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{{Short description|Instinctive inclination of a carnivore to find, pursue and capture prey}} |
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{{expert-subject|date=December 2011}} |
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{{redirect|Eye-stalking|the study of eye movement|Eye tracking|eye mounted on stalks|Eyestalk}} |
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{{refimprove|date=December 2011}} |
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[[Image:KeepstoneFetchcropped.JPG|thumb|right|A [[Border Collie]] [[ |
[[Image:KeepstoneFetchcropped.JPG|thumb|right|A [[Border Collie]] [[Herding dog|herding]]. This behaviour is an example ofa modified prey drive.]] |
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'''Prey drive''' is the [[instinct]]ive inclination of a [[carnivore]] to pursue and capture [[prey]] |
'''Prey drive''' is the [[instinct]]ive inclination of a [[carnivore]] to find, pursue, and capture [[prey]]. The term is chiefly used to describe and analyse habits in [[dog training]]. |
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==Aspects== |
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In dog training, prey drive can be used as |
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The predatory motor sequence follows a sequence: search (orient, nose/ear/eye); stalk; chase; bite (grab-bite, kill-bite); dissect; and consume.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Coppinger |first1=Raymond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D3YKOSc_JzEC&pg=PA13 |title=Dogs, A New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior, and Evolution |last2=Coppinger |first2=Lorna |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=9780684855301 |edition= |pages=116 |language=en}}</ref> [[Wolf|Wolves]] can use the whole 'sequence'. |
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In different breeds of dogs, certain steps of these have been amplified or reduced by human-controlled [[selective breeding]] for various purposes. The "search" aspect of the prey drive is usedin[[Detection dog|detection dogs]] such as [[bloodhound]]s and [[beagle]]s. The "eye-stalk"isfor [[herding dog]]s. The "chase" is seen in sighthounds such as [[Greyhounds]] and [[lurcher]]s, while the "grab-bite" and "kill-bite" are for the training of [[terrier]]s. In most dogs, prey drive behaviour can occur without [[Reinforcement learning|extrinsic reinforcement]]. |
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==Benefits== |
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⚫ | In[[dog training]], prey drive can be used as a performative advantage because dogs with strong prey drive are more willing to pursue moving objects such as toys, which can then be used to encourage certain kinds of behavior, such as that of [[greyhound racing]] or the speed required in [[dog agility]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Playing with Prey Drive: The Key to Attitude and Enthusiasm in Performance Dogs |url=http://www.thedogathlete.com/playing-with-prey-drive/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127044930/http://www.thedogathlete.com/playing-with-prey-drive/ |archivedate=November 27, 2011 |accessdate=December 6, 2011 |publisher=The Dog Athlete}}</ref> Prey drive can affect training in [[schutzhund|Schutzhunds]] as well.<ref>{{cite web |last=McWhinnie |first=Diane |date=January 7, 1997 |title=Understanding Prey Drive |url=http://flyballdogs.com/prey_drive.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517214534/http://flyballdogs.com/prey_drive.html |archive-date=May 17, 2017 |accessdate=December 6, 2011 |publisher=Flyballdogs.com |language=en}}</ref> |
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⚫ | [[Retriever]]s is sometimes expected to chase prey and bring it back to the human hunter, but not bite or damage it. [[Bull Terrier]]s, such as the [[Staffordshire Bull Terrier]], have an amplified grab-bite as they were originally bred to [[bull-baiting|bait bulls]] (restrain bulls by hanging onto their noses), but never needed to find or stalk the prey. |
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Levels of prey drive often vary substantially in different dogs. Narcotics detection dogs and [[search and rescue dog]]s must have enough prey drive to keep them searching for hours in the hope of finding their quarry (a find which is generally rewarded with a game of tug). Therefore, a dog with low drive will not make a successful detection or search dog, but a dog who is too high in prey drive may be unsuitable as a pet for a suburban home, as it may become bored and destructive when its high drive is not regularly satisfied. |
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==References== |
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Dogs are happiest and most balanced in overall behavior when their prey drive is properly stimulated and satisfied through [[play (animal behavior)|play]]. Many professional dog trainers consider [[dog bite tug]] to be very effective training tool in prey drive and retrieve developing skills. |
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==Fight or Flight== |
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{{main|Fight-or-flight response}} |
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[[Image:Attentive dog.jpg|thumb|right|An attentive dog keeps an eye out for possible prey.]] |
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'''Fight or Flight''' is the [[instinct]]ive behavior of a [[herbivore]] to flee or evade capture by a [[predator]]. |
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With various types of [[animal]]s, there are many examples of prey animals that exhibit the fight or flight response or instinct. |
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In any instance where a prey animal smells, hears, sees or otherwise senses a predator in the vicinity, the prey animal will immediately react. The first reaction seen may only take a split second but may include an alert to other prey animals in the area. The alert may be a sound, a sudden and obvious raising of the head and neck, sudden pricking of the ears, a stomping or striking of the ground with a front foot, a flick of a tail, aka: flagging, or even a bounding leap away from the predator in pursuit and other prey animals in the area that are vulnerable to attack. These gestures are a means of alerting and even protecting other prey animals in the group or area. |
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This fight or flight [[instinct]] that has been passed down from generation to generation of prey animals and is also a learned skill. Fight or flight is an instinct when, (for example an orphan) an animal recognizes a predator without training from its parents or other prey animals. Prey animals teach their young about predators, evading predators, hiding from predators and even physically defending themselves from predators. This "fight or flight Instinct" is actually a feeling of anxiety, fear or terror when an unfamiliar or predatorial animal is approaching. The Fight or Flight instinct, tells the prey animal to defend itself or run away. Prey animals exhibiting a "Flight Instinct" or response will run away from a predator and/or run in random directions, kick with the back legs, climb rocks, trees, fences, etc. A prey animal exhibiting the "Fight Instinct" will exhibit signs of self-defense in the form of stomping the ground with front foot, charging the predator, head butting, rearing or even defensive grunts, bugles, roars and other sounds including snorting (making noise by forcing air through the nostrils in a sudden way). |
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Prey animals are those that most often can be found in a herd or group setting with family members. There is usually one animal in the group that exhibits dominance and one that exhibits leadership. There are some instances when one animal will do both jobs. The dominant animal in some prey animal herds will try to ward off danger by showing dominance to a predator or potential predator, (Fight Instinct). The leader in the prey animal group usually is the decision maker for the herd deciding when and where to eat, when to go to the watering hole, what time of day to get there, when to rest and who will stand guard while the others sleep, (Flight Instinct). |
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==Notes== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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Prey drive is the instinctive inclination of a carnivore to find, pursue, and capture prey. The term is chiefly used to describe and analyse habits in dog training.
The predatory motor sequence follows a sequence: search (orient, nose/ear/eye); stalk; chase; bite (grab-bite, kill-bite); dissect; and consume.[1] Wolves can use the whole 'sequence'.
In different breeds of dogs, certain steps of these have been amplified or reduced by human-controlled selective breeding for various purposes. The "search" aspect of the prey drive is used in detection dogs such as bloodhounds and beagles. The "eye-stalk" is for herding dogs. The "chase" is seen in sighthounds such as Greyhounds and lurchers, while the "grab-bite" and "kill-bite" are for the training of terriers. In most dogs, prey drive behaviour can occur without extrinsic reinforcement.
Indog training, prey drive can be used as a performative advantage because dogs with strong prey drive are more willing to pursue moving objects such as toys, which can then be used to encourage certain kinds of behavior, such as that of greyhound racing or the speed required in dog agility.[2] Prey drive can affect training in Schutzhunds as well.[3]
Retrievers is sometimes expected to chase prey and bring it back to the human hunter, but not bite or damage it. Bull Terriers, such as the Staffordshire Bull Terrier, have an amplified grab-bite as they were originally bred to bait bulls (restrain bulls by hanging onto their noses), but never needed to find or stalk the prey.