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[[Image:Typical Tetris Game.svg|thumb|200px|Screenshot of a tetromino game. People who play video puzzle games like this for a long time may see moving images like this at the edges of their visual fields, when they close their eyes, or when they are drifting off to sleep.]] |
[[Image:Typical Tetris Game.svg|thumb|200px|Screenshot of a tetromino game. People who play video puzzle games like this for a long time may see moving images like this at the edges of their visual fields, when they close their eyes, or when they are drifting off to sleep.]] |
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Tetris'' effect}} |
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Tetris'' effect}} |
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The '''''Tetris'' effect''' occurs when people devote so much time and attention to an activity that it begins to pattern their |
The '''''Tetris'' effect''' occurs when people devote so much time and attention to an activity that it begins to pattern their thoughts, [[mental image]]s, and dreams.<ref name="Earling">{{cite web |last1=Earling |first1=Annette |title=Do Computer Games Fry Your Brain? |url=http://www.citypaper.net/articles/032196/article038.shtml |website=[[Philadelphia City Paper]] |access-date=January 22, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122021142/http://www.citypaper.net/articles/032196/article038.shtml |archive-date=January 22, 2008 |date=March 21, 1996 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It takes its name from the [[video game]] ''[[Tetris]]''.<ref name="Earling" /> |
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People who have played ''Tetris'' for a prolonged amount of time can find themselves thinking about ways different shapes in the real world can fit together, such as the boxes on a supermarket shelf or the buildings on a street.<ref name="Earling" /> They may see colored images of pieces falling into place on an invisible layout at the edges of their visual fields or when they close their eyes.<ref name="Earling" /> They may see such colored, moving images when they are falling asleep, a form of [[Hypnagogia|hypnagogic imagery]].<ref name="stickgold">{{cite journal |last1=Stickgold |first1=Robert |last2=Malia |first2=April |last3=Maguire |first3=Denise |last4=Roddenberry |first4=David |last5=O'Connor |first5=Margaret |title=Replaying the Game: Hypnagogic Images in Normals and Amnesics |journal=Science |date=13 October 2000 |volume=290 |issue=5490 |pages=350–353 |doi=10.1126/science.290.5490.350 |pmid=11030656 |bibcode=2000Sci...290..350S }}</ref> |
People who have played ''Tetris'' for a prolonged amount of time can find themselves thinking about ways different shapes in the real world can fit together, such as the boxes on a supermarket shelf or the buildings on a street.<ref name="Earling" /> They may see colored images of pieces falling into place on an invisible layout at the edges of their visual fields or when they close their eyes.<ref name="Earling" /> They may see such colored, moving images when they are falling asleep, a form of [[Hypnagogia|hypnagogic imagery]].<ref name="stickgold">{{cite journal |last1=Stickgold |first1=Robert |last2=Malia |first2=April |last3=Maguire |first3=Denise |last4=Roddenberry |first4=David |last5=O'Connor |first5=Margaret |title=Replaying the Game: Hypnagogic Images in Normals and Amnesics |journal=Science |date=13 October 2000 |volume=290 |issue=5490 |pages=350–353 |doi=10.1126/science.290.5490.350 |pmid=11030656 |bibcode=2000Sci...290..350S }}</ref> |
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The earliest example that relates to a computer game was created by the game [[Spacewar!]] As documented in [[Steven Levy]]'s book ''[[Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution|Hackers]]'':『Peter Samson, second only to Saunders in Spacewarring, realized this one night when he went home to Lowell. As he stepped out of the train, he stared upward into the crisp, clear sky. A meteor flew overhead. ''Where's the spaceship?'' Samson thought as he instantly swiveled back and grabbed the air for a control box that wasn’t there.』(p. 52.) |
The earliest example that relates to a computer game was created by the game [[Spacewar!]] As documented in [[Steven Levy]]'s book ''[[Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution|Hackers]]'':『Peter Samson, second only to Saunders in Spacewarring, realized this one night when he went home to Lowell. As he stepped out of the train, he stared upward into the crisp, clear sky. A meteor flew overhead. ''Where's the spaceship?'' Samson thought as he instantly swiveled back and grabbed the air for a control box that wasn’t there.』(p. 52.) |
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Robert Stickgold reported on his own experiences of [[proprioception|proprioceptive]] imagery from rock climbing.<ref name="StickgoldABC" /> Another example, [[Illusions of self-motion#Sea legs, dock rock, or stillness illness|sea legs]], are a kind of Tetris effect. |
Robert Stickgold reported on his own experiences of [[proprioception|proprioceptive]] imagery from rock climbing.<ref name="StickgoldABC" /> Another example, [[Illusions of self-motion#Sea legs, dock rock, or stillness illness|sea legs]], are a kind of Tetris effect. A person newly on land after spending long periods at sea may sense illusory rocking motion, having become accustomed to the constant work of adjusting to the boat making such movements (see "[[Illusions of self-motion]]" and "[[Mal de debarquement]]"). The poem "[[Boots (poem)|Boots]]" by [[Rudyard Kipling]] describes the effect, resulting from repetitive visual experience during a [[Loaded march|route march]]: |
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{{Quote|text='Tain't—so—bad—by—day because o' company,<br> |
{{Quote|text='Tain't—so—bad—by—day because o' company,<br> |
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==Place in cognition== |
==Place in cognition== |
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[[Robert Stickgold|Stickgold]] et al. (2000) have proposed that ''Tetris-effect'' imagery is a separate form of |
[[Robert Stickgold|Stickgold]] et al. (2000) have proposed that ''Tetris-effect'' imagery is a separate form of memory, likely related to [[procedural memory]].<ref name="stickgold" /> This is from their research in which they showed that people with [[anterograde amnesia]], unable to form new [[declarative memory|declarative memories]], reported dreaming of falling shapes after playing ''Tetris'' during the day, despite not being able to remember playing the game at all. |
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== Game transfer phenomena == |
== Game transfer phenomena == |
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A series of empirical studies with over 6,000 gamers has been conducted since 2010 into ''game transfer phenomena'' (GTP), a broadening of the Tetris effect concept coined by Angelica B. Ortiz de Gortari in her thesis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gametransferphenomena.com/the-impact-of-video-games/|title=Game Transfer Phenomena research website|website=Game Transfer Phenomena|date=13 November 2010 |language=en-GB|access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref> GTP is not limited to altered visual perceptions or mental processes but also includes auditory, tactile and kinaesthetic sensory perceptions, sensations of unreality, and automatic behaviours with video game content. GTP establishes the differences between endogenous (e.g., seeing images with closed eyes, hearing music in the head) and exogenous phenomena (e.g., seeing power bars above people's head, hearing sounds coming from objects associated with a video game) and between involuntary (e.g., saying something involuntarily with video game content) and voluntary behaviours (e.g., using slang from the video game for amusement). Awareness of GTP among healthcare professionals is currently lacking, resulting in documented cases of misdiagnosed psychosis and unnecessary use of anti-psychotics in patients who were experiencing GTP. Recent research has begun to explore other clinical applications of GTP, particularly among adolescents and young adults.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/AngelicaOrtizdeGortari/20181203/331838/Embracing_pseudohallucinatory_phenomena_induced_by_playing_video_games.php|title=Embracing pseudo-hallucinatory phenomena induced by playing video games|first=Angelica|last=Ortiz de Gortari|language=en-GB|work=Gamasutra|date=March 12, 2018|access-date=January 15, 2019}}{{self-published inline|date=July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198812746.013.29 |chapter=Game Transfer Phenomena: Origin, Development, and Contributions to the Video Game Research Field |title=The Oxford Handbook of Cyberpsychology |year=2019 |editor-last1=Attrill-Smith |editor-last2=Fullwood |editor-last3=Keep |editor-last4=Kuss |editor-first1=Alison |editor-first2=Chris |editor-first3=Melanie |editor-first4=Daria J. |last1=Ortiz De Gortari |first1=Angelica B. |pages=531–556 |isbn=978-0-19-881274-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ortiz de Gortari |first1=Angelica B. |last2=Griffiths |first2=Mark D. |title=Prevalence and Characteristics of Game Transfer Phenomena: A Descriptive Survey Study |journal=International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction |date=2 June 2016 |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=470–480 |doi=10.1080/10447318.2016.1164430 |s2cid=30873640 |url=http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/27363/1/PubSub5120_Griffiths.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=De Gortari |first1=A. Ortiz |last2=Basche |first2=A. |title=Pain and gain of auditory intrusions with video game content: Game transfer phenomena in clinical cases |journal=European Psychiatry |date=April 2021 |volume=64 |issue=S1 |pages=S642 |id={{ProQuest|2560869230}} |doi=10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1705 |pmc=9479913 }}</ref> |
A series of empirical studies with over 6,000 gamers has been conducted since 2010 into ''game transfer phenomena'' (GTP), a broadening of the Tetris effect concept coined by Angelica B. Ortiz de Gortari in her thesis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gametransferphenomena.com/the-impact-of-video-games/|title=Game Transfer Phenomena research website|website=Game Transfer Phenomena|date=13 November 2010 |language=en-GB|access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref> GTP is not limited to altered visual perceptions or mental processes but also includes auditory, tactile and kinaesthetic sensory perceptions, sensations of unreality, and [[Automatic behavior|automatic behaviours]] with video game content. GTP establishes the differences between endogenous (e.g., seeing images with closed eyes, hearing music in the head) and exogenous phenomena (e.g., seeing power bars above people's head, hearing sounds coming from objects associated with a video game) and between involuntary (e.g., saying something involuntarily with video game content) and voluntary behaviours (e.g., using slang from the video game for amusement). Awareness of GTP among healthcare professionals is currently lacking, resulting in documented cases of misdiagnosed psychosis and unnecessary use of anti-psychotics in patients who were experiencing GTP. Recent research has begun to explore other clinical applications of GTP, particularly among adolescents and young adults.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/AngelicaOrtizdeGortari/20181203/331838/Embracing_pseudohallucinatory_phenomena_induced_by_playing_video_games.php|title=Embracing pseudo-hallucinatory phenomena induced by playing video games|first=Angelica|last=Ortiz de Gortari|language=en-GB|work=Gamasutra|date=March 12, 2018|access-date=January 15, 2019}}{{self-published inline|date=July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198812746.013.29 |chapter=Game Transfer Phenomena: Origin, Development, and Contributions to the Video Game Research Field |title=The Oxford Handbook of Cyberpsychology |year=2019 |editor-last1=Attrill-Smith |editor-last2=Fullwood |editor-last3=Keep |editor-last4=Kuss |editor-first1=Alison |editor-first2=Chris |editor-first3=Melanie |editor-first4=Daria J. |last1=Ortiz De Gortari |first1=Angelica B. |pages=531–556 |isbn=978-0-19-881274-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ortiz de Gortari |first1=Angelica B. |last2=Griffiths |first2=Mark D. |title=Prevalence and Characteristics of Game Transfer Phenomena: A Descriptive Survey Study |journal=International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction |date=2 June 2016 |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=470–480 |doi=10.1080/10447318.2016.1164430 |s2cid=30873640 |url=http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/27363/1/PubSub5120_Griffiths.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=De Gortari |first1=A. Ortiz |last2=Basche |first2=A. |title=Pain and gain of auditory intrusions with video game content: Game transfer phenomena in clinical cases |journal=European Psychiatry |date=April 2021 |volume=64 |issue=S1 |pages=S642 |id={{ProQuest|2560869230}} |doi=10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1705 |pmc=9479913 }}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
The Tetris effect occurs when people devote so much time and attention to an activity that it begins to pattern their thoughts, mental images, and dreams.[1] It takes its name from the video game Tetris.[1]
People who have played Tetris for a prolonged amount of time can find themselves thinking about ways different shapes in the real world can fit together, such as the boxes on a supermarket shelf or the buildings on a street.[1] They may see colored images of pieces falling into place on an invisible layout at the edges of their visual fields or when they close their eyes.[1] They may see such colored, moving images when they are falling asleep, a form of hypnagogic imagery.[2]
Those experiencing the effect may feel they are unable to prevent the thoughts, images, or dreams from happening.[3]
A more comprehensive understanding of the lingering effects of playing video games has been investigated empirically as game transfer phenomena (GTP).[4]
The Tetris effect can occur with other video games.[5] It has also been known to occur with non-video games, such as the illusion of curved lines after doing a jigsaw puzzle, the checker pattern of a chess board (or imagining chess pieces in unrelated objects or phenomena), or the involuntary mental visualisation of Rubik's Cube algorithms common among speedcubers.[citation needed]
The earliest example that relates to a computer game was created by the game Spacewar! As documented in Steven Levy's book Hackers:『Peter Samson, second only to Saunders in Spacewarring, realized this one night when he went home to Lowell. As he stepped out of the train, he stared upward into the crisp, clear sky. A meteor flew overhead. Where's the spaceship? Samson thought as he instantly swiveled back and grabbed the air for a control box that wasn’t there.』(p. 52.)
Robert Stickgold reported on his own experiences of proprioceptive imagery from rock climbing.[3] Another example, sea legs, are a kind of Tetris effect. A person newly on land after spending long periods at sea may sense illusory rocking motion, having become accustomed to the constant work of adjusting to the boat making such movements (see "Illusions of self-motion" and "Mal de debarquement"). The poem "Boots" by Rudyard Kipling describes the effect, resulting from repetitive visual experience during a route march:
'Tain't—so—bad—by—day because o' company,
But—night—brings—long—strings—o' forty thousand million
Boots—boots—boots—boots—movin' up an' down again.
There's no discharge in the war!
— Rudyard Kipling, Boots
Mathematicians have reported dreaming of numbers or equations; for example Srinivasa Ramanujan, or Friedrich Engel, who remarked "last week in a dream I gave a chap my shirt-buttons to differentiate, and he ran off with them".[6]
Stickgold et al. (2000) have proposed that Tetris-effect imagery is a separate form of memory, likely related to procedural memory.[2] This is from their research in which they showed that people with anterograde amnesia, unable to form new declarative memories, reported dreaming of falling shapes after playing Tetris during the day, despite not being able to remember playing the game at all.
A series of empirical studies with over 6,000 gamers has been conducted since 2010 into game transfer phenomena (GTP), a broadening of the Tetris effect concept coined by Angelica B. Ortiz de Gortari in her thesis.[7] GTP is not limited to altered visual perceptions or mental processes but also includes auditory, tactile and kinaesthetic sensory perceptions, sensations of unreality, and automatic behaviours with video game content. GTP establishes the differences between endogenous (e.g., seeing images with closed eyes, hearing music in the head) and exogenous phenomena (e.g., seeing power bars above people's head, hearing sounds coming from objects associated with a video game) and between involuntary (e.g., saying something involuntarily with video game content) and voluntary behaviours (e.g., using slang from the video game for amusement). Awareness of GTP among healthcare professionals is currently lacking, resulting in documented cases of misdiagnosed psychosis and unnecessary use of anti-psychotics in patients who were experiencing GTP. Recent research has begun to explore other clinical applications of GTP, particularly among adolescents and young adults.[8][9][10][11]
The earliest known reference to the term appears in Jeffrey Goldsmith's article, "This is Your Brain on Tetris", published in Wired in May 1994:
No home was sweet without a Game Boy in 1990. That year, I stayed "for a week" with a friend in Tokyo, and Tetris enslaved my brain. At night, geometric shapes fell in the darkness as I lay on loaned tatami floor space. Days, I sat on a lavender suede sofa and played Tetris furiously. During rare jaunts from the house, I visually fit cars and trees and people together. [...]
The Tetris effect is a biochemical, reductionistic metaphor, if you will, for curiosity, invention, the creative urge. To fit shapes together is to organize, to build, to make deals, to fix, to understand, to fold sheets. All of our mental activities are analogous, each as potentially addictive as the next.[12]
The term was rediscovered by Earling (1996),[1] citing a use of the term by Garth Kidd in February 1996.[13] Kidd described "after-images of the game for up to days afterwards" and "a tendency to identify everything in the world as being made of four squares and attempt to determine 'where it fits in'". Kidd attributed the origin of the term to computer-game players from Adelaide, Australia. The earliest description of the general phenomenon appears in Neil Gaiman's science fiction poem "Virus"[14] (1987) in Digital Dreams. The ending of The Witness resembles the Tetris effect, where the unnamed protagonist is taken out of the game's virtual reality and sees the game's puzzles in real-world objects. It is also suggested as early as 1930 in Vladimir Nabokov’s novel The Defence, featuring a chess player who begins to see elements of Chess in real-world situations, eventually driving him to madness.[15]
In 2018, the term was announced as the name of a new Tetris game on the PlayStation 4 by Enhance.[16]