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{{short description|Western part of the Indian state of Odisha}} |
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{{Multiple issues| |
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{{More citations needed|date=January 2013}} |
{{More citations needed|date=January 2013}} |
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{{Coord|20.58|84.47|region:IN-OR_type:landmark_dim:300km|display=title}} |
{{Coord|20.58|84.47|region:IN-OR_type:landmark_dim:300km|display=title}} |
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'''Western Odisha''' |
'''Western Odisha''' is the western part of the state of [[Odisha]]in [[India]], extending from the [[Kalahandi district]] in the south to the [[Sundargarh district]] in the north. |
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{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} |
{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Historically |
Historically it has been included within the larger region of Greater [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]]. Its territory has been ruled by various dynasties, including: |
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[[File:Ancient Kalinga map.png|thumb|Ancient Kalinga map]] |
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*[[Mahameghavahana dynasty]] |
*[[Mahameghavahana dynasty]]: |
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2nd or 1st century BC to early 4th century CE |
2nd or 1st century BC to early 4th century CE. The primary source is King [[Kharavela]]'s rock-cut [[Hathigumpha inscription]]. |
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*[[Gupta Empire]] |
*[[Gupta Empire]] |
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*[[Bhauma-Kara dynasty]] |
*[[Bhauma-Kara dynasty]] |
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*[[Somavamshi dynasty]] |
*[[Somavamshi dynasty]]: |
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Somavamshi King Janamajaya-I Mahabhavagupta ( |
[[Somavamshi dynasty|Somavamshi]] King [[Janamajaya-I]] Mahabhavagupta (c. 882–922 CE) consolidated the eastern part of his kingdom comprising the modern undivided Sambalpur and Bolangir districts and establisheda matrimonial relationship with the Bhauma-Kara dynasty ruling over modern coastal Odisha. After Uddyotakeshari (c. 1040–1065 CE), the Somavamshi kingdom declined gradually. |
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After the decline of |
After the decline of the Somavamshis the area came under the [[Telugu Chodas]] for a short period. The last Telugu Choda king of south Kosala was [[Somesvara III]], who was defeated by Kalachuri king Jajalladeva-I around 1110 CE. |
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*Kalachuri Dynasty: |
*Kalachuri Dynasty: |
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Jajalla-deva, a ruler of the [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura|Kalachuri dynasty]] of Ratanpur (Chhattisgarh), defeated the ruler of Sonpur and annexed it |
Jajalla-deva, a ruler of the [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura|Kalachuri dynasty]] of [[Ratanpur]] (the historical capital of Chhattisgarh), defeated the ruler of Sonpur and annexed it to his kingdom in 1110. The region was administered under the Kalachuri rulers of Ratanpur from 1110 to 1238.<ref>Dash, Siba Prasad, " Sambalpur Itihas ", Odisha Sahitya Academy, Bhubaneswar, 2002, {{ISBN|81-7586-083-9}}, pp. 68, 70</ref> |
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*[[Eastern Ganga Dynasty]] |
*[[Eastern Ganga Dynasty]]: |
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The last ruler of Kalachuri Dynasty Pratapmalla |
The last ruler of the Kalachuri Dynasty, Pratapmalla, invaded the frontiers of the Ganga territory along with his son Paramardi Dev. [[Anangabhima Deva III]], the [[Eastern Ganga]] ruler, sent a large force under the command of his able Brahman commander, Vishnu. The two forces met face to face at the Seori Narayana village in undivided Sambalpur district on the banks of the river called Bhima near the Vindhya hills and the Kalchuris were defeated for the first time by the Gangas. The Chateswara Temple Inscription of Anangabhima mentions that Vishnu terrorized the Kalachuri king so much that the latter "perceived Vishnu every where through out his kingdom."[7] Pratapmalla was taken prisoner and forced to cede the Sambalpur-Sonepur-Bolangir tracts along with parts of what is now Chhattishgarh state to the Ganga kingdom. Later, with the advice of his minister Vishnu, Anangabhima established a diplomatic and matrimonial alliance with the Kalachuris by offering the hand of his daughter Chandrika in marriage to the Kalachuri prince, Paramardi Dev. Once the alliance was secured, the Ganga forces multiplied in strength. Paramardi Dev died in the final recorded battle of [[Narasingha Deva I]]'s invasion of Bengal at Umurdan (present-day Amarda in [[Mayurbhanj district]]). |
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⚫ | |||
After the Eastern Ganga dynasty, Western Odisha was ruled by the mighty [[Gajapati Empire]]. Under [[Kapilendra Deva]], the Gajapatis built an empire stretching from the lower Ganga in the north to the Kaveri in the south. But continued aggression of the Bengal sultanate from the north and Vijayanagara and Bahmani empires from the south weakened the Gajapati empire. Ultimately, [[Ramai Deva]], a Chauhan [[Rajput]] from [[North India]], founded Chauhan rule in western Orissa. According to the details placed in all the contemporary literary accounts, Ramai Deva was born to one of the queens of Hutumbur Sing, alias Hambir Dev. His pregnant queen, Jayanti Devi, fled Garh Sambhar with some of her followers when Vishala Dev was killed by a Muslim king in a battle, who has been identified with [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]]. Jayanti Devi found refuge in the house of a Brahmin ruler of Kholangarh division of the Patna state known as Chakradhar Panigrahi. Ramai Deva possibly murdered or killed the rulers and became ruler of this region. |
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Pratapmalla was taken prisoner and forced to cede the Sambalpur-Sonepur-Bolangir tracts along with parts of what is now Chhattishgarh state to the Ganga kingdom. Later with the advise of his minister Vishnu, Anangabhima established a diplomatic and matrimonial alliance with the Kalachuris by offering the hand of his daughter Chandrika in marriage to the Kalachuri prince, Parmardi Dev. Once the alliance was secured, the Ganga forces multiplied in strength. Parmardi Dev died in the final recorded battle of Narasingha Deva I's invasion of Bengal at Umurdan (Amarda in Mayurbhanj district). |
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⚫ | |||
After Eastern Ganga dynasty , this area ruled by mighty [[Gajapati Empire]]. |
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[[File:GAJAPTI EMPIRE.jpg|thumb|GAJAPTI EMPIRE]] |
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But ,due to continued aggression of the Bengal sultanate from the north and Vijayanagara and Bahmani empires from the south. These struggles weakened the Gajapati empire ,Ultimately Ramai Deva, a Chauhan [[Rajput]] from [[North India]] founded Chauhan rule in western Orissa |
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==Natural resources== |
==Natural resources== |
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Western |
The Western Odisha region is rich with minerals. Iron ore is available in plenty at Tensa and Barsuan in [[Sundargarh district]], bauxite is available at Gandhamardan in [[Bargarh district]], and coal is available in Himgir in Sundargarh district and Rampur in [[Jharsuguda district]]. Dolomite is available at Dubulabera and Kangorama in [[Sambalpur district]] and Lephripada in Sundargarh district. Graphite is available at Patnagarh and Titilagarh in [[Balangir district]]. Manganese ore is available in Balangir district. Fireclay is available at Belpahar in Jharsuguda district, Gandawara in Sambalpur district, and some places of Sundargarh district.<ref>Mohanty, Basanta Kumar, Orissa Fact File, 2005, p. 46</ref> |
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==Demographics== |
==Demographics== |
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===Population=== |
===Population=== |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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Line 52: | Line 46: | ||
|Bargarh || Bargarh || 5,837 || 1,207,172 || 1,478,833 || 75.16 |
|Bargarh || Bargarh || 5,837 || 1,207,172 || 1,478,833 || 75.16 |
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|- |
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|Kalahandi || Bhawanipatna || 7,920 || 1,335,494( |
|Kalahandi || Bhawanipatna || 7,920 || 1,335,494(population in 2001) || 1,576,869 || 59.22 |
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|- |
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|Nuapada || Nuapada || 3,852 || 469,482 || 606,490 || 58.20 |
|Nuapada || Nuapada || 3,852 || 469,482 || 606,490 || 58.20 |
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|Subarnapur || Sonepur || 2,337 || 476,815 || 652,107 || 74.42 |
|Subarnapur || Sonepur || 2,337 || 476,815 || 652,107 || 74.42 |
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|Sundargarh |
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|Sundargarh |
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|9712 |
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|2,093,437 |
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(Source: [[Population of India]], 2011)<ref>[http://www.indiaonlinepages.com/population/orissa-population.html Population of Western Orissa]</ref> |
(Source: [[Population of India]], 2011)<ref>[http://www.indiaonlinepages.com/population/orissa-population.html Population of Western Orissa]</ref> |
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In addition to the ten districts listed |
In addition to the ten districts listed abovementioned and shown on the map, the [[Western Odisha Development Council]] includes [[Athmallik]] Sub-Division of [[Anugul District|Anugul]] District on its website.<ref name="WODC main page">[http://www.wodcOdisha.org/index.htm WODC main page]</ref> |
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==Art and culture== |
==Art and culture== |
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Western Odisha is culturally influenced by several different [[cult]]s and [[religion]]s. Its history dates back to the [[Mahabharat]] and Buddhist period. Folk songs and dances of this area have been revived and recognized during the last quarter century, including ''[[Danda nata|Danda]]'' (Danda Yatra and Danda Nata), which is considered to be one of the oldest forms of variety entertainment in India, |
Western Odisha is culturally influenced by several different [[cult]]s and [[religion]]s. Its history dates back to the [[Mahabharat]] and Buddhist period. Folk songs and dances of this area have been revived and recognized during the last quarter century, including ''[[Danda nata|Danda]]'' (Danda Yatra and Danda Nata), which is considered to be one of the oldest forms of variety entertainment in India, as well as the modern "Krushnaguru [[Bhajan]]", a type of folk [[lyrics]] and songs. [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]] songs are quite popular throughout Odisha. Some hits include ''Rangabati'', ''Ekda Ekda'', ''Dalkhai'', and ''Panbala Babu''.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Music-lovers-rue-poor-standard-of-songs/articleshow/7666770.cms Current Sambalpuri Album]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121109050229/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/04/stories/2007040416600500.htm Legendary Sambalpuri singer Jitendra Haripal]</ref> |
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⚫ | ''[[Rangabati]]'' is a modern Sambalpuri song inspired by folk music, written about 1975, which enjoyed international popularity in the 1970s and 1980s. It was sung by [[Jitendra Haripal]] and [[Krishna Patel]]. The music was composed by [[Prabhudutta Pradhan]] and the lyrics by [[Mitrabhanu Gauntia]]. The song was recorded and broadcast by [[All India Radio]], Sambalpur.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20020213040921/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/05/27/stories/13270782.htm "And the singer sings his song "]}}, ''The Hindu'', 27 May 2001.<!--accessed 7 July 2008--></ref> |
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===Songs and dances=== |
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'''FAMOUS PEOPLE OF WESTERN ODISHA''' |
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===Rangabati=== |
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''[[Rangabati]]'' is a modern |
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* [[Veer Surendra Sai]] |
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* [[Gangadhar Meher]] |
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* [[Laxmi Narayan Mishra]] |
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* [[Krutartha Acharya]] |
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* [[Rajendra Singhdeo]] |
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* [[Parbati Giri|Parvati Giri]] |
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* [[Hemananda Biswal]] |
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* [[Shraddhakar Supakar]] |
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* [[Jitendriya Haripal]] |
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* [[Pramod Kumar Mishra]] |
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* [[Nrusingha Guru]] |
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* [[Sarat Pujari]] |
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* [[Sabyasachi Mohapatra|Sabyasachi Mahapatra]] |
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* [[Sabyasachi Mohapatra|Amresh]] [[Satapathy]] |
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*[[Ritesh Agarwal|Ritesh Aggarwal]] |
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* [[Pramod Bhagat]] |
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* [[Dilip Tirkey]] |
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* [[Krupasindhu Bhoi]] |
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* [[Suresh Chandra Pujari]] |
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* [[Narasingha Mishra]] |
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* [[Sadhu Meher]] |
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* [[Krishna Patel]] |
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* [[Haldhar Nag]] |
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* [[Braja Mohan Panda|Brajamohan Panda]] |
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* [[Prasanna Acharya]] |
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* |
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===Temples=== |
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*Maa Samaleswari temple |
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*Nrusinghanath Temple |
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*Chari Sambhu Temple |
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*Leaning Temple of Huma |
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*Lord Jagarnath Temple |
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*Manikeshwari Temple |
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*Yogeswar Temple |
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*Harishankar Temple |
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*Maa Ghanteswari Temple |
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*Patali Shrikhetra |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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20°35′N 84°28′E / 20.58°N 84.47°E / 20.58; 84.47
Western Odisha is the western part of the state of OdishainIndia, extending from the Kalahandi district in the south to the Sundargarh district in the north.[citation needed]
Historically it has been included within the larger region of Greater Kalinga. Its territory has been ruled by various dynasties, including:
2nd or 1st century BC to early 4th century CE. The primary source is King Kharavela's rock-cut Hathigumpha inscription.
Somavamshi King Janamajaya-I Mahabhavagupta (c. 882–922 CE) consolidated the eastern part of his kingdom comprising the modern undivided Sambalpur and Bolangir districts and established a matrimonial relationship with the Bhauma-Kara dynasty ruling over modern coastal Odisha. After Uddyotakeshari (c. 1040–1065 CE), the Somavamshi kingdom declined gradually. After the decline of the Somavamshis the area came under the Telugu Chodas for a short period. The last Telugu Choda king of south Kosala was Somesvara III, who was defeated by Kalachuri king Jajalladeva-I around 1110 CE.
Jajalla-deva, a ruler of the Kalachuri dynastyofRatanpur (the historical capital of Chhattisgarh), defeated the ruler of Sonpur and annexed it to his kingdom in 1110. The region was administered under the Kalachuri rulers of Ratanpur from 1110 to 1238.[1]
The last ruler of the Kalachuri Dynasty, Pratapmalla, invaded the frontiers of the Ganga territory along with his son Paramardi Dev. Anangabhima Deva III, the Eastern Ganga ruler, sent a large force under the command of his able Brahman commander, Vishnu. The two forces met face to face at the Seori Narayana village in undivided Sambalpur district on the banks of the river called Bhima near the Vindhya hills and the Kalchuris were defeated for the first time by the Gangas. The Chateswara Temple Inscription of Anangabhima mentions that Vishnu terrorized the Kalachuri king so much that the latter "perceived Vishnu every where through out his kingdom."[7] Pratapmalla was taken prisoner and forced to cede the Sambalpur-Sonepur-Bolangir tracts along with parts of what is now Chhattishgarh state to the Ganga kingdom. Later, with the advice of his minister Vishnu, Anangabhima established a diplomatic and matrimonial alliance with the Kalachuris by offering the hand of his daughter Chandrika in marriage to the Kalachuri prince, Paramardi Dev. Once the alliance was secured, the Ganga forces multiplied in strength. Paramardi Dev died in the final recorded battle of Narasingha Deva I's invasion of Bengal at Umurdan (present-day Amarda in Mayurbhanj district).
After the Eastern Ganga dynasty, Western Odisha was ruled by the mighty Gajapati Empire. Under Kapilendra Deva, the Gajapatis built an empire stretching from the lower Ganga in the north to the Kaveri in the south. But continued aggression of the Bengal sultanate from the north and Vijayanagara and Bahmani empires from the south weakened the Gajapati empire. Ultimately, Ramai Deva, a Chauhan Rajput from North India, founded Chauhan rule in western Orissa. According to the details placed in all the contemporary literary accounts, Ramai Deva was born to one of the queens of Hutumbur Sing, alias Hambir Dev. His pregnant queen, Jayanti Devi, fled Garh Sambhar with some of her followers when Vishala Dev was killed by a Muslim king in a battle, who has been identified with Firuz Shah Tughlaq. Jayanti Devi found refuge in the house of a Brahmin ruler of Kholangarh division of the Patna state known as Chakradhar Panigrahi. Ramai Deva possibly murdered or killed the rulers and became ruler of this region.
The Western Odisha region is rich with minerals. Iron ore is available in plenty at Tensa and Barsuan in Sundargarh district, bauxite is available at Gandhamardan in Bargarh district, and coal is available in Himgir in Sundargarh district and Rampur in Jharsuguda district. Dolomite is available at Dubulabera and Kangorama in Sambalpur district and Lephripada in Sundargarh district. Graphite is available at Patnagarh and Titilagarh in Balangir district. Manganese ore is available in Balangir district. Fireclay is available at Belpahar in Jharsuguda district, Gandawara in Sambalpur district, and some places of Sundargarh district.[2]
District | District Headquarters | Area (km2.) | Population 1991 Census | Population 2011 Census | Literacy Rate 2011 |
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Balangir | Balangir | 6,575 | 1,230,938 | 1,648,574 | 65.50 |
Bargarh | Bargarh | 5,837 | 1,207,172 | 1,478,833 | 75.16 |
Kalahandi | Bhawanipatna | 7,920 | 1,335,494(population in 2001) | 1,576,869 | 59.22 |
Nuapada | Nuapada | 3,852 | 469,482 | 606,490 | 58.20 |
Sambalpur | Sambalpur | 6,702 | 809,017 | 1,044,410 | 76.91 |
Subarnapur | Sonepur | 2,337 | 476,815 | 652,107 | 74.42 |
Sundargarh | Sundargarh | 9712 | 2,093,437 |
(Source: Population of India, 2011)[3]
In addition to the ten districts listed abovementioned and shown on the map, the Western Odisha Development Council includes Athmallik Sub-Division of Anugul District on its website.[4]
Western Odisha is culturally influenced by several different cults and religions. Its history dates back to the Mahabharat and Buddhist period. Folk songs and dances of this area have been revived and recognized during the last quarter century, including Danda (Danda Yatra and Danda Nata), which is considered to be one of the oldest forms of variety entertainment in India, as well as the modern "Krushnaguru Bhajan", a type of folk lyrics and songs. Sambalpuri songs are quite popular throughout Odisha. Some hits include Rangabati, Ekda Ekda, Dalkhai, and Panbala Babu.[5][6]
Rangabati is a modern Sambalpuri song inspired by folk music, written about 1975, which enjoyed international popularity in the 1970s and 1980s. It was sung by Jitendra Haripal and Krishna Patel. The music was composed by Prabhudutta Pradhan and the lyrics by Mitrabhanu Gauntia. The song was recorded and broadcast by All India Radio, Sambalpur.[7]
FAMOUS PEOPLE OF WESTERN ODISHA
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Districts |
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Education |
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Notable Persons |
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Temples |
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Geography |
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Culture, Festivals |
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Art and Craft |
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Entertainmennt |
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