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==Types== |
==Types== |
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Watercraft can be grouped into ''surface vessels'', which include ships, [[yacht]]s, boats, [[wingship]]s, [[unmanned surface vehicle]]s, [[windsurfing|sailboard]]s and [[human-powered watercraft|human-powered |
Watercraft can be grouped into ''surface vessels'', which include ships, [[yacht]]s, boats, [[hydroplane (boat)|hydroplane]]s, [[wingship]]s, [[unmanned surface vehicle]]s, [[windsurfing|sailboard]]s and [[human-powered watercraft|human-powered craft]] such as [[rafts]], [[canoe]]s, [[kayak]]s and [[paddleboard]]s;<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Isabel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v8kTAgAAQBAJ&q=types+of+watercraft |title=First Book of Ships and Boats |date=2014-01-01 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-4729-0105-7 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[underwater vehicle|underwater vessel]]s'', which include submarines, submersibles, [[unmanned underwater vehicle]]s (UUVs), [[wet sub]]s and [[diver propulsion vehicle]]s; and ''[[amphibious vehicle]]s'', which include hovercraft, [[amphibious automobile|car boat]]s, [[amphibious ATV]]s and [[seaplane]]s. Many of these watercraft have a variety of subcategories and are used for different needs and applications. |
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==Design== |
==Design== |
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{{main|Naval architecture}} |
{{main|Naval architecture}} |
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The design of watercraft requires a tradeoff among internal capacity ([[tonnage]]), speed and [[seaworthiness]]. |
The design of watercraft requires a tradeoff among internal capacity ([[tonnage]]), speed and [[seaworthiness]]. Tonnage is important for transport of goods, speed is important for [[warship]]s and racing vessels, and the degree of seaworthiness varies according to the bodies of water on which a watercraft is used. Regulations apply to larger watercraft, to avoid [[Shipwreck (accident)|foundering]] at sea and other problems. Design technologies include the use of [[computer modeling]] and [[ship model basin]] testing before construction.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Tupper |first=Eric |title=Introduction to Naval Architecture |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |year=1996 |location=Oxford, England}}</ref> |
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==Propulsion== |
==Propulsion== |
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[[File:Lifeboat.17-31.underway.arp.jpg|thumb|A [[Severn-class lifeboat]] in [[Poole Harbour]], [[Dorset]], [[England]]. |
[[File:Lifeboat.17-31.underway.arp.jpg|thumb|A [[Severn-class lifeboat]] in [[Poole Harbour]], [[Dorset]], [[England]].]] |
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Watercraft propulsion can be divided into five categories. |
Watercraft propulsion can be divided into five categories. |
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*Water power is used by drifting with a river current or a tidal stream. An anchor or weight may be lowered to provide enough [[Glossary of nautical terms (M–Z)#steerageway|steerage way]] to keep in the best part of the current (as in [[Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)#drudging|drudging]]) or paddles or poles might be used to keep position. |
*Water power is used by drifting with a river current or a tidal stream. An anchor or weight may be lowered to provide enough [[Glossary of nautical terms (M–Z)#steerageway|steerage way]] to keep in the best part of the current (as in [[Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)#drudging|drudging]]) or paddles or poles might be used to keep position. |
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*Mechanical propulsion uses a [[motor]] whose power is derived from burning a fuel or stored energy such as batteries. This power is commonly converted into propulsion by [[propeller]]s or by [[Pump-jet|water jets]], with [[Paddle steamer|paddle wheels]] being a largely historical method.<ref name="McGrail 2014a">{{cite book |last1=McGrail |first1=Sean |title=Early ships and seafaring : European water transport |date=2014 |publisher=Pen and Sword Archaeology |location=South Yorkshire, England |isbn=9781781593929}}</ref>{{rp|33}} |
*Mechanical propulsion uses a [[motor]] whose power is derived from burning a fuel or stored energy such as batteries. This power is commonly converted into propulsion by [[propeller]]s or by [[Pump-jet|water jets]], with [[Paddle steamer|paddle wheels]] being a largely historical method.<ref name="McGrail 2014a">{{cite book |last1=McGrail |first1=Sean |title=Early ships and seafaring : European water transport |date=2014 |publisher=Pen and Sword Archaeology |location=South Yorkshire, England |isbn=9781781593929}}</ref>{{rp|33}} |
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Any one watercraft might use more than one of these methods at different times or in conjunction with each other. For instance, early steamships often set sails to work alongside the engine power. Before steam tugs became common, sailing vessels would [[Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)#back and fill|back and fill]] their sails to maintain a good position in a tidal stream while drifting with the tide in or out of a river. In a modern [[yacht]], motor-sailing{{snd}}travelling under the power of both sails and engine{{snd}}is a common method of making progress, if only in and out of harbour.{{r|McGrail 2014a|pp=33-34}}<ref name="Harland 1984">{{cite book |last=Harland |first=John |year=1984 |title=Seamanship in the Age of Sail: an account of the shiphandling of the sailing man-of-war |
Any one watercraft might use more than one of these methods at different times or in conjunction with each other. For instance, early steamships often set sails to work alongside the engine power. Before steam tugs became common, sailing vessels would [[Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)#back and fill|back and fill]] their sails to maintain a good position in a tidal stream while drifting with the tide in or out of a river. In a modern [[yacht]], motor-sailing{{snd}}travelling under the power of both sails and engine{{snd}}is a common method of making progress, if only in and out of harbour.{{r|McGrail 2014a|pp=33-34}}<ref name="Harland 1984">{{cite book |last=Harland |first=John |year=1984 |title=Seamanship in the Age of Sail: an account of the shiphandling of the sailing man-of-war 1600–1860, based on contemporary sources |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |location=London |isbn=978-1-8448-6309-9}}</ref>{{rp|199–202}}<ref name="PBO M">{{cite web |title=Glossary of Nautical Terms M |url=https://www.pbo.co.uk/nautical-almanac/glossary-of-nautical-terms/m-16168 |website=Practical Boat Owner |date=11 November 2014}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Awatercraftorwaterborne vessel is any vehicle designed for travel across or through water bodies, such as a boat, ship, hovercraft, submersibleorsubmarine.
Watercraft can be grouped into surface vessels, which include ships, yachts, boats, hydroplanes, wingships, unmanned surface vehicles, sailboards and human-powered craft such as rafts, canoes, kayaks and paddleboards;[2] underwater vessels, which include submarines, submersibles, unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs), wet subs and diver propulsion vehicles; and amphibious vehicles, which include hovercraft, car boats, amphibious ATVs and seaplanes. Many of these watercraft have a variety of subcategories and are used for different needs and applications.
The design of watercraft requires a tradeoff among internal capacity (tonnage), speed and seaworthiness. Tonnage is important for transport of goods, speed is important for warships and racing vessels, and the degree of seaworthiness varies according to the bodies of water on which a watercraft is used. Regulations apply to larger watercraft, to avoid foundering at sea and other problems. Design technologies include the use of computer modeling and ship model basin testing before construction.[3]
Watercraft propulsion can be divided into five categories.
Any one watercraft might use more than one of these methods at different times or in conjunction with each other. For instance, early steamships often set sails to work alongside the engine power. Before steam tugs became common, sailing vessels would back and fill their sails to maintain a good position in a tidal stream while drifting with the tide in or out of a river. In a modern yacht, motor-sailing – travelling under the power of both sails and engine – is a common method of making progress, if only in and out of harbour.[4]: 33–34 [5]: 199–202 [6]
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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