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{{Short description|British princess; fourth daughter of George III}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} |
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{{Infobox royalty |
{{Infobox royalty |
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| name =Princess Mary |
| name = Princess Mary |
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| title =Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh |
| title = [[Duchess of Gloucester|Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh]] |
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| image =Mary of |
| image = Mary, DuchessofGloucester and Edinburgh.jpg |
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| caption = |
| caption = Photograph of Mary by [[Antoine Claudet]], circa 1856 |
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| alt = Mary aged about 48 |
| alt = Mary aged about 48 |
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| spouse ={{marriage|[[Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh]]<br />|22 July 1816|30 November 1834|end=d.}} |
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh]]<br />|22 July 1816|30 November 1834|end=d.}} |
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| house =[[House of Hanover|Hanover]] |
| house = [[House of Hanover|Hanover]] |
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| father =[[George III |
| father = [[George III]] |
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| mother =[[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]] |
| mother = [[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]] |
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| birth_date ={{Birth date|1776|4|25|df=y}} |
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1776|4|25|df=y}} |
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| birth_place =[[Buckingham Palace|Buckingham House]], [[London]] |
| birth_place = [[Buckingham Palace|Buckingham House]], [[London]], England |
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| death_date ={{Death date and age|1857|4|30|1776|4|25|df=y}} |
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1857|4|30|1776|4|25|df=y}} |
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| death_place =[[Gloucester House, |
| death_place = [[Gloucester House, Mayfair]], London |
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| burial_date =8 May 1857 |
| burial_date = 8 May 1857 |
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| burial_place =[[St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle]] |
| burial_place = [[St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle]] |
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| signature = Signature of Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh.svg |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh''' (25 April 1776 – 30 April 1857) was the eleventh child and fourth daughter of [[King George III |
'''Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh''' (25 April 1776 – 30 April 1857) was the eleventh child and fourth daughter of [[King George III]] and his consort [[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]. |
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She married her first cousin, [[Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh]], when both were 40, and was his widow in later life. In her last years, her niece [[Queen Victoria]] was on the throne as the fourth monarch during Mary's life, after her father and two of her brothers, [[George IV]] and [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]]. Dying aged 81 at [[Gloucester House]], [[Weymouth, Dorset|Weymouth]], Mary was the longest-lived and last survivor of George III's fifteen children (thirteen of whom lived to adulthood). |
She married her first cousin, [[Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh]], when both were 40, and was his widow in later life. In her last years, her niece [[Queen Victoria]] was on the throne as the fourth monarch during Mary's life, after her father and two of her brothers, [[George IV]] and [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]]. Dying aged 81 at [[Gloucester House]], [[Weymouth, Dorset|Weymouth]], Mary was the longest-lived and last survivor of George III's fifteen children (thirteen of whom lived to adulthood). |
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==Early life and family== |
==Early life and family== |
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[[File:Gainsborough - Princess Mary, 1782.jpg|thumb|left|Princess Mary aged six.]] |
[[File:Gainsborough - Princess Mary, 1782.jpg|thumb|left|Princess Mary aged six.]] |
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Princess Mary was born on 25 April 1776, at [[Buckingham Palace]], London.{{sfn|Weir|2008|p=299}} Her father was the reigning British monarch, [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]]. Her mother was [[Charlotte of Mecklenburg |
Princess Mary was born on 25 April 1776, at [[Buckingham Palace]], London.{{sfn|Weir|2008|p=299}} Her father was the reigning British monarch, [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]]. Her mother was [[Charlotte of Mecklenburg|Queen Charlotte]], the daughter of Charles, [[reign]]ing Duke of [[Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]. |
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Mary was baptised on 19 May 1776, in the Great Council Chamber at [[St. James's Palace]], by [[Frederick Cornwallis]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury|The Archbishop of Canterbury]]. Her godparents were: |
Mary was baptised on 19 May 1776, in the Great Council Chamber at [[St. James's Palace]], by [[Frederick Cornwallis]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury|The Archbishop of Canterbury]]. Her godparents were: |
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According to [[Flora Fraser (writer)|Flora Fraser]], Mary was considered to be the most beautiful daughter of George III; Fraser calls her a "bland beauty". Mary danced a [[minuet]] for the first time in public at the age of sixteen in June 1791, during a court [[ball (dance)|ball]] given for the king's birthday.<ref name=Lane191>{{cite book| last = Lane| first = Henry M.| title = The Royal Daughters of England| year = 1911| location = London| page = 191}}</ref> In the spring of 1792 she made her official [[debutante|debut]] at [[Noble court|court]].<ref name=Lane191/> Around 1796 Mary fell in love with the Dutch [[Prince Frederick of Orange-Nassau|Prince Frederick]], while he and his family lived in [[exile]] in London. Frederik was a son of [[William V, Prince of Orange]], the Dutch [[stadholder]], and younger brother to the future King [[William I of the Netherlands]]. However Frederik and Mary never married because George III stipulated that her elder sisters should marry first. In 1799 Prince Frederik died of an infection while serving in the army, and Mary was allowed to go into official [[mourning#United Kingdom|mourning]]. |
According to [[Flora Fraser (writer)|Flora Fraser]], Mary was considered to be the most beautiful daughter of George III; Fraser calls her a "bland beauty". Mary danced a [[minuet]] for the first time in public at the age of sixteen in June 1791, during a court [[ball (dance)|ball]] given for the king's birthday.<ref name=Lane191>{{cite book| last = Lane| first = Henry M.| title = The Royal Daughters of England| year = 1911| location = London| page = 191}}</ref> In the spring of 1792 she made her official [[debutante|debut]] at [[Noble court|court]].<ref name=Lane191/> Around 1796 Mary fell in love with the Dutch [[Prince Frederick of Orange-Nassau|Prince Frederick]], while he and his family lived in [[exile]] in London. Frederik was a son of [[William V, Prince of Orange]], the Dutch [[stadholder]], and younger brother to the future King [[William I of the Netherlands]]. However Frederik and Mary never married because George III stipulated that her elder sisters should marry first. In 1799 Prince Frederik died of an infection while serving in the army, and Mary was allowed to go into official [[mourning#United Kingdom|mourning]]. |
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[[File:Marie Anne Bourlier, Her Royal Highness Princess Mary.jpg|thumb|Princess Mary engraved by Marie Anne Bourlier, 1806]] |
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Mary's youngest sister and beloved companion [[Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom|Princess Amelia]] called her "Mama's tool" because of her obedient nature. Amelia's premature death in 1810 devastated her sister, who had nursed her devotedly during her painful illness. |
Mary's youngest sister and beloved companion [[Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom|Princess Amelia]] called her "Mama's tool" because of her obedient nature. Amelia's premature death in 1810 devastated her sister, who had nursed her devotedly during her painful illness. |
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==Marriage and later life== |
==Marriage and later life== |
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[[File:Victoriaandmary.jpg|thumb|alt=Daguerreotype of Princess Mary|1856 [[daguerreotype]] by [[Antoine Claudet]] of Princess Mary, seated far right. Sitting to her left are [[Queen Victoria]] and [[Princess Alice of the United Kingdom|Princess Alice]]. Standing to the rear is the Prince of Wales (later [[King Edward VII]]).]] |
[[File:Victoriaandmary.jpg|thumb|alt=Daguerreotype of Princess Mary|1856 [[daguerreotype]] by [[Antoine Claudet]] of Princess Mary, seated far right. Sitting to her left are [[Queen Victoria]] and [[Princess Alice of the United Kingdom|Princess Alice]]. Standing to the rear is the Prince of Wales (later [[King Edward VII]]).]] |
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Mary's upbringing was very sheltered and she spent most of her time with her parents and sisters. King George and Queen Charlotte were keen to shelter their children, particularly the girls.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} Mary, however, married on 22 July 1816, to her first cousin, [[Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh]], the son of George III's brother, [[Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh]].{{sfn|Weir|2008|pp=281, 299}} On their wedding day, Mary's brother, [[George IV of the United Kingdom|The Prince Regent]], raised the [[Participants in wedding ceremonies#Groom|bridegroom]]'s [[style (manner of address)|style]] from ''[[Highness]]'' to ''[[Royal Highness]]'', an attribute to which Mary's [[United Kingdom order of precedence#British royal family|rank]] as daughter of the King already entitled her. |
Mary's upbringing was very sheltered and she spent most of her time with her parents and sisters. King George and Queen Charlotte were keen to shelter their children, particularly the girls.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} Mary, however, married on 22 July 1816, to her first cousin, [[Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh]], the son of George III's brother, [[Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh]]. {{sfn|Weir|2008|pp=281, 299}} Both were aged 40. On their wedding day, Mary's brother, [[George IV of the United Kingdom|The Prince Regent]], raised the [[Participants in wedding ceremonies#Groom|bridegroom]]'s [[style (manner of address)|style]] from ''[[Highness]]'' to ''[[Royal Highness]]'', an attribute to which Mary's [[United Kingdom order of precedence#British royal family|rank]] as daughter of the King already entitled her. |
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William Frederick had initially sought to marry Mary's niece [[Princess Charlotte of Wales (1796–1817)|Princess Charlotte of Wales]].{{sfn|Purdue|2004b}} Charlotte, while interested, was berated by her father, who subsequently also expressed his displeasure to Gloucester and the courtship ended.{{sfn|Plowden|p=132}} The historian A. W. Purdue suggests that Mary's motive for marrying her cousin sprang from her dislike of Queen Charlotte's restrictive household.{{sfn|Purdue|2004a}} Princess Charlotte observed that the duke "is much in love, & and tells me he is the happiest creature on earth. I won't say [Mary] does as much, but being her own mistress, having her own house, & being able to walk in the streets all delights her in their several ways."{{sfn|Williams|2016|p=130}} |
William Frederick had initially sought to marry Mary's niece [[Princess Charlotte of Wales (1796–1817)|Princess Charlotte of Wales]].{{sfn|Purdue|2004b}} Charlotte, while interested, was berated by her father, who subsequently also expressed his displeasure to Gloucester and the courtship ended.{{sfn|Plowden|1989|p=132}} The historian A. W. Purdue suggests that Mary's motive for marrying her cousin sprang from her dislike of Queen Charlotte's restrictive household.{{sfn|Purdue|2004a}} Princess Charlotte observed that the duke "is much in love, & and tells me he is the happiest creature on earth. I won't say [Mary] does as much, but being her own mistress, having her own house, & being able to walk in the streets all delights her in their several ways."{{sfn|Williams|2016|p=130}} |
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The couple lived at [[Bagshot Park]],{{sfn|Purdue|2004a}} but after William's death she moved to [[White Lodge]] in [[Richmond Park]].{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} They had no children together.{{sfn|Purdue|2004a}} |
The couple lived at [[Bagshot Park]],{{sfn|Purdue|2004a}} but after William's death she moved to [[White Lodge]] in [[Richmond Park]].{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} They had no children together.{{sfn|Purdue|2004a}} |
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==Death== |
==Death== |
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Princess Mary died on 30 April 1857 at [[Gloucester House, |
Princess Mary died on 30 April 1857 at [[Gloucester House, Mayfair]], aged 81. She was the last-surviving and longest-lived child of King George III and Queen Charlotte.{{sfn|Purdue|2004a}} |
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==Arms== |
==Arms== |
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===Sources=== |
===Sources=== |
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{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} |
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} |
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⚫ | *{{cite book|first=Flora|last=Fraser|author-link=Flora Fraser (writer) |title=Princesses: The Six Daughters of George III |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2013|isbn=978-1-4088-4481-6}} |
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* {{cite book|first=Janice |last=Hadlow |author-link=Janice Hadlow |title=A Royal Experiment: The Private Life of King George III |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-8050-9656-9 }} |
* {{cite book|first=Janice |last=Hadlow |author-link=Janice Hadlow |title=A Royal Experiment: The Private Life of King George III |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-8050-9656-9 }} |
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* {{cite book |
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| last = Plowden |
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| first = Alison |
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| author-link = Alison Plowden |
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| year = 1989 |
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| title = Caroline and Charlotte |
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| publisher = Sidgwick & Jackson |
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| location = London |
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| isbn = 978-0-283-99489-0 |
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}} |
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*{{ODNBweb|last=Purdue |first=A.W.|title=George III, Daughters of (act. 1766–1857) |id=59209 |date=2004a }} |
*{{ODNBweb|last=Purdue |first=A.W.|title=George III, Daughters of (act. 1766–1857) |id=59209 |date=2004a }} |
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*{{ODNBweb|last=Purdue |first=A.W.|title=William Frederick, Prince, second duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh (1776–1834) |id=29457|date=2004b }} |
*{{ODNBweb|last=Purdue |first=A.W.|title=William Frederick, Prince, second duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh (1776–1834) |id=29457|date=2004b }} |
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* {{cite book|first=Kate |last=Williams |author-link=Kate Williams (historian) |title=Becoming Queen Victoria |publisher=Ballantine Books |year=2016 |orig-year=2008 |isbn=978-0-345-47239-7 }} |
* {{cite book|first=Kate |last=Williams |author-link=Kate Williams (historian) |title=Becoming Queen Victoria |publisher=Ballantine Books |year=2016 |orig-year=2008 |isbn=978-0-345-47239-7 }} |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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⚫ | *{{cite book|first=Flora|last=Fraser|author-link=Flora Fraser (writer) |title=Princesses: The Six Daughters of George III |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2013|isbn=978-1-4088-4481-6}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*{{UK National Archives ID}} |
*{{UK National Archives ID}} |
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*{{NPG name}} |
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{{British princesses}} |
{{British princesses}} |
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{{Hanoverian princesses}} |
{{Hanoverian princesses}} |
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{{British princesses by marriage}} |
{{British princesses by marriage}} |
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{{George III|state=collapsed}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:British duchesses by marriage|Gloucester, Mary, Duchess of]] |
[[Category:British duchesses by marriage|Gloucester, Mary, Duchess of]] |
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[[Category:Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle]] |
[[Category:Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle]] |
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[[Category:Children of George III |
[[Category:Children of George III]] |
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[[Category:Residents of White Lodge, Richmond Park]] |
[[Category:Residents of White Lodge, Richmond Park]] |
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[[Category:Daughters of kings]] |
[[Category:Daughters of kings]] |
Princess Mary | |
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Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh | |
![]()
Photograph of Mary by Antoine Claudet, circa 1856
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Born | (1776-04-25)25 April 1776 Buckingham House, London, England |
Died | 30 April 1857(1857-04-30) (aged 81) Gloucester House, Mayfair, London |
Burial | 8 May 1857 |
Spouse |
(m. 1816; died 1834) |
House | Hanover |
Father | George III |
Mother | Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz |
Signature | ![]() |
Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh (25 April 1776 – 30 April 1857) was the eleventh child and fourth daughter of King George III and his consort Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
She married her first cousin, Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, when both were 40, and was his widow in later life. In her last years, her niece Queen Victoria was on the throne as the fourth monarch during Mary's life, after her father and two of her brothers, George IV and William IV. Dying aged 81 at Gloucester House, Weymouth, Mary was the longest-lived and last survivor of George III's fifteen children (thirteen of whom lived to adulthood).
Princess Mary was born on 25 April 1776, at Buckingham Palace, London.[1] Her father was the reigning British monarch, George III. Her mother was Queen Charlotte, the daughter of Charles, reigning Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
Mary was baptised on 19 May 1776, in the Great Council Chamber at St. James's Palace, by Frederick Cornwallis, The Archbishop of Canterbury. Her godparents were:
The king was a devoted father, finding time to regularly visit the royal nursery. Engaging in active play with his young children, he behaved quite informally in contrast to the dignified Queen Charlotte, who had more difficulty abandoning the formal behaviour expected of their class. Despite her outer reserve, however, Charlotte took a role as conscientious as her husband in their children's upbringing. For the royal princesses, the queen carefully oversaw their welfare, education, and development of moral values. Faced with less time due to her public duties and close marriage to the king, she appointed Lady Charlotte Finch to manage the royal nursery and administer her ideas.[2]
According to Flora Fraser, Mary was considered to be the most beautiful daughter of George III; Fraser calls her a "bland beauty". Mary danced a minuet for the first time in public at the age of sixteen in June 1791, during a court ball given for the king's birthday.[3] In the spring of 1792 she made her official debutatcourt.[3] Around 1796 Mary fell in love with the Dutch Prince Frederick, while he and his family lived in exile in London. Frederik was a son of William V, Prince of Orange, the Dutch stadholder, and younger brother to the future King William I of the Netherlands. However Frederik and Mary never married because George III stipulated that her elder sisters should marry first. In 1799 Prince Frederik died of an infection while serving in the army, and Mary was allowed to go into official mourning.
Mary's youngest sister and beloved companion Princess Amelia called her "Mama's tool" because of her obedient nature. Amelia's premature death in 1810 devastated her sister, who had nursed her devotedly during her painful illness.
Princess Mary was quite close to her eldest brother, and she shared his antipathy toward his wife, their cousin Caroline of Brunswick. When the latter left for Italy, Princess Mary congratulated her brother "on the prospect of a good riddance. Heaven grant that she may not return again and that we may never see more of her."[4]
Mary's upbringing was very sheltered and she spent most of her time with her parents and sisters. King George and Queen Charlotte were keen to shelter their children, particularly the girls.[citation needed] Mary, however, married on 22 July 1816, to her first cousin, Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, the son of George III's brother, Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh. [5] Both were aged 40. On their wedding day, Mary's brother, The Prince Regent, raised the bridegroom's style from HighnesstoRoyal Highness, an attribute to which Mary's rank as daughter of the King already entitled her.
William Frederick had initially sought to marry Mary's niece Princess Charlotte of Wales.[6] Charlotte, while interested, was berated by her father, who subsequently also expressed his displeasure to Gloucester and the courtship ended.[7] The historian A. W. Purdue suggests that Mary's motive for marrying her cousin sprang from her dislike of Queen Charlotte's restrictive household.[8] Princess Charlotte observed that the duke "is much in love, & and tells me he is the happiest creature on earth. I won't say [Mary] does as much, but being her own mistress, having her own house, & being able to walk in the streets all delights her in their several ways."[9]
The couple lived at Bagshot Park,[8] but after William's death she moved to White LodgeinRichmond Park.[citation needed] They had no children together.[8]
Princess Mary died on 30 April 1857 at Gloucester House, Mayfair, aged 81. She was the last-surviving and longest-lived child of King George III and Queen Charlotte.[8]
As of 1789, as a daughter of the sovereign, Mary had use of the arms of the kingdom, differenced by a label argent of three points, the centre point bearing a rose gules, the outer points each bearing a canton gules.[10]
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Ancestors of Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh[11] |
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{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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The generations indicate descent from George I, who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family. Where a princess may have been or is descended from George I more than once, her most senior descent, by which she bore or bears her title, is used. | |
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Princesses whose titles were removed and eligible people who do not use the title are shown in italics. |
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Generations are numbered by descent from the first King of Hanover, George III. | |
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The generations include wives of princes descended from George I, who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family. | |
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*also a British princess in her own right |
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