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[[File:U of Leeds - Terraces.jpg|thumb|300px|Typical Victorian terraced houses in England, built in brick with slate roofs, stone details and modest decoration.]] |
[[File:U of Leeds - Terraces.jpg|thumb|300px|Typical Victorian terraced houses in England, built in brick with slate roofs, stone details and modest decoration.]] |
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In [[Great Britain]] and former [[British colonies]], a '''Victorian house''' generally means any house built during the reign of [[Queen Victoria]]. During the [[Industrial Revolution]], successive housing booms resulted in the building of many millions of Victorian houses which are now a defining feature of most British towns and cities.<ref name=MarshallAndWillox>{{cite book |title=The Victorian House |last=Marshall |first=John |author2=Willox, Ian |isbn=0-283-99363-4 |publisher=Sidgwick and Jackson Limited |location=London |year=1986 |url=https://archive.org/details/victorianhouse00mars }}</ref> |
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In the [[United Kingdom]], Victorian houses follow a wide range of architectural styles. Starting from the early [[Classical architecture|classicism]] inherited from [[Regency architecture]], the [[Italianate architecture|Italianate style]] gained influence in the 1840s and 1850s, and the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival style]] became prevalent by the 1880s. Later in the [[Victorian era]], the [[Queen Anne style architecture|Queen Anne style]] and the [[Arts and Crafts movement]] increased in influence, resulting in the transition to styles typically seen in [[Edwardian architecture|Edwardian]] houses. Victorian houses are also found in many former [[British Empire|British colonies]] where the style might be adapted to local building materials or customs, for example in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]] and [[Melaka]], [[Malaysia]]. |
In the [[United Kingdom]], Victorian houses follow a wide range of architectural styles. Starting from the early [[Classical architecture|classicism]] inherited from [[Regency architecture]], the [[Italianate architecture|Italianate style]] gained influence in the 1840s and 1850s, and the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival style]] became prevalent by the 1880s. Later in the [[Victorian era]], the [[Queen Anne style architecture|Queen Anne style]] and the [[Arts and Crafts movement]] increased in influence, resulting in the transition to styles typically seen in [[Edwardian architecture|Edwardian]] houses. Victorian houses are also found in many former [[British Empire|British colonies]] where the style might be adapted to local building materials or customs, for example in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]] and [[Melaka]], [[Malaysia]]. |
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In the United States, Victorian house styles include [[Second Empire (architecture)|Second Empire]], [[Queen Anne style architecture in the United States|Queen Anne]], [[Stick Style|Stick]] (and Eastlake Stick), [[Shingle Style architecture|Shingle]], [[Richardsonian Romanesque]], and others.<ref>[http://www.oldhouses.com/styleguide/victorian-houses.htm OldHouses.com]</ref> |
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==Great Britain== |
==Great Britain== |
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In deprived areas, Victorian houses were often very small, for example, [[back-to-back houses]] built in extremely cramped conditions. Some of these areas became slums or 'rookeries', and were later cleared. Some smaller, [[two-up two-down]] houses still survive, for example in [[Salford, Greater Manchester]]. |
In deprived areas, Victorian houses were often very small, for example, [[back-to-back houses]] built in extremely cramped conditions. Some of these areas became slums or 'rookeries', and were later cleared. Some smaller, [[two-up two-down]] houses still survive, for example in [[Salford, Greater Manchester]]. |
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Victorian houses for the middle classes and upwards tended to have accommodation for servants, often employed to carry out the considerable labour required to keep the house, including its fireplaces, clean and well stocked.<ref name=MarshallAndWillox/> |
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Victorian houses of the middle and upper classes aspired to follow the purest forms of contemporary architecture, for example, the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] or Queen Anne styles. |
Victorian houses of the middle and upper classes aspired to follow the purest forms of contemporary architecture, for example, the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] or Queen Anne styles. |
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*[[Highclere Castle]] in [[Tudorbethan]] style <sup>(link says it's actually Jacobethan)</sup> |
*[[Highclere Castle]] in [[Tudorbethan]] style <sup>(link says it's actually Jacobethan)</sup> |
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*[[Harlaxton Manor]] in [[Jacobethan]] style |
*[[Harlaxton Manor]] in [[Jacobethan]] style |
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*[[ |
*[[C School|Canford manor]] following the [[medieval architecture|medieval style]] and incorporating a [[great hall]] |
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*[[Penrhyn Castle]] in [[Norman architecture|Norman]] style |
*[[Penrhyn Castle]] in [[Norman architecture|Norman]] style |
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*[[Mentmore Towers]] in [[Jacobethan]] style |
*[[Mentmore Towers]] in [[Jacobethan]] style |
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*[[Tyntesfield]] in [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] style |
*[[Tyntesfield]] in [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] style |
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==North America== |
==North America== |
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Victorian-era homes in ea}} |
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Victorian-era homes in eastern American cities tend to be three stories and those in western American cities tend to be two-story houses or one-story cottages. This is not representative of a typical Victorian-era home in all regions.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} |
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Although the general public often incorrectly refers to a [[Victorian era|Victorian-era]] house as a Victorian-''style'' house, Victorian era refers to a time period and not to a style. Although architectural historians generally agree that about eight primary architectural styles were prominent in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]] during the Victorian era, Victorian-era residential architecture in the United States and Canada was a procession of styles borrowed from countries and historical styles.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} |
Although the general public often incorrectly refers to a [[Victorian era|Victorian-era]] house as a Victorian-''style'' house, Victorian era refers to a time period and not to a style. Although architectural historians generally agree that about eight primary architectural styles were prominent in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]] during the Victorian era, Victorian-era residential architecture in the United States and Canada was a procession of styles borrowed from countries and historical styles.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} |
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===Examples=== |
===Examples=== |
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⚫ | <gallery>cution" of [Cape May Historic District]] with elaborate [[gingerbread trim]]s |
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<gallery> |
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Image:Carson Mansion Eureka California.jpg|"High execution" of [[Queen Anne style architecture in the United States|U.S. Queen Anne style]]: The [[Carson Mansion]] located in [[Eureka, California]]. |
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Image:John_B._Kane_Resldence.jpg|[[John B. Kane Residence]], [[South Los Angeles]] (Eastlake) |
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Image:Painted Ladies San Francisco January 2013 panorama 2.jpg|[[Alamo Square, San Francisco, California|Alamo Square]], [[San Francisco]] ([[Painted ladies]]) |
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Image:Farnam Mansion 2.jpg|The [[Farnam Mansion]], [[Oneida, New York]]. ([[Italianate]]) |
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File:655 Wrightwood Avenue Circa 1880, Lincoln Park Chicago Illinois.jpg|This is an 1880s photo of 653 W Wrightwood (now 655 W Wrightwood) in [[Lincoln Park, Chicago]], Illinois. Note the wooden sidewalk, dirt road and lack of buildings surrounding the edifice. |
File:655 Wrightwood Avenue Circa 1880, Lincoln Park Chicago Illinois.jpg|This is an 1880s photo of 653 W Wrightwood (now 655 W Wrightwood) in [[Lincoln Park, Chicago]], Illinois. Note the wooden sidewalk, dirt road and lack of buildings surrounding the edifice. |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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File:Lower Fort Street (57-61), Millers Point.jpg|Regency terraces in [[Millers Point, New South Wales|Millers Point, Sydney]] |
File:Lower Fort Street (57-61), Millers Point.jpg|Regency terraces in [[Millers Point, New South Wales|Millers Point, Sydney]] |
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File:Myrnong Hall Acland Street St Kilda.jpg|Italianate home in [[St Kilda, Victoria]] |
File:Myrnong Hall Acland Street St Kilda.jpg|Italianate home in [[St Kilda, Victoria]] |
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File:Holcombe Terrace |
File:Holcombe Terrace drumnd street carlton.jpg|''Drummond Terrace,'' [[Melbourne]] in Free Classical style |
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File:(1)Gladswood House-A.jpg|Free Gothic residence in [[Double Bay, New South Wales]] |
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File:Sydney-home10.JPG|Semi-detached Rustic Gothic homes in Sydney |
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File:Three storey terraces in drummond street carlton.jpg|''Drummond Terrace,'' [[Melbourne]] in Free Classical style |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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* {{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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| last = Larsen |
| last = Larsen |
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⚫ | | first = ughters of Painted Ladies: America's Resplendent Victorians |
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| first = Michael |
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| author-link = Michael Larsen (author) |
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| author2 = Elizabeth Pomada |
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| author3 = Photographs by Douglas Keister |
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⚫ |
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| year = 1987 |
| year = 1987 |
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| publisher = E. P. Dutton |
| publisher = E. P. Dutton |
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* [http://www.victorians.co.uk/victorian-houses Victorian Houses] |
* [http://www.victorians.co.uk/victorian-houses Victorian Houses] |
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* [https://www.haas-lilienthalhouse.org The Haas-Lilienthal House], Victorian-era house and museum in San Francisco, California |
* [https://www.haas-lilienthalhouse.org The Haas-Lilienthal House], Victorian-era house and museum in San Francisco, California |
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* [http://www.buffaloah.com/ |
* [http://www.buffaloah.com/ Buffaloe/manchester/manchester.htm Manchester], a Victorian City |
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* [http://www.williamsport-pennsylvania.net/ Williamsport, Pennsylvania] Victorian Homes |
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* [http://houseofantiquehardware.com/site/timeline/tl_victorian.html/ Victorian Architecture and Hardware, History and Style] |
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* [http://www.achome.co.uk/architecture/manchester/manchester.htm Manchester], a Victorian City |
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* [http://historicalhamilton.com/ Hamilton, Ontario Canada] Victorian Home Photographs |
* [http://historicalhamilton.com/ Hamilton, Ontario Canada] Victorian Home Photographs |
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* [http://www.victorianwillimantic.org/ Willimantic, CT] Victorian Homes |
* [http://www.victorianwillimantic.org/ Willimantic, CT] Victorian Homes |
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[[Category:House types in the United Kingdom]] |
[[Category:House types in the United Kingdom]] |
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[[Category:House styles]] |
[[Category:House styles]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Victorin architecture in the United States| ]] |
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[[Category:Victorian architecture in the United States| ]] |
In the United Kingdom, Victorian houses follow a wide range of architectural styles. Starting from the early classicism inherited from Regency architecture, the Italianate style gained influence in the 1840s and 1850s, and the Gothic Revival style became prevalent by the 1880s. Later in the Victorian era, the Queen Anne style and the Arts and Crafts movement increased in influence, resulting in the transition to styles typically seen in Edwardian houses. Victorian houses are also found in many former British colonies where the style might be adapted to local building materials or customs, for example in Sydney, Australia and Melaka, Malaysia.
Early in the Victorian era, up to the 1840s houses were still influenced by the classicism of Regency styles. However the simplicity of Regency classicism fell out of favour as affluence increased and by the 1850s the Italianate style influenced domestic architecture which now incorporated varying quantities of stucco. From the 1850s domestic buildings also became increasingly influenced by the Gothic Revival, incorporating features such as pointed, projecting porches, bay windows, and grey slate.[1]
In addition to general architectural influences, this progressive change in style resulted from several other factors. In the 1850s, the abolition of tax on glass and bricks made these items cheaper yet a suitable material and the coming of the railway allowed them to be manufactured elsewhere, at low cost and to standard sizes and methods, and brought to site. There was also progressive introduction from the 1850s of various building regulations.[2] There are a number of common themes in Victorian housing:[2]
In Victorian times, population growth, and the Industrial Revolution which saw a migration of workers from the countryside to the cities, resulted in successive housing booms in the 1850s and 1870s that saw the creation of millions of houses. These catered not only for the rich and the new "middling-classes" but also for the poor.
In deprived areas, Victorian houses were often very small, for example, back-to-back houses built in extremely cramped conditions. Some of these areas became slums or 'rookeries', and were later cleared. Some smaller, two-up two-down houses still survive, for example in Salford, Greater Manchester.
Victorian houses of the middle and upper classes aspired to follow the purest forms of contemporary architecture, for example, the Gothic Revival or Queen Anne styles.
The Victorian era, together with the Edwardian era was the last sustained period in which great houses were built in large numbers.[5] Many of these harked back to earlier periods of English architecture, for example:
Victorian-era homes in ea}}
Although the general public often incorrectly refers to a Victorian-era house as a Victorian-style house, Victorian era refers to a time period and not to a style. Although architectural historians generally agree that about eight primary architectural styles were prominent in the United States and Canada during the Victorian era, Victorian-era residential architecture in the United States and Canada was a procession of styles borrowed from countries and historical styles.[citation needed]
One feature that became popular in the Victorian era was the use of wooden gingerbread trims to create ornate embellishments to decorate their homes. This was a reinterpretation of European Gothic Revival architecture using timber that was abundantly available in North America. With the invention of steam-powered scroll saw, the gingerbread trims could be produced en mass.[6] The popularity started in the east in 1870 and spread to the west five to ten years later.[7]
In Australia, the Victorian period is generally classified as the years from 1840 to 1890. There were fifteen styles that predominated, of which the following eight were used for homes:[8]
(The Arts and Crafts style and Queen Anne style are placed in the Federation period, from 1890 to 1915.)[9]
MarshallAndWillox
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).{{cite book}}
: Missing or empty |title=
(help)Media related to Victorian houses at Wikimedia Commons