33141403 |s2cid=226231611 |access-date=}}</ref> |
To secure the necessary quiet for his medical studies, he had an apartment added to the papal palace at [[Viterbo]], to which he could retire when he wished to work undisturbed. On 14 May 1277, while the pope was alone in this apartment, the ceiling collapsed; John was rescued alive from beneath the rubble; however, he died of his serious injuries on 20 May, possibly an early recorded case of [[crush syndrome]].<ref name="DeSanto2021">{{cite journal |last1=De Santo |first1=Natale G |last2=Bisaccia |first2=Carmela |last3=De Santo |first3=Luca S |last4=Cucu |first4=Andrei I |last5=Costea |first5=Claudia F |date=April 2021 |title=John XXI, the Pope Philosopher and Physician-Scientist of Portuguese Origins Died of Crush Syndrome in 1277 |url= |journal=J Relig Health |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=1305–1317 |doi=10.1007/s10943-020-01096-3 |pmid=33141403 |s2cid=226231611 |access-date=}}</ref> |
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===Bibliography=== |
===Bibliography=== |
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*{{cite book |chapter=Establishing the King in his Kingdom: The Chancellor Julião Pais and his Jurists |first=Maria João |last=Branco |title=The Medieval World |editor-first1= Peter |editor-last1=Linehan |editor-first2=Janet L. |editor-last2=Nelson |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |page=524}} |
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* Guiraud, J. and L. Cadier (editors), ''Les registres de Grégoire X et de Jean XXI ( |
* Guiraud, J. and L. Cadier (editors), ''Les registres de Grégoire X et de Jean XXI (1271–1277)'' (Paris, 1892–1898) [Bibliothèque de l'Ecole française à Rome, série 2, 12] (in Latin) |
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* Walter, Fritz, ''Die Politik der Kurie unter Gregor X'' (Berlin, 1894) (in German) |
* Walter, Fritz, ''Die Politik der Kurie unter Gregor X'' (Berlin, 1894) (in German) |
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* Stapper, Richard, ''Papst Johannes XXI. Eine Monographie'' (Münster 1898) [Kirchengeschichtliche Studien, volume 4, no. 4] (in German) |
* Stapper, Richard, ''Papst Johannes XXI. Eine Monographie'' (Münster 1898) [Kirchengeschichtliche Studien, volume 4, no. 4] (in German) |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:John 21}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:John 21}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Portuguese cardinals]] |
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[[Category:Portuguese popes|John XXI]] |
[[Category:Portuguese popes|John XXI]] |
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[[Category:Bishops of Braga]] |
[[Category:Bishops of Braga]] |
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[[Category:Cardinal-bishops of Frascati]] |
[[Category:Cardinal-bishops of Frascati]] |
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[[Category:13th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Portugal]] |
[[Category:13th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Portugal]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Roman Catholic archbishops of Braga]] |
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[[Category:13th-century writers in Latin]] |
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[[Category:Clergy from Lisbon|John XXI]] |
[[Category:Clergy from Lisbon|John XXI]] |
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[[Category:Accidental deaths in Italy|John XXI]] |
[[Category:Accidental deaths in Italy|John XXI]] |
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[[Category:1215 births|John XXI]] |
[[Category:1215 births|John XXI]] |
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[[Category:1277 deaths|John XXI]] |
[[Category:1277 deaths|John XXI]] |
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[[Category:University of Siena |
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Siena]] |
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[[Category:Viterbo Papacy]] |
[[Category:Viterbo Papacy]] |
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[[Category:13th-century popes]] |
[[Category:13th-century popes]] |
John XXI
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Bishop of Rome | |
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Church | Catholic Church |
Papacy began | 8 September 1276 |
Papacy ended | 20 May 1277 |
Predecessor | Adrian V |
Successor | Nicholas III |
Orders | |
Ordination | May 1275 |
Created cardinal | 3 June 1273 byGregory X |
Personal details | |
Born | Pedro Julião c. 1215 |
Died | 20 May 1277(1277-05-20) (aged 61–62) Viterbo, Papal States |
Previous post(s) |
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Coat of arms | ![]() |
Other popes named John |
Pope John XXI (Latin: Ioannes XXI, Portuguese: João XXI; c. 1215 – 20 May 1277), born Pedro Julião[1] (Latin: Petrus Iulianus), was the bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church from 8 September 1276 to his death. He is the only Portuguese pope in history.[2] He is sometimes identified with the logician and herbalist Peter of Spain (Latin: Petrus Hispanus; Portuguese: Pedro Hispano), which would make him the only pope to have been a physician.[2]
Pedro Julião was born in Lisbon between 1210 and 1220 to Julião Pais, chancellor of Sancho I and Afonso Henriques,[3] and his wife Mor Mendes. He started his studies at the episcopal school of Lisbon Cathedral and later joined the University of Paris, although some historians claim that he was educated at Montpellier. Wherever he studied, he concentrated on medicine, theology, logic, physics, metaphysics, and Aristotle's dialectic. He is traditionally and usually identified with the medical author Peter of Spain, an important figure in the development of logic and pharmacology. Peter of Spain taught at the University of Siena in the 1240s and his Summulae Logicales was used as a university textbook on Aristotelian logic for the next three centuries. At the court in Lisbon, he was the councilor and spokesman for King Afonso III in church matters. Later, he became prior of Guimarães.
He was Archdeacon of Vermoim (Vermuy) in the Archdiocese of Braga.[4] He tried to become bishop of Lisbon but was defeated. Instead, he became the Master of the school of Lisbon. Peter became the physician of Pope Gregory X (1271–1276) early in his reign. In March 1273, he was elected Archbishop of Braga, but did not assume that post; instead, on 3 June 1273, Pope Gregory X created him Cardinal Bishop of Tusculum (Frascati).[5]
After the death of Pope Adrian V on 18 August 1276, Peter was elected pope on 8 September.[2] He was crowned a week later on 20 September. One of John XXI's few acts during his brief reign was the reversal of a decree recently passed at the Second Council of Lyon (1274); the decree had not only confined cardinals in solitude until they elected a successor pope, but also progressively restricted their supplies of food and wine if their deliberations took too long. Though much of John XXI's brief papacy was dominated by the powerful Cardinal Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, who succeeded him as Pope Nicholas III, John attempted to launch a crusade for the Holy Land, pushed for a union with the Eastern church, and did what he could to maintain peace between the Christian nations. He also launched a mission to convert the Tatars, but he died before it could start.[6]
To secure the necessary quiet for his medical studies, he had an apartment added to the papal palace at Viterbo, to which he could retire when he wished to work undisturbed. On 14 May 1277, while the pope was alone in this apartment, the ceiling collapsed; John was rescued alive from beneath the rubble; however, he died of his serious injuries on 20 May, possibly an early recorded case of crush syndrome.[7]
He was buried in the Duomo di Viterbo, where his tomb can still be seen. The original porphyry sarcophagus was destroyed during the cathedral's 16th-century refurbishment, and was replaced with a more modest one in stone with the pope's effigy. In the 19th century, the Duke of Saldanha, as Portuguese Ambassador to the Holy See, had the pope's remains transferred to a new sarcophagus sculpted by Filippo Gnaccarini.[7] In 2000, the Lisbon City Council, led by Mayor João Soares, successfully had a new funeral monument built in lioz stone, topped by the original stone effigy of the pope, placed in a more condign location in the transept.[8][9]
After his death, it was rumored that John XXI had actually been a necromancer (see also Communion of the Saints), a suspicion frequently directed towards the few scholars among medieval popes (see, e.g., Sylvester II). It was also said that his death had been an act of God, stopping him from completing a heretical treatise.[10] Since the works of "Peter of Spain" continued to be studied and appreciated, however, Dante Alighieri placed "Pietro Spano" in his Paradiso's Sphere of the Sun with the spirits of other great religious scholars.
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Preceded by | Pope 1276–77 |
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