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{{Other uses|Administrative divisions of Korea (disambiguation){{!}}Administrative divisions of Korea}} |
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{{Ref improve|date=January 2015}} |
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{{short description|Primary administrative division of Korea}} |
{{short description|Primary administrative division of Korea}} |
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[[Korea]] has had administrative districts that can be considered provinces since the 7th century. These divisions were initially called ''ju'' ({{Korean|hangul=주|hanja=州}}) in [[Unified Silla]] and [[Later Baekje]], and there were nine in total. After [[Goryeo]] conquered these states in the 10th century, twelve divisions called ''mok'' ({{Korean|hangul=목|hanja=牧|labels=no}}) were established, although they were reorganized into ten ''do'' ({{Korean|hangul=도|hanja=道|labels=no}}) in the 11th century. |
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'''Korea's provinces''' (''[[Do (administrative division)|Do]]''; [[hangul]]: 도; [[hanja]]: {{lang|ko|道}}) have been the primary administrative division of [[Korea]] since the mid [[Goryeo|Goryeo (Koryo)]] dynasty in the early 11th century, and were preceded by provincial-level divisions (''Ju'' and ''Mok'') dating back to [[Later Silla|Unified Silla]] and [[Balhae]] during the [[Northern and Southern States period]], in the 7th century. |
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⚫ | After [[Joseon]]'s conquestofGoryeo, it reorganized the peninsula into eight ''do'' in 1413. The provincial boundaries closely reflected major [[regions of Korea|regional]] and [[Korean dialects|dialect]] boundaries, and are still often referred to in Korean today simply as the [[Eight Provinces of Korea|Eight Provinces]]. In 1895, as part of the [[Gabo Reform]], the country was redivided into 23 districts (''Bu;'' 부; {{lang|ko|府}}), which were replaced a year later by thirteen new provinces. The thirteen provinces of 1896 included three of the original eight provinces, with the five remaining original provinces divided into north and south halves (''Bukdo'' (북도; {{lang|ko|北道}}) and ''Namdo'' (남도; {{lang|ko|南道}}) respectively). The thirteen provinces remained unchanged throughout the [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese colonial period]]. |
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During the Unified Silla Period (AD 668–935), Korea was divided into nine ''Ju'' (주; {{lang|ko|州}}), an old word for "province" that was used to name both the kingdom's provinces and its provincial capitals. |
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⚫ | With the liberation of Korea in 1945, the Korean peninsula was divided into [[North Korea]] and [[South Korea]], with the dividing line established along the [[38th parallel north|38th parallel]]. As a result, three provinces—[[Hwanghae]], [[Gyeonggi]], and [[Gangwon Province (Korea)|Gangwon]] (Kangwŏn)—were divided into North Korea and South Korea today. The special cities of [[Seoul]] (South Korea) and [[Pyongyang|P'yŏngyang]] (North Korea) were formed in 1946. Between 1946 and 1954, five new provinces were created: [[Jeju-do|Jeju]] in South Korea, and [[North Hwanghae|North]] and [[South Hwanghae]], [[Chagang]], and [[Ryanggang]] in North Korea. Since 1954, provincial boundaries in both the North and South have remained unchanged but new cities and special administrative regions have been created. |
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After Goryeo defeated [[Silla]] and [[Later Baekje]] in 935 and 936 respectively, the new kingdom『was divided into one royal district (''Ginae;'' 기내; {{lang|ko|畿內}}) and twelve administrative districts (''Mok;'' 목; {{lang|ko|牧}})』([[reference|Nahm 1988]]), which were soon redivided into ten provinces (''Do''). In 1009 the country was again redivided, this time into one royal district, five provinces (''Do'') and two frontier districts (''Gye;'' 계; {{lang|ko|界}}?). |
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⚫ |
After |
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The thirteen provinces of 1896 included three of the original eight provinces, with the five remaining original provinces divided into north and south halves (''Bukdo'' (북도; {{lang|ko|北道}}) and ''Namdo'' (남도; {{lang|ko|南道}}) respectively). The thirteen provinces remained unchanged throughout the [[Korea under Japanese rule|period of Japanese annexation]]. |
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⚫ |
With the liberation of Korea in 1945, the Korean peninsula was divided into [[North Korea]] and [[South Korea]], with the dividing line established along the [[38th parallel north|38th parallel]]. As a result, three provinces—[[Hwanghae]], [[Gyeonggi]], and [[Gangwon ( |
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The special cities of [[Seoul]] ([[Special cities of South Korea|South Korea]]) and [[Pyongyang|P'yŏngyang]] ([[Special cities of North Korea|North Korea]]) were formed in 1946. Between 1946 and 1954, five new provinces were created: [[Jeju-do|Jeju]] in South Korea, and [[North Hwanghae|North]] and [[South Hwanghae]], [[Chagang]], and [[Ryanggang]] in North Korea. |
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Since 1954, provincial boundaries in both the North and South have remained unchanged but new cities and special administrative regions have been created. |
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==Provinces of Unified Silla== |
==Provinces of Unified Silla== |
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{{Main|Three Kingdoms of Korea}} |
{{Main|Three Kingdoms of Korea}} |
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[[File:9주5소경.png|thumb|Map of 9 districts of Unified Silla with their 5 sub capitals.]] |
[[File:9주5소경.png|thumb|Map of 9 districts of Unified Silla with their 5 sub capitals.]] |
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The Korean peninsula was mostly unified for the first time by the state [[Unified Silla|Silla]] in the 7th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unified Silla Dynasty |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Unified-Silla-dynasty |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> Silla's capital was Geumseong (now [[Gyeongju]]).<ref>{{Citation |last=이 |first=기동 |title=신라 (新羅) |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0032800 |access-date=2024-04-26 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko}}</ref> It had five sub-capitals ({{Korean|hangul=소경|hanja=小京|rr=sogyeong|labels=no}}) at Geumgwan-gyeong ({{Korean|hangul=금관경|labels=no}}, now [[Gimhae]]), Namwon-gyeong (남원경, [[Namwon]]), Seowon-gyeong ({{Korean|hangul=서원경|labels=no}}, [[Cheongju]]), Jungwon-gyeong ({{Korean|hangul=중원경|labels=no}}, [[Chungju]]), and Bugwon-gyeong ({{Korean|hangul=북원경|labels=no}}, [[Wonju]]).<ref>{{Citation |last=전 |first=덕재 |title=오소경 (五小京) |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0038356 |access-date=2024-04-26 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko}}</ref> |
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In 660, the southeastern kingdom of [[Silla]] conquered [[Baekje]] in the Southwest, and in 668, Silla conquered [[Goguryeo]] in the north with the help of [[China]]'s [[Tang dynasty]]. For the first time, most of the Korean peninsula was ruled by a single power. Silla's northern boundary ran through the middle of southern Goguryeo, from the [[Taedong River]] (which flows through [[Pyongyang|P'yŏngyang]]) in the west to [[Wonsan|Wŏnsan]] in modern-day [[Kangwon Province (North Korea)|Kangwon Province]] in the east. In 721, Silla solidified its northern boundary with [[Balhae]] (which replaced Goguryeo in the north) by building a wall between P'yŏngyang and Wŏnsan. |
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The country was divided into nine provinces ({{Korean|hangul=주|rr=ju|labels=no}}): three in the pre-660 territory of Silla, and three each in the territories of the former kingdoms [[Baekje]] and [[Goguryeo]].<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=박 |first=성현 |title=구주 (九州) |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0006042 |access-date=2024-04-26 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko}}</ref> |
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The country's capital was [[Geumseong]] (modern-day [[Gyeongju]]), and sub-capitals known as ''so-gyeong'' (소경,小京) were located at Geumgwan-gyeong (금관경,[[Gimhae]]), [[Namwon]]-gyeong(남원경), Seowon-gyeong (서원경,[[Cheongju]]), Jungwon-gyeong (중원경,[[Chungju]]), and Bugwon-gyeong (북원경,[[Wonju]]). |
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The country was divided into nine provinces (주,''Ju''): three in the pre-660 territory of Silla, and three each in the former kingdoms of Baekje and Goguryeo. |
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The table below lists the three preceding kingdoms, each province's name in the [[Korean romanization|Roman alphabet]], [[hangul]], and [[hanja]], as well as the provincial capital, and the equivalent modern-day province. |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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|+Provinces of Silla<ref name=":0" /> |
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! Province !! Hangul !! Hanja !! Capital !! Modern equivalent |
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! Former kingdom |
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|- |
|- |
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⚫ | | {{Ill|Yangju (Silla province)|lt=Yangju|ko|삽량주}} || 양주 || {{lang|ko|良州}} || [[Gimhae|Yangju]] || Eastern [[Gyeongsang Province|Gyeongsang]] |
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| rowspan=3 | [[Silla]] |
| rowspan="3" | [[Silla]] |
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⚫ | | Yangju || 양주 || {{lang|ko|良州}} || [[Gimhae|Yangju]] || Eastern [[Gyeongsang]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Gangju || 강주 || {{lang|ko|康州}} || [[Jinju|Gangju]] || Western [[South Gyeongsang]] |
| {{Ill|Gangju|ko|청주 (9주)}}|| 강주 || {{lang|ko|康州}} || [[Jinju|Gangju]] || Western [[South Gyeongsang Province|South Gyeongsang]] |
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|- |
|- |
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| Sangju || 상주 || {{lang|ko|尙州}} || [[Sangju]] || Western [[North Gyeongsang]] |
| {{Ill|Sangju (Silla province)|lt=Sangju|ko|사벌주}}|| 상주 || {{lang|ko|尙州}} || [[Sangju]] || Western [[North Gyeongsang Province|North Gyeongsang]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
⚫ | | {{Ill|Muju (Silla province)|lt=Muju|ko|무진주}} || 무주 || {{lang|ko|武州}} || [[Gwangju|Muju]] || [[South Jeolla Province|South Jeolla]] |
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| rowspan=3 | [[Baekje]] |
| rowspan="3" | [[Baekje]] |
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⚫ | | Muju || 무주 || {{lang|ko|武州}} || [[Gwangju|Muju]] || [[South Jeolla]] |
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|- |
|- |
||
| Jeonju || 전주 || {{lang|ko|全州}} || [[Jeonju]] || [[ |
| {{Ill|Jeonju (Silla province)|lt=Jeonju|ko|완산주}}|| 전주 || {{lang|ko|全州}} || [[Jeonju]] || [[North Jeolla Province|North Jeolla]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Ungju |
| {{Ill|Ungju|ko|웅천주}}|| 웅주 || {{lang|ko|熊州}} || [[Gongju]] || [[South Chungcheong Province|South Chungcheong]] |
||
|- |
|- |
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⚫ | | {{Ill|Hanju|ko|한산주}} || 한주 || {{lang|ko|漢州}} || [[History of Seoul|Hanju]] || [[North Chungcheong Province|North Chungcheong]], [[Gyeonggi Province|Gyeonggi]], [[Hwanghae Province|Hwanghae]] |
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| rowspan=3 | [[Goguryeo]] |
| rowspan="3" | [[Goguryeo]] |
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⚫ | | Hanju || 한주 || {{lang|ko|漢州}} || [[History of Seoul|Hanju]] || [[North Chungcheong]], [[Gyeonggi]], [[Hwanghae]] |
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|- |
|- |
||
| Sakju || 삭주 || {{lang|ko|朔州}} || [[Wonju|Sakju]] || Western [[Gangwon ( |
| {{Ill|Sakju (Silla province)|lt=Sakju|ko|우수주}}|| 삭주 || {{lang|ko|朔州}} || [[Wonju|Sakju]] || Western [[Gangwon Province (Korea)|Gangwon]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Myeongju |
| {{Ill|Myeongju|ko|하서주}}|| 명주 || {{lang|ko|溟州}} ||[[Gangneung|Myeongju]] |
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|| Eastern [[Gangwon Province (Korea)|Gangwon]] |
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|} |
|} |
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==Provinces of Goryeo== |
==Provinces of Goryeo== |
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[[File:여말 행정구역.png|thumb|Provinces of Goryeo during the Late Goryeo period]] |
[[File:여말 행정구역.png|thumb|Provinces of Goryeo during the Late Goryeo period]] |
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Goryeo was established in the 10th century, and had its capital at Gaegyeong (now [[Kaesong]]). It conquered Silla and [[Later Baekje]], and also conquered parts of the former territory of [[Goguryeo]].<ref>{{Citation |last=박 |first=종기(국민대 명예교수) |title=고려 (高麗) |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0003424 |access-date=2024-04-26 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko}}</ref> Goryeo had three subcapitals: Donggyeong (now [[Gyeongju]]), Namgyeong (now [[Seoul]]), and Seogyeong (now [[Pyongyang]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=3경 |url=http://contents.history.go.kr/front/tg/view.do?treeId=0209&levelId=tg_002_0430&ganada=&pageUnit=10 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=우리역사넷 |publisher=[[National Institute of Korean History]]}}</ref> |
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In 892, [[Gyeon Hwon]] founded the kingdom of [[Later Baekje]] in southwestern Silla, and in 918, [[Wang Geon]] ([[King Taejo of Goryeo|King Taejo]]) established the kingdom of [[Goryeo]] in the northwest, with its capital at [[Songak]] (modern-day [[Kaesong|Kaesŏng]]). In 935, Goryeo conquered the remnants of Silla, and in 936, it conquered [[Later Baekje]]. Songak was greatly expanded and renamed Gaegyeong. Taejo expanded the country's territory by conquering part of the land formerly belonging to [[Goguryeo]], in the northwest of the Korean peninsula, as far north as the [[Yalu River|Amnok River]] (Yalu River). A wall was constructed from the Amnok River in the northwest to the [[Sea of Japan]] (East Sea) in the southeast, on the boundary between Goryeo and the northeastern [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]] territory. |
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Goryeo reorganized its provinces several times. Originally, the country had one royal district ({{Korean|hangul=기내|hanja=畿內|rr=ginae|labels=no}}) around Gaegyeong and twelve administrative districts ({{Korean|hangul=목|hanja=牧|rr=mok|labels=no}}).<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=김 |first=현영 |title=목 (牧) |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0018590 |access-date=2024-04-26 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko}}</ref> In 995, the twelve districts were redivided into ten provinces ({{Korean|hangul=도|hanja=道|rr=do|labels=no}}).<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=십도 (十道) |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0033991 |access-date=2024-04-26 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko}}</ref> In 1005,<ref name=":1" />{{Clarify|reason=Not sure about this date|date=April 2024}} the ten provinces were again redivided, this time into five provinces and two frontier districts ({{Korean|hangul=계|hanja=界|rr=gye|labels=no}}). Gyojudo later became its own province after 1178, making it six provinces and two frontier districts. |
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The country had one capital (Gaegyeong) and three sub-capitals: Donggyeong (modern-day [[Gyeongju]] and the former capital of Silla), Namgyeong (modern-day [[Seoul]]), and Seogyeong (modern-day [[Pyongyang|P'yŏngyang]]). |
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Originally, the country had one royal district (''Ginae;'' 기내; {{lang|ko|畿內}}) around Gaegyeong and twelve administrative districts (''Mok;'' 목; {{lang|ko|牧}}): (Note that Gwangju-mok is modern-day [[Gwangju City (Gyeonggi)|Gwangju-si]] in Gyeonggi Province, not the larger Gwangju Metropolitan City.) |
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The twelve districts were soon redivided into ten provinces (''Do;'' 도; {{lang|ko|道}}). Gwannae-do included the administrative districts of Yangju, Hwangju, Gwangju, and Haeju; Jungwon-do included Chungju and Cheongju; Hanam-do replaced Gongju; Gangnam-do replaced Jeonju; [[Yeongnam]]-do replaced Sangju; Sannam-do replaced Jinju; and Haeyang-do replaced Naju and Seungju; the three other new provinces were [[Yeongdong (region)|Yeongdong]]-do, Sakbang-do, and Paeseo-do. |
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Finally, in 1009, the ten provinces were again redivided, this time into five provinces (''Do'') and two frontier districts (''Gye;'' 계; {{lang|ko|界}}).{{efn|Gyojudo later became its own province after 1178, making it six provinces and two frontier districts.}} |
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The table below lists the provinces of Silla, the administrative districts of Goryeo that replaced them, then the pre- and post-1009 provinces, as well as their modern equivalents. {{note|table1}} |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
||
|+Provinces of Goryeo over time |
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!Province of Silla !! Administrative district !! Pre-1009 province !! Post-1009 province !! Modern equivalent |
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! Provinces (pre-995)<ref name=":2" />!! Provinces (995–1005)<ref name=":1" />!! Provinces<br />(post-1005)<ref>{{Citation |title=오도 (五道) |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0038163 |access-date=2024-04-26 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko}}</ref> |
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|- |
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! Modern equivalent |
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⚫ | |||
!Silla equivalent |
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| [[Gyeonggi]] ({{lang|ko|京畿}}) || [[Gyeonggi]] || [[Gyeonggi]](경기) || [[Kaesong|Kaesŏng]] |
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|- |
|- |
||
| [[Yangju]]-mok ({{lang|ko|揚州牧}}) |
| [[Yangju]]-mok ({{lang|ko|揚州牧}}) |
||
| rowspan=4 | Gwannae-do |
| rowspan="4" | Gwannae-do |
||
| rowspan=3 | Seohae-do(西海道,서해도) |
| rowspan="3" | Seohae-do (西海道,서해도) |
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| [[Hwanghae]] |
| [[Hwanghae]] |
||
⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Hwangju]]-mok ({{lang|ko|黃州牧}}) || [[North Hwanghae]] |
| [[Hwangju]]-mok ({{lang|ko|黃州牧}}) || [[North Hwanghae]] |
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Line 84: | Line 65: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Gwangju (Gyeonggi)|Gwangju]]-mok ({{lang|ko|廣州牧}}) |
| [[Gwangju (Gyeonggi)|Gwangju]]-mok ({{lang|ko|廣州牧}}) |
||
| rowspan=4 | Yanggwang-do(楊廣道,양광도) |
| rowspan="4" | Yanggwang-do(楊廣道,양광도) |
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| [[Gyeonggi]] |
| [[Gyeonggi]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Chungju]]-mok ({{lang|ko|忠州牧}}) |
| [[Chungju]]-mok ({{lang|ko|忠州牧}}) |
||
| rowspan=2 | Jungwon-do |
| rowspan="2" | Jungwon-do |
||
| rowspan=2 | [[North Chungcheong]] |
| rowspan="2" | [[North Chungcheong]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
⚫ | |||
| [[Cheongju]]-mok |
| [[Cheongju]]-mok |
||
⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Gongju]]-mok || Hanam-do || [[South Chungcheong]] |
| [[Gongju]]-mok || Hanam-do || [[South Chungcheong]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|
| [[Jeonju]]-mok ({{lang|ko|全州牧}}) || Gangnam-do |
||
| rowspan=3 | [[Jeolla]]-do(전라도) |
| rowspan="3" | [[Jeolla]]-do(전라도) |
||
| [[Jeonbuk State|Jeonbuk]] |
| [[Jeonbuk State|Jeonbuk]] |
||
| Jeonju |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
⚫ | |||
| [[Naju]]-mok |
| [[Naju]]-mok |
||
| rowspan=2 | Haeyang-do(해양도) |
| rowspan="2" | Haeyang-do(해양도) |
||
| rowspan=2 | [[South Jeolla]] |
| rowspan="2" | [[South Jeolla]] |
||
⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Suncheon|Seungju]]-mok |
| [[Suncheon|Seungju]]-mok |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|
| [[Sangju]]-mok || [[Yeongnam]]-do |
||
| rowspan=3 | [[Gyeongsang]]-do(경상도) |
| rowspan="3" | [[Gyeongsang]]-do(경상도) |
||
| [[North Gyeongsang]] |
| [[North Gyeongsang]] |
||
| Sangju |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
| Sannam-do || Western [[South Gyeongsang]] |
| Sannam-do || Western [[South Gyeongsang]] |
||
⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
||
|
| Yeongdong-do || Eastern [[South Gyeongsang]] |
||
| Yangju |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|
| — |
||
| rowspan=2 | Sakbang-do |
| rowspan="2" | Sakbang-do |
||
| Gyoju-do(교주도,交州道),also known as gyoju gangneungdo(交州江陵道,교주강릉도){{efn|Initially installed from part of Donggye in 1178 as Chunchudo(춘주도,春州道).Was once called Dongjudo(동주도,東州道) but named as gyojudo in 1263.From 1314 to 1388 it was known as Hoeyangdo(회양도,淮陽道)as a result of demotion of Gyojumok under Hoeyang.From 1388 to 1392, it was known as gyojugangneungdo after merging with gangneungdo(강릉도,江陵道).}} |
| Gyoju-do(교주도,交州道),also known as gyoju gangneungdo(交州江陵道,교주강릉도){{efn|Initially installed from part of Donggye in 1178 as Chunchudo(춘주도,春州道).Was once called Dongjudo(동주도,東州道) but named as gyojudo in 1263.From 1314 to 1388 it was known as Hoeyangdo(회양도,淮陽道)as a result of demotion of Gyojumok under Hoeyang.From 1388 to 1392, it was known as gyojugangneungdo after merging with gangneungdo(강릉도,江陵道).}} |
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| rowspan=2 | [[Gangwon (historical)|Gangwon]] |
| rowspan="2" | [[Gangwon (historical)|Gangwon]] |
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| Sakju |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|
| — || Donggye(東界,동계),also known as Dongbukmyeon(東北面,동북면) |
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| Myeongju |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|
| — || Paeseo-do || Bukgye(北界,북계),Also known as Seobukmyeon(西北面,서북면)) || [[Pyeongan]] |
||
| — |
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|} |
|} |
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|align=right|1,846||[[Jeju City]]||[[Jeju Province|Jejudo]]||[[South Korea]] |
|align=right|1,846||[[Jeju City]]||[[Jeju Province|Jejudo]]||[[South Korea]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[ |
|[[North Jeolla Province|<span style="display:none">Jeollabuk</span>North Jeolla]]||[[North Jeolla Province|<span style="display:none">Jeollabuk</span>North Chŏlla]] |
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|<span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang|ko|전북특별자치도}}</span>||<span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang|ko|全北特別自治道}}</span>||KR-45||Province |
|<span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang|ko|전북특별자치도}}</span>||<span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang|ko|全北特別自治道}}</span>||KR-45||Province |
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|align=right|8,043||[[Jeonju]]||[[Honam]]||[[South Korea]] |
|align=right|8,043||[[Jeonju]]||[[Honam]]||[[South Korea]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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=== Sources === |
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* Nahm, Andrew C. (1988). ''Korea: Tradition and Transformation - A History of the Korean People.'' Elizabeth, NJ: Hollym International. |
* Nahm, Andrew C. (1988). ''Korea: Tradition and Transformation - A History of the Korean People.'' Elizabeth, NJ: Hollym International. |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060221085149/http://home.opentown.net/~hy10004/%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%BC%EA%B8%B0/%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80%EC%9D%98%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%9C%EB%8F%84%EC%99%80%EA%B9%80%EC%A0%9C.htm Nahm 1988] (in Korean). |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060221085149/http://home.opentown.net/~hy10004/%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%BC%EA%B8%B0/%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80%EC%9D%98%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%9C%EB%8F%84%EC%99%80%EA%B9%80%EC%A0%9C.htm Nahm 1988] (in Korean). |
Korea has had administrative districts that can be considered provinces since the 7th century. These divisions were initially called ju (Korean: 주; Hanja: 州) in Unified Silla and Later Baekje, and there were nine in total. After Goryeo conquered these states in the 10th century, twelve divisions called mok (목; 牧) were established, although they were reorganized into ten do (도; 道) in the 11th century.
After Joseon's conquest of Goryeo, it reorganized the peninsula into eight do in 1413. The provincial boundaries closely reflected major regional and dialect boundaries, and are still often referred to in Korean today simply as the Eight Provinces. In 1895, as part of the Gabo Reform, the country was redivided into 23 districts (Bu; 부; 府), which were replaced a year later by thirteen new provinces. The thirteen provinces of 1896 included three of the original eight provinces, with the five remaining original provinces divided into north and south halves (Bukdo (북도; 北道) and Namdo (남도; 南道) respectively). The thirteen provinces remained unchanged throughout the Japanese colonial period.
With the liberation of Korea in 1945, the Korean peninsula was divided into North Korea and South Korea, with the dividing line established along the 38th parallel. As a result, three provinces—Hwanghae, Gyeonggi, and Gangwon (Kangwŏn)—were divided into North Korea and South Korea today. The special cities of Seoul (South Korea) and P'yŏngyang (North Korea) were formed in 1946. Between 1946 and 1954, five new provinces were created: Jeju in South Korea, and North and South Hwanghae, Chagang, and Ryanggang in North Korea. Since 1954, provincial boundaries in both the North and South have remained unchanged but new cities and special administrative regions have been created.
The Korean peninsula was mostly unified for the first time by the state Silla in the 7th century.[1] Silla's capital was Geumseong (now Gyeongju).[2] It had five sub-capitals (소경; 小京; sogyeong) at Geumgwan-gyeong (금관경, now Gimhae), Namwon-gyeong (남원경, Namwon), Seowon-gyeong (서원경, Cheongju), Jungwon-gyeong (중원경, Chungju), and Bugwon-gyeong (북원경, Wonju).[3]
The country was divided into nine provinces (주; ju): three in the pre-660 territory of Silla, and three each in the territories of the former kingdoms Baekje and Goguryeo.[4]
Province | Hangul | Hanja | Capital | Modern equivalent | Former kingdom |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yangju [ko] | 양주 | 良州 | Yangju | Eastern Gyeongsang | Silla |
Gangju [ko] | 강주 | 康州 | Gangju | Western South Gyeongsang | |
Sangju [ko] | 상주 | 尙州 | Sangju | Western North Gyeongsang | |
Muju [ko] | 무주 | 武州 | Muju | South Jeolla | Baekje |
Jeonju [ko] | 전주 | 全州 | Jeonju | North Jeolla | |
Ungju [ko] | 웅주 | 熊州 | Gongju | South Chungcheong | |
Hanju [ko] | 한주 | 漢州 | Hanju | North Chungcheong, Gyeonggi, Hwanghae | Goguryeo |
Sakju [ko] | 삭주 | 朔州 | Sakju | Western Gangwon | |
Myeongju [ko] | 명주 | 溟州 | Myeongju | Eastern Gangwon |
Goryeo was established in the 10th century, and had its capital at Gaegyeong (now Kaesong). It conquered Silla and Later Baekje, and also conquered parts of the former territory of Goguryeo.[5] Goryeo had three subcapitals: Donggyeong (now Gyeongju), Namgyeong (now Seoul), and Seogyeong (now Pyongyang).[6]
Goryeo reorganized its provinces several times. Originally, the country had one royal district (기내; 畿內; ginae) around Gaegyeong and twelve administrative districts (목; 牧; mok).[7] In 995, the twelve districts were redivided into ten provinces (도; 道; do).[8] In 1005,[8][clarification needed] the ten provinces were again redivided, this time into five provinces and two frontier districts (계; 界; gye). Gyojudo later became its own province after 1178, making it six provinces and two frontier districts.
Provinces (pre-995)[7] | Provinces (995–1005)[8] | Provinces (post-1005)[9] |
Modern equivalent | Silla equivalent |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yangju-mok (揚州牧) | Gwannae-do | Seohae-do (西海道,서해도) | Hwanghae | Hanju |
Hwangju-mok (黃州牧) | North Hwanghae | |||
Haeju-mok (海州牧) | South Hwanghae | |||
Gwangju-mok (廣州牧) | Yanggwang-do(楊廣道,양광도) | Gyeonggi | ||
Chungju-mok (忠州牧) | Jungwon-do | North Chungcheong | ||
Cheongju-mok | Ungju | |||
Gongju-mok | Hanam-do | South Chungcheong | ||
Jeonju-mok (全州牧) | Gangnam-do | Jeolla-do(전라도) | Jeonbuk | Jeonju |
Naju-mok | Haeyang-do(해양도) | South Jeolla | Muju | |
Seungju-mok | ||||
Sangju-mok | Yeongnam-do | Gyeongsang-do(경상도) | North Gyeongsang | Sangju |
Jinju-mok | Sannam-do | Western South Gyeongsang | Gangju | |
Yeongdong-do | Eastern South Gyeongsang | Yangju | ||
— | Sakbang-do | Gyoju-do(교주도,交州道),also known as gyoju gangneungdo(交州江陵道,교주강릉도)[a] | Gangwon | Sakju |
— | Donggye(東界,동계),also known as Dongbukmyeon(東北面,동북면) | Myeongju | ||
— | Paeseo-do | Bukgye(北界,북계),Also known as Seobukmyeon(西北面,서북면)) | Pyeongan | — |
In 1413, Korea (at that time called Joseon) was divided into eight provinces: Chungcheong, Gangwon, Gyeonggi, Gyeongsang, Jeolla, Hamgyŏng (originally called Yeonggil), Hwanghae (originally called P'unghae), and P'yŏngan.
In 1895, Korea was redivided into 23 districts (Bu; 부; 府), each named for the city or county that was its capital. The districts were short-lived, however, as the following year, the provincial system was restored.
In 1896, the former eight provinces were restored, with five of them (Chungcheong, Gyeongsang, Jeolla, Hamgyŏng, and P'yŏngan) being divided into North and South Provinces (Bukdo (북도; 北道) and Namdo (남도; 南道) respectively). The resulting system of thirteen provinces lasted until the Division of Korea in 1945.
The thirteen provinces were: North and South Chungcheong, Gangwon, Gyeonggi, North and South Gyeongsang, North and South Hamgyŏng, Hwanghae, North and South Jeolla, and North and South P'yŏngan.
Under Colonial Japanese rule, Korean provinces of Korean Empire, remained much the same, only taking on the Japanese reading of the hanja. The Provinces of Chōsen were:
Japanese name | Kanji | Kana | Korean name | Hangul |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chūseihoku-dō | 忠清北道 | ちゅうせいほくどう | Chungcheongbuk-do | 충청북도 |
Chūseinan-dō | 忠淸南道 | ちゅうせいなんどう | Chungcheongnam-do | 충청남도 |
Keishōhoku-dō | 慶尚北道 | けいしょうほくどう | Gyeongsangbuk-do | 경상북도 |
Keishōnan-dō | 慶尚南道 | けいしょうなんどう | Gyeongsangnam-do | 경상남도 |
Heianhoku-dō | 平安北道 | へいあんほくどう | Pyeonganbuk-do | 평안북도 |
Heian'nan-dō | 平安南道 | へいあんなんどう | Pyeongannam-do | 평안남도 |
Kōgen-dō | 江原道 | こうげんどう | Gangwon-do | 강원도 |
Kōkai-dō | 黃海道 | こうかいどう | Hwanghae-do | 황해도 |
Kankyōhoku-dō | 咸鏡北道 | かんきょうほくどう | Hamgyeongbuk-do | 함경북도 |
Kankyōnan-dō | 咸鏡南道 | かんきょうなんどう | Hamgyeongnam-do | 함경남도 |
Zenranan-dō | 全羅南道 | ぜんらなんどう | Jeollanam-do | 전라남도 |
Zenrahoku-dō | 全羅北道 | ぜんらほくどう | Jeollabuk-do | 전라북도 |
Keiki-dō | 京畿道 | けいきどう | Gyeonggi-do | 경기도 |
At the end of World War II in 1945, Korea was divided into Northern Korea and Southern Korea under trusteeship of the Soviet Union and the United States. The peninsula was divided at the 38th parallel in 1945. In 1948, the two zones became the independent countries of North Korea and South Korea.
Three provinces—Hwanghae, Gyeonggi, and Gangwon—were divided by the 38th parallel.
Also in 1946, the cities of Seoul in the south and Pyongyang in the north separated from Gyeonggi and South Pyongan Provinces respectively to become Special Cities. Both North Korea and South Korea have subsequently upgraded other cities to a level equal to a province, and these cities (special cities of North Korea and special cities of South Korea [qq.v.]) are sometimes counted along with provinces.
Finally, the new provinces of Jeju Province (in the south, in 1946) and Chagang Province (in the north, 1949) were formed, from parts of South Jeolla and North Pyongan respectively. In 1954, Ryanggang Province was split from South Hamgyong and Hwanghae was divided into North and South Hwanghae Provinces.
The following table lists the present provincial divisions in the Korean Peninsula.