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For guidance on East Asian monarchs, see ''[[#Names and titles outside the West|Names and titles outside the West]]'' below. Roman emperors are covered by [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (ancient Romans)|Naming conventions (ancient Romans)]], and Byzantine emperors by [[WP:Naming conventions (Greek)|Naming conventions (Greek)]]. |
For guidance on East Asian monarchs, see ''[[#Names and titles outside the West|Names and titles outside the West]]'' below. Roman emperors are covered by [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (ancient Romans)|Naming conventions (ancient Romans)]], and Byzantine emperors by [[WP:Naming conventions (Greek)|Naming conventions (Greek)]]. |
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Monarchies which use a completely different namestock, such as [[Lithuania]] and that of the [[Merovingians]], need not follow this convention; there is no disambiguation to pre-empt. Kings of a people, rather than a country or a nation, (for example, the late antique Germanic tribes) usually have no disambiguator, but "of the Goths" etc. should be added to the name if disambiguation is necessary. |
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For titles of articles on monarchs (with the exceptions referred to above): |
For titles of articles on monarchs (with the exceptions referred to above): |
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#Article titles are not normally prefixed with "King", "Queen", "Emperor" or equivalent. |
#Article titles are not normally prefixed with "King", "Queen", "Emperor" or equivalent. |
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# Use the most common, unambiguous name: [[Carl XVI Gustaf]], [[Elizabeth II]], [[Alfonso XII]], [[Louis XIV]], [[William the Conqueror]], [[John Balliol]], [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], [[Eric of Pomerania]], [[Charlemagne]]. This is in line with [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. |
# Use the most common, unambiguous name: [[Carl XVI Gustaf]], [[Elizabeth II]], [[Alfonso XII]], [[Louis XIV]], [[William the Conqueror]], [[John Balliol]], [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], [[Eric of Pomerania]], [[Charlemagne]]. This is in line with [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. |
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# Only use a territorial designation (e.g. country) when disambiguation is needed. In the case of kings, queens regnant, emperors, and empresses regnant whose common name is ambiguous |
# Only use a territorial designation (e.g. country) when disambiguation is needed. In the case of kings, queens regnant, emperors, and empresses regnant whose common name is ambiguous and not the [[WP:PRIMARYTOPIC|primary meaning]], article titles are normally in the form ''"{Monarch's first name and ordinal} of {Country}"''. Examples: [[Philip IV of Spain]]; [[Henry I of France]]; [[Joan II of Navarre]]. |
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#*''Monarch's first name'' should be the most common form used in current English works of general reference. Where this cannot be determined, use the conventional anglicized form of the name, as ''Henry'' above. |
#*''Monarch's first name'' should be the most common form used in current English works of general reference. Where this cannot be determined, use the conventional anglicized form of the name, as ''Henry'' above. |
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#*As regards ''Country'': |
#*As regards ''Country'': |
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#***for the German emperors (1871–1918): [[William I, German Emperor]] (not "of Germany") |
#***for the German emperors (1871–1918): [[William I, German Emperor]] (not "of Germany") |
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#Where there has only been one holder of a specific monarchical name in a state, the ordinal is used only when it was in official use, as with [[Juan Carlos I]] (not ''Juan Carlos, King of Spain''). When there is no ordinal, the formats [[John of Bohemia]] and [[Joanna of Castile]] or [[Stephen, King of England]] and [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain]] are used. Exceptions can be made on a case-by-case basis, taking account of general article titling policy, e.g. [[Queen Victoria]], [[Alexander Jagiellon]]. |
#Where there has only been one holder of a specific monarchical name in a state, the ordinal is used only when it was in official use, as with [[Juan Carlos I]] (not ''Juan Carlos, King of Spain''). When there is no ordinal, the formats [[John of Bohemia]] and [[Joanna of Castile]] or [[Stephen, King of England]] and [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain]] are used. Exceptions can be made on a case-by-case basis, taking account of general article titling policy, e.g. [[Queen Victoria]], [[Alexander Jagiellon]]. |
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#European monarchs whose rank is below that of king (e.g., grand dukes, electors, dukes, princes), and whose plain common name is ambiguous, should be at the location "{Monarch's first name and ordinal}, {Title} of {Country}". Examples: [[Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria]], [[Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg]]. This is often usage, and avoids the question of when these duchies became monarchies, as opposed to noble offices within the Kingdom of Germany/the Holy Roman Empire. |
#European monarchs whose rank is below that of emperor or king (e.g., grand dukes, electors, dukes, sovereign princes), and whose plain common name is ambiguous, should be at the location "{Monarch's first name and ordinal}, {Title} of {Country}". Examples: [[Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria]], [[Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg]], [[Albert II, Prince of Monaco]]. This is often usage, and avoids the question of when these duchies became monarchies, as opposed to noble offices within the Kingdom of Germany/the Holy Roman Empire. |
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#Do not apply an [[regnal number|ordinal]] in an article title for a '''pretender''', ''i.e.'', someone who has not reigned; instead call them what independent secondary sources in English call them. For example, use [[Louis Alphonse de Bourbon]], not ''Louis XX'', for the legitimist pretender to the French throne. Such a person may however be referred to by a title, for example, [[Victor Emmanuel, Prince of Naples]] for the last Italian crown prince. But he should not have his article titled ''Victor Emmanuel IV'' even though Italian royalists call him so. (Such a name should redirect to the article.) |
#Do not apply an [[regnal number|ordinal]] in an article title for a '''pretender''', ''i.e.'', someone who has not reigned; instead call them what independent secondary sources in English call them. For example, use [[Louis Alphonse de Bourbon]], not ''Louis XX'', for the legitimist pretender to the French throne. Such a person may however be referred to by a title, for example, [[Victor Emmanuel, Prince of Naples]] for the last Italian crown prince. But he should not have his article titled ''Victor Emmanuel IV'' even though Italian royalists call him so. (Such a name should redirect to the article.) |
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#'''Former or deposed monarchs''' should be referred to by their previous monarchical title with the exception of those who are still alive and are most commonly referred to by a non-monarchical title; all former or deposed monarchs should revert to their previous monarchical title upon death; for example, [[Constantine II of Greece]] not ''ex-King Constantine II'' or ''Constantine Glücksburg'', [[Edward VIII]] not ''Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor,'' but [[Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]] not ''Simeon II of Bulgaria''. |
#'''Former or deposed monarchs''' should be referred to by their previous monarchical title with the exception of those who are still alive and are most commonly referred to by a non-monarchical title; all former or deposed monarchs should revert to their previous monarchical title upon death; for example, [[Constantine II of Greece]] not ''ex-King Constantine II'' or ''Constantine Glücksburg'', [[Edward VIII]] not ''Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor,'' but [[Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]] not ''Simeon II of Bulgaria''. |
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==Royals with a substantive title== |
==Royals with a substantive title== |
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# If an individual holds a princely [[substantive title]], use ''"{first name}, {title}"''. Examples: [[William, Prince of Wales]]; [[Anne, Princess Royal]]; [[Leonor, Princess of Asturias]]. |
# If an individual holds a princely [[substantive title]], use ''"{first name}, {title}"''. Examples: [[William, Prince of Wales]]; [[Anne, Princess Royal]]; [[Leonor, Princess of Asturias]]. |
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# When dealing with a crown prince(ss) (however not consort) of a state, use the form ''"{name}, Crown Prince(ss) of {state}"'' ''unless'' there is a formal title that unambiguously implies their status as crown prince: [[ |
# When dealing with a crown prince(ss) (however not consort) of a state, use the form ''"{name}, Crown Prince(ss) of {state}"'' ''unless'' there is a formal title that unambiguously implies their status as crown prince: [[Christian, Crown Prince of Denmark]] but [[William, Prince of Wales]], as the Wales title is traditionally reserved to the heir-apparent. |
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# If a prince(ss) holds a substantive title that is not princely (a peerage, for instance), use ''"Prince(ss) {first name}, {title}"''. Examples: [[Prince Andrew, Duke of York]] and [[Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh]]. |
# If a prince(ss) holds a substantive title that is not princely (a peerage, for instance), use ''"Prince(ss) {first name}, {title}"''. Examples: [[Prince Andrew, Duke of York]] and [[Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh]]. |
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# Numerals are not generally used. Example: [[Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester]], not "Prince Richard, 2nd Duke of Gloucester". |
# Numerals are not generally used. Example: [[Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester]], not "Prince Richard, 2nd Duke of Gloucester". |
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#:*Peers who are best known by a territorial suffix from their senior title or a courtesy title, e.g. [[Michael Ancram]] (not "Michael Kerr, 13th Marquess of Lothian", or "Michael Ancram, 13th Marquess of Lothian"), [[John Thurso]] (not "John Sinclair, 3rd Viscount Thurso", etc.). |
#:*Peers who are best known by a territorial suffix from their senior title or a courtesy title, e.g. [[Michael Ancram]] (not "Michael Kerr, 13th Marquess of Lothian", or "Michael Ancram, 13th Marquess of Lothian"), [[John Thurso]] (not "John Sinclair, 3rd Viscount Thurso", etc.). |
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#:*Peers who are very well known by their personal names and who only received a title after they retired, e.g. [[Anthony Eden]] (not "Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon"), [[Margaret Thatcher]] (not "Margaret Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher"). |
#:*Peers who are very well known by their personal names and who only received a title after they retired, e.g. [[Anthony Eden]] (not "Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon"), [[Margaret Thatcher]] (not "Margaret Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher"). |
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#::* An exception to the above exceptions is where the peerage title is useful |
#::* An exception to the above exceptions is where the peerage title is useful as [[WP:NATDIS|natural disambiguation]], e.g. [[Chris Smith, Baron Smith of Finsbury]]. |
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#:*When one holder of a title is overwhelmingly the best known: e.g. [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson]] and [[Lord Byron]]. |
#:*When one holder of a title is overwhelmingly the best known: e.g. [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson]] and [[Lord Byron]]. |
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#*In all cases where the standard form of "Personal name, Ordinal (if appropriate) Peerage title" is not used for the article title, a redirect should exist from the standard form to the article. |
#*In all cases where the standard form of "Personal name, Ordinal (if appropriate) Peerage title" is not used for the article title, a redirect should exist from the standard form to the article. |
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#*A baronet should never be referred to with the title but without "Sir" preceding (e.g. do not use "William Williams, 2nd Baronet, of Clapton"). |
#*A baronet should never be referred to with the title but without "Sir" preceding (e.g. do not use "William Williams, 2nd Baronet, of Clapton"). |
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#*A baronet's hereditary title, often held for a large part of his life, should be bolded in the first sentence of the article, as in: '''Sir George Albu, 1st Baronet''' (26 October 1857 – 27 December 1935) was... |
#*A baronet's hereditary title, often held for a large part of his life, should be bolded in the first sentence of the article, as in: '''Sir George Albu, 1st Baronet''' (26 October 1857 – 27 December 1935) was... |
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# Titles of '''[[Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom|knighthood]]''' such as ''Sir'' and ''Dame'' are not normally included in the article title: e.g. [[Arthur Conan Doyle]], not "Sir Arthur Conan Doyle" (which is a redirect). However, ''Sir'' may be used in article titles as a disambiguator when a name is ambiguous and ''one'' of those who used it was knighted. A person's full title (including both prefix and [[post-nominal]]s) should be given in the article itself. Honorary knights – roughly, those not from the Commonwealth – are not called Sir; [[knights bachelor]] have no post-nominals. |
# Titles of '''[[Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom|knighthood]]''' such as ''Sir'' and ''Dame'' are not normally included in the article title: e.g. [[Arthur Conan Doyle]], not "Sir Arthur Conan Doyle" (which is a redirect). However, ''Sir'' may be used in article titles as a disambiguator when a name is ambiguous and ''one'' of those who used it was knighted. A person's full title (including both prefix and [[post-nominal]]s) should be given in the article itself. Honorary knights – roughly, those not from the Commonwealth realms – are not called Sir; [[knights bachelor]] have no post-nominals. |
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# '''[[Courtesy titles in the United Kingdom|Courtesy titles]]''' – including honorific prefixes such as ''Lord'' or ''Lady'', which differ from full titles in that they are included as part of the personal name, often from birth – should be included in the article title if the person is far better recognised with the title than without. For example, [[Lord Frederick Cavendish]] is hardly ever called plain "Frederick Cavendish", and so the ''Lord'' is included in the article title. |
# '''[[Courtesy titles in the United Kingdom|Courtesy titles]]''' – including honorific prefixes such as ''Lord'' or ''Lady'', which differ from full titles in that they are included as part of the personal name, often from birth – should be included in the article title if the person is far better recognised with the title than without. For example, [[Lord Frederick Cavendish]] is hardly ever called plain "Frederick Cavendish", and so the ''Lord'' is included in the article title. |
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==Hypothetical, dissolved and defunct titles== |
==Hypothetical, dissolved and defunct titles== |
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Do not use hypothetical, dissolved or defunct titles, including pretenders (real or hypothetical), unless this is what the majority of reliable sources use. |
Do not use hypothetical, dissolved or defunct titles, including pretenders (real or hypothetical), unless this is what the majority of English-language reliable sources use. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
![]() | This guideline documents an English Wikipedia naming convention. Editors should generally follow it, though exceptions may apply. Substantive edits to this page should reflect consensus. When in doubt, discuss first on the talk page. |
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As royalty and nobility often use titles rather than surnames, often change titles, and are often frequently referred to by names which are not unique, using a clear and consistent nomenclature can sometimes be difficult. This page contains a set of conventions for article titles that have been adopted through discussions between Wikipedia editors (see the talk page and its archives, and earlier, Wikipedia talk:History standards).
General policy on the naming of Wikipedia articles can be found at Wikipedia:Article titles. It is generally advisable to use the most common form of the name used in reliable sources in English ("common name" in the case of royalty and nobility may also include a person's title), but there are other things which should be considered: ease of use, precision, concision, and consistency among article titles; and a system constraint: we cannot use the same title for two different articles, and therefore tend to avoid ambiguous titles. For general guidance on finding titles for articles about people, see Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people).
Most of the conventions below are intended to apply to medieval and modern European rulers and nobility, since in these civilizations the same given names are often shared between countries, so some disambiguation is often required, and disambiguation by territory is convenient. The principles used here may also be useful in titling articles on Muslim rulers and nobility. Elsewhere, territorial designations are usually unnecessary in article titles.
For guidance on how to use titles and names within articles, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style (biographies).
For clerical titles (popes, cardinals, etc.), see Naming conventions (clergy).
These following conventions apply to European monarchs since the fall of the Western Roman Empire (but not to the Byzantine emperors), because they share much the same stock of names. For example, there are several kings and an emperor who are most commonly called Henry IV; their articles are titled Henry IV of England, Henry IV of France, and so on. The conventions on this page are also recommended, where applicable, for Muslim monarchs, who share their own common stock of names.
For guidance on East Asian monarchs, see Names and titles outside the West below. Roman emperors are covered by Naming conventions (ancient Romans), and Byzantine emperors by Naming conventions (Greek).
For titles of articles on monarchs (with the exceptions referred to above):
These conventions will lead to most rulers having no title in the name of their article. However, there is no convention that an article title in the form Name of Place implies the subject is royal; Hildegard of Bingen is one example.
Livingorrecently deceased royal consorts are referred to by their present name and title, as with Queen Letizia of Spain and Queen Rania of Jordan. The same applies to living former consorts (sometimes these will have a different title indicating their status as Queen Mother, Queen Dowager, or the like).
Deceased consorts are referred to by a name by which they are commonly known or (if recently deceased) are expected to become known. This can often differ from the name and title they held as consort or at death. Some examples are given below.
The diversity of these examples reflects the diversity of English usage. There is no agreed-upon general convention for deceased consorts; there was a proposal that Wikipedia always use the maiden name, or house of origin, for such people; but that rule produces unrecognisable titles too often to be generally applied.
For royalty other than monarchs:
When there is no naming convention for a given set of names and titles, and no widespread problem of disambiguation, Wikipedia's general practice is to use the most common form in English as the article title.
Do not use hypothetical, dissolved or defunct titles, including pretenders (real or hypothetical), unless this is what the majority of English-language reliable sources use.