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== Taxonomy == |
== Taxonomy == |
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The yellowtail flounder was originally described by German naturalist [[Carl Moritz Gottsche]] as ''Limanda vulgaris'' in the ''[[Archiv für Naturgeschichte]]'' in 1835.<ref name="WORMS">{{Cite web|title=Limanda ferruginea (Storer, 1839)|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=158879|access-date=2021-09-27|website=WoRMS |
The yellowtail flounder was originally described by German naturalist [[Carl Moritz Gottsche]] as ''Limanda vulgaris'' in the ''[[Archiv für Naturgeschichte]]'' in 1835.<ref name="WORMS">{{Cite web|title=Limanda ferruginea (Storer, 1839)|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=158879|access-date=2021-09-27|website=WoRMS – World Register of Marine Species}}</ref><ref name="Gottsche">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkzv6ejVAmwC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&q=limanda+vulgaris&hl=en|title=Archiv für Naturgeschichte|publisher=Nicolai|year=1835|pages=160–161|language=de}}</ref> It was later documented as ''Platessa ferruginea'' by [[David Humphreys Storer]] in 1839, who noted the similarity between it and ''[[Limanda limanda]]'' (then considered to be in the genus ''[[Pleuronectes]]'').<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7UbPAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&q=limanda&hl=en|title=Reports on the Fishes, Reptiles and Birds of Massachusetts|last1=Storer|first1=David Humphreys|last2=Peabody|first2=William Bourn Oliver|date=1839|publisher=Dutton and Wentworth, State Printers|language=en|pages=142–143}}</ref> Later, both ''P. limanda'' and ''P. ferruginea'' were reclassified into the genus ''[[Limanda]]''.<ref name="WORMS" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Limanda limanda (Linnaeus, 1758)|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=127139|access-date=2021-09-27|website=WoRMS – World Register of Marine Species}}</ref> Meanwhile American zoologist [[Theodore Gill]] had placed it in the new genus ''Myzopsetta'' in 1861.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gill |first1=Theodore N. |title=Catalogue of the fishes of the eastern coast of North America, from Greenland to Georgia |journal=Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia |date=1861 |volume=13 |pages=1–63 [51] |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112068085353&view=1up&seq=55&q1=Myzopsetta}}</ref> |
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According to research from the [[University of Ottawa]], ''L. ferruginea'' shares several [[morphology (biology)|morphologies]] with ''[[Limanda aspera]]'', but that the [[monophyly]] of the genus ''Limanda'' as a whole is unlikely.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cooper|first=J. Andrew.|date=1996|others=Université D'Ottawa / University Of Ottawa, Université D'Ottawa / University Of Ottawa|title=Monophyly and intrarelationships of the family Pleuronectidae (Pleuronectiformes), with a revised classification.|url=http://www.ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/10047|doi=10.20381/RUOR-16625|pages=103–104}}</ref> A 2018 cladistic morphological and genetic analysis found that the genus ''Limanda'' is not monophyletic; ''L. ferruginea'' and its relatives the [[longhead dab]] (''L. proboscidea'') and [[speckled flounder]] (''L. punctatissima'') are in a different subfamily to the other members of the genus and should be (once again) placed in the genus ''Myzopsetta''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vinnikov |first1=Kirill A. |last2=Thomson |first2=Robert C. |last3=Munroe |first3=Thomas A. |title=Revised classification of the righteye flounders (Teleostei: Pleuronectidae) based on multilocus phylogeny with complete taxon sampling |journal=Molecular phylogenetics and evolution |date=2018 |volume=125 |pages= |
According to research from the [[University of Ottawa]], ''L. ferruginea'' shares several [[morphology (biology)|morphologies]] with ''[[Limanda aspera]]'', but that the [[monophyly]] of the genus ''Limanda'' as a whole is unlikely.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cooper|first=J. Andrew.|date=1996|others=Université D'Ottawa / University Of Ottawa, Université D'Ottawa / University Of Ottawa|title=Monophyly and intrarelationships of the family Pleuronectidae (Pleuronectiformes), with a revised classification.|url=http://www.ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/10047|doi=10.20381/RUOR-16625|pages=103–104}}</ref> A 2018 cladistic morphological and genetic analysis found that the genus ''Limanda'' is not monophyletic; ''L. ferruginea'' and its relatives the [[longhead dab]] (''L. proboscidea'') and [[speckled flounder]] (''L. punctatissima'') are in a different subfamily to the other members of the genus and should be (once again) placed in the genus ''Myzopsetta''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vinnikov |first1=Kirill A. |last2=Thomson |first2=Robert C. |last3=Munroe |first3=Thomas A. |title=Revised classification of the righteye flounders (Teleostei: Pleuronectidae) based on multilocus phylogeny with complete taxon sampling |journal=Molecular phylogenetics and evolution |date=2018 |volume=125 |pages=147–162 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.014}}</ref> |
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== Description == |
== Description == |
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The yellowtail flounder is found off the east coast of [[North America]], as far north as [[Newfoundland]] and southern [[Labrador]] and as far south as [[Chesapeake Bay]]. It is common on the [[Scotian Shelf]], in [[ocean bank]]s such as the [[Grand Banks of Newfoundland]] and [[Georges Bank]].<ref name="CAGov">{{Cite web|author=Fisheries and Oceans Canada|date=2016-12-19|title=Yellowtail Flounder|url=https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/species-especes/profiles-profils/yellowtail-flounder-limande-queue-jaune-eng.html|access-date=2021-09-27|website=Government of Canada}}</ref> |
The yellowtail flounder is found off the east coast of [[North America]], as far north as [[Newfoundland]] and southern [[Labrador]] and as far south as [[Chesapeake Bay]]. It is common on the [[Scotian Shelf]], in [[ocean bank]]s such as the [[Grand Banks of Newfoundland]] and [[Georges Bank]].<ref name="CAGov">{{Cite web|author=Fisheries and Oceans Canada|date=2016-12-19|title=Yellowtail Flounder|url=https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/species-especes/profiles-profils/yellowtail-flounder-limande-queue-jaune-eng.html|access-date=2021-09-27|website=Government of Canada}}</ref> |
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Three [[fish stocks]] exist in US waters: in the [[Gulf of Maine]] area, on Georges Bank, and off southern [[New England]] and the [[Mid-Atlantic (United States)|Mid-Atlantic]].<ref name="NOAA"/> In Canada, yellowtail are concentrated in [[NAFO]] divisions 4X (Browns Bank, near Georges Bank, at {{coord|42.826895| -66.217355}}), 4W ([[Sable Island]] Bank, {{coord|43.83067| -60.836686}}), and 4V (Banquereau, {{coord|44.535498| -58.583968}}).<ref name="CAGov"/><ref name="placenames">{{Cite web|author=Natural Resources Canada|title=Place names |
Three [[fish stocks]] exist in US waters: in the [[Gulf of Maine]] area, on Georges Bank, and off southern [[New England]] and the [[Mid-Atlantic (United States)|Mid-Atlantic]].<ref name="NOAA"/> In Canada, yellowtail are concentrated in [[NAFO]] divisions 4X (Browns Bank, near Georges Bank, at {{coord|42.826895| -66.217355}}), 4W ([[Sable Island]] Bank, {{coord|43.83067| -60.836686}}), and 4V (Banquereau, {{coord|44.535498| -58.583968}}).<ref name="CAGov"/><ref name="placenames">{{Cite web|author=Natural Resources Canada|title=Place names – Query by name|url=http://www4.nrcan.gc.ca/search-place-names/search|access-date=2021-09-27|website=Government of Canada}}</ref> |
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The larvae of ''L. ferruginea'' remain near the surface for two months, but after maturing to a length of at least {{cvt|14|mm}} they dwell on sandy or muddy seafloors at a depth between {{convert|100|and|350|ft}}.<ref name="NOAA"/><ref name="DEGov" /> |
The larvae of ''L. ferruginea'' remain near the surface for two months, but after maturing to a length of at least {{cvt|14|mm}} they dwell on sandy or muddy seafloors at a depth between {{convert|100|and|350|ft}}.<ref name="NOAA"/><ref name="DEGov" /> |
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In the US, fishing of yellowtail flounder is governed by the NMFS. More than {{convert|980000|lb}} of yellowtail flounders were commercially caught in American waters in 2018, valued at over $1 million.<ref name="NOAA" /> In federal waters, there is a minimum allowed size of {{cvt|13|in}}.<ref name="DEGov"/> |
In the US, fishing of yellowtail flounder is governed by the NMFS. More than {{convert|980000|lb}} of yellowtail flounders were commercially caught in American waters in 2018, valued at over $1 million.<ref name="NOAA" /> In federal waters, there is a minimum allowed size of {{cvt|13|in}}.<ref name="DEGov"/> |
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Populations of fishable yellowtail flounder have declined from the 1980s into the late 1990s in Canada, especially in divisions 4V and 4W, after which the rate of fishery declined.<ref name="CAGov" /> ''L. ferruginea'' is currently categorized as "Vulnerable" by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]].<ref name="IUCN" /> According to the [[University of Maine]], yellowtail flounder are being overfished, as well as several other species of flounder.<ref name="UM">{{Cite web|title=Maine Seafood Guide |
Populations of fishable yellowtail flounder have declined from the 1980s into the late 1990s in Canada, especially in divisions 4V and 4W, after which the rate of fishery declined.<ref name="CAGov" /> ''L. ferruginea'' is currently categorized as "Vulnerable" by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]].<ref name="IUCN" /> According to the [[University of Maine]], yellowtail flounder are being overfished, as well as several other species of flounder.<ref name="UM">{{Cite web|title=Maine Seafood Guide – Flounder|url=https://seagrant.umaine.edu/maine-seafood-guide/flounder/|access-date=2021-09-27|website=Maine Sea Grant|language=en-US}}</ref> According to NMFS, the fishing rate is being reduced at Georges Bank and there are rebuilding plans to increase populations of all three stocks.<ref name="NOAA" /> |
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Yellowtail flounders are fished between late fall and spring, usually with a [[trawl net]] or [[gillnet]].<ref name="NOAA" /><ref name="UM" /> |
Yellowtail flounders are fished between late fall and spring, usually with a [[trawl net]] or [[gillnet]].<ref name="NOAA" /><ref name="UM" /> |
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| Yellowtail flounder | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Pleuronectiformes |
| Family: | Pleuronectidae |
| Genus: | Limanda |
| Species: |
L. ferruginea
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| Binomial name | |
| Limanda ferruginea (D. H. Storer, 1839) | |
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Range
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| Synonyms | |
The yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea), also known as rusty dab[2] or simply flounder, is a speciesofflatfish in the family Pleuronectidae. Reaching 56 cm in length, it has reddish brown upperparts, pale underparts and yellow fins. Both its eyes are on the right (upper) side of its body. Found in the western North Atlantic,[3][4] it has been fished commercially by North American fisheries for food. A victim of overfishing, the yellowtail flounder is categorized as "Vulnerable" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
The yellowtail flounder was originally described by German naturalist Carl Moritz GottscheasLimanda vulgaris in the Archiv für Naturgeschichte in 1835.[5][6] It was later documented as Platessa ferrugineabyDavid Humphreys Storer in 1839, who noted the similarity between it and Limanda limanda (then considered to be in the genus Pleuronectes).[7] Later, both P. limanda and P. ferruginea were reclassified into the genus Limanda.[5][8] Meanwhile American zoologist Theodore Gill had placed it in the new genus Myzopsetta in 1861.[9]
According to research from the University of Ottawa, L. ferruginea shares several morphologies with Limanda aspera, but that the monophyly of the genus Limanda as a whole is unlikely.[10] A 2018 cladistic morphological and genetic analysis found that the genus Limanda is not monophyletic; L. ferruginea and its relatives the longhead dab (L. proboscidea) and speckled flounder (L. punctatissima) are in a different subfamily to the other members of the genus and should be (once again) placed in the genus Myzopsetta.[11]
The yellowtail flounder is a wide flatfish with an ovoid body. The name "yellowtail" comes from the distinctly yellowish color of its fins (including tail fin); the fish's upper side is reddish brown with irregular "rusty" spots, while the underside is white with a yellow caudal peduncle (area between body and tail). Being a right-eyed flounder (of the family pleuronectidae), both its eyes are on the right side of the fish's body, though the eyes are symmetrical just after hatching.[4][12] They are thinner than other flatfish.[13]
The fish's head is approximately a quarter as long as the total body and is scaly. The eye's diameter is approximately one fifth the length of the head. The yellowtail flounder has a prominent lower jaw with broad lips, about as long as the eye. The scales are ciliated (having hair-like protrusions) and appear on the head as well. The teeth are small.[14]
According to the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), they can grow to a length of 22 inches (560 mm), weighing up to 2.2 pounds (1.00 kg).[4][12] Yellowtail flounder up to 17 lb (7.7 kg) have been caught before.[15]
The yellowtail flounder is found off the east coast of North America, as far north as Newfoundland and southern Labrador and as far south as Chesapeake Bay. It is common on the Scotian Shelf, in ocean banks such as the Grand Banks of Newfoundland and Georges Bank.[16]
Three fish stocks exist in US waters: in the Gulf of Maine area, on Georges Bank, and off southern New England and the Mid-Atlantic.[4] In Canada, yellowtail are concentrated in NAFO divisions 4X (Browns Bank, near Georges Bank, at 42°49′37″N 66°13′02″W / 42.826895°N 66.217355°W / 42.826895; -66.217355), 4W (Sable Island Bank, 43°49′50″N 60°50′12″W / 43.83067°N 60.836686°W / 43.83067; -60.836686), and 4V (Banquereau, 44°32′08″N 58°35′02″W / 44.535498°N 58.583968°W / 44.535498; -58.583968).[16][17]
The larvae of L. ferruginea remain near the surface for two months, but after maturing to a length of at least 14 mm (0.55 in) they dwell on sandy or muddy seafloors at a depth between 100 and 350 feet (30 and 107 m).[4][15]
Yellowtail flounders have been reported to live up to 17 years, but most die by age 7. They mature relatively early with females being able to reproduce by age 3. Spawning in the spring and summer, the eggs (measuring approximately 0.9 mm (0.035 in) in diameter) float to the surface and drift for approximately two months.[4][13]
They eat crustaceans (including amphipods, shrimps, mysids, and shellfish) as well as marine worms, and are preyed on by other fish such as spiny dogfish and skate.[4][13]
Yellowtail flounders are able to camouflage, changing the pattern of their skin to mimic the seafloor.[15]
In the US, fishing of yellowtail flounder is governed by the NMFS. More than 980,000 pounds (440,000 kg) of yellowtail flounders were commercially caught in American waters in 2018, valued at over $1 million.[4] In federal waters, there is a minimum allowed size of 13 in (330 mm).[15]
Populations of fishable yellowtail flounder have declined from the 1980s into the late 1990s in Canada, especially in divisions 4V and 4W, after which the rate of fishery declined.[16] L. ferruginea is currently categorized as "Vulnerable" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.[1] According to the University of Maine, yellowtail flounder are being overfished, as well as several other species of flounder.[18] According to NMFS, the fishing rate is being reduced at Georges Bank and there are rebuilding plans to increase populations of all three stocks.[4]
Yellowtail flounders are fished between late fall and spring, usually with a trawl netorgillnet.[4][18]
Yellowtail flounder is sweet and mild, while being a lean source of B vitamins, including niacin. The texture is delicate and flaky.[12][18][19]
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
| Limanda ferruginea |
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| Platessa ferruginea |
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