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{{short description|Historic monument and mausoleum in Damascus, Syria}} |
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{{For|the madrasa of the same name in Aleppo|Al-Zahiriyah Madrasa}} |
{{For|the madrasa of the same name in Aleppo|Al-Zahiriyah Madrasa}} |
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{{Infobox historic site |
{{Infobox historic site |
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The ''' |
The '''Zahiriyya Library''' ({{lang-ar|مكتبة الظاهرية|Maktaba al-Ẓāhirīyya}}), also known as the '''Madrasa al-Zahiriyya''' ({{lang-ar|مَدْرَسَة الظَّاهِرِيَّة|Madrasah aẓ-Ẓāhirīyah}}),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madrasa al-Zahiriyya (Damascus) |url=https://archnet.org/sites/1854 |access-date=2019-11-13 |website=Archnet}}</ref>isan Islamic library, [[madrasa]], and mausoleum in [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]. It was established in 1277, taking its name from the [[Mamluk]] sultan [[Baibars|Baybars al-Zahir]] ({{Reign|1260|1277}}), who is buried in this place. |
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== The funerary complex of al-Zahir Baybars == |
== The funerary complex of al-Zahir Baybars == |
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[[File: |
[[File:Ancient City of Damascus-107601 (retouched).jpg|left|thumb|The mausoleum chamber of [[Baibars|Baybars]].]] |
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=== Background: Sultan al-Zahir Baybars === |
=== Background: Sultan al-Zahir Baybars === |
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Sultan [[Baibars|Al-Zahir Baybars]], also known as Rukn Uddin Baybrus (full name: ''al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baibars al-Bunduqdari'') was a political and military leader of major historical importance. He played an important role in the establishment of a new [[mamluk]]-based regime in [[Cairo]] that would rule [[Egypt]] and [[Syria]] for a long period known as the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]] ( |
Sultan [[Baibars|Al-Zahir Baybars]], also known as Rukn Uddin Baybrus (full name: ''al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baibars al-Bunduqdari'') was a political and military leader of major historical importance. He played an important role in the establishment of a new [[mamluk]]-based regime in [[Cairo]] that would rule [[Egypt]] and [[Syria]] for a long period known as the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]] (1250–1517).<ref>{{Cite book|title=L'Égypte des Mamelouks: L'empire des esclaves 1250-1517|last=Clot|first=André|publisher=Perrin|year=2009}}</ref> After playing a central role in repelling the [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] advance at the [[Battle of Ain Jalut]] in 1260 (often cited as a turning point in history<ref>{{Cite book|title=The History of the Mongol Conquests|last=Saunders|first=J.J.|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2001}}</ref>) he rose to the position of [[sultan]]. During his reign, he undertook a series of effective campaigns against the remaining [[Crusader states]] in the [[Levant]], conquering a number of important cities and fortresses such as [[Antioch]] and the famous [[Krak des Chevaliers]], which paved the way for the later final demise of the Crusader presence in the region.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Baybars-I|title=Baybars I {{!}} Mamlūk sultan of Egypt and Syria|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-11-15}}</ref> |
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Baybars died unexpectedly in July 1277 in his palace (called ''al-Qasr al-[[Ablaq]]'') in Damascus after drinking a poisoned cup that was intended for someone else.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Leiser|first=Gary|date=1984|title=The Endowment of the Al-Zahiriyya in Damascus |
Baybars died unexpectedly in July 1277 in his palace (called ''al-Qasr al-[[Ablaq]]'') in Damascus after drinking a poisoned cup that was intended for someone else.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Leiser|first=Gary|date=1984|title=The Endowment of the Al-Zahiriyya in Damascus|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|volume=27|issue=1|pages=33–55|doi=10.1163/156852084X00029}}</ref> His death was kept a secret and he was temporarily buried in the [[Citadel of Damascus]] while arrangements could be made for his permanent burial and for a transition of power to his 18-year-old son [[Al-Malik al-Said Nasir al-Din Barakah|al-Sa'id Barakah]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Damascus|last=Degeorge|first=Gérard|publisher=Flammarion|year=2004|pages=107–110}}</ref> Baybars had reportedly expressed a desire to be buried near the town of [[Darayya]], but his son judged that he should be buried in a more prestigious location near the great mosque and near the tombs of illustrious [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] sultans, including the [[Mausoleum of Saladin|Mausoleum of Salah ad-Din]].<ref name=":2" /> On al-Sa'id's orders, the governor of Damascus, [[emir]] Aydamur, purchased a house opposite the [[Al-Adiliyah Madrasa|'Adiliyya Madrasa]], in the [[Al-Amarah, Syria|al-Amara]] neighbourhood near the [[Umayyad Mosque|Great Umayyad Mosque]].<ref name=":3" /> The house, called ''Dar al-'Aqiqi'', had originally belonged to the father of [[Saladin|Salah ad-Din]] (Saladin), and Salah ad-Din himself had spent part of his childhood there.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Damascus: A History|last=Burns|first=Ross|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|pages=199}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> It was remodeled into a madrasa and funerary complex. When al-Sa'id himself died in 1280, he was buried in the same mausoleum as his father.<ref name=":2" /> |
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=== The madrasa and mausoleum === |
=== The madrasa and mausoleum === |
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⚫ | Construction of the complex began in 1277 but did not finish until later. It was still unfinished when al-Sa'id died and was buried here in 1280, and the new sultan [[al-Mansur Qalawun]] was required to see to its completion.<ref name=":2" /> This may have been accomplished in 1281, with the mausoleum's decoration probably being the last element to be executed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;sy;Mon01;18;en|title=Madrasa al-Zahiriyya|last=Daiber|first=Verena|website=Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers|access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Art and Architecture of Islam: 1250-1800|last1=Blair|first1=Sheila S.|last2=Bloom|first2=Jonathan|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1995|location=New Haven; London|pages=71–72}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> The architect of the complex was Ibrahim ibn Ghana’im al-Muhandis,<ref name=":0" /> who was also responsible for building ''al-Qasr al-Ablaq,'' the palace of Baybars in Damascus, in 1264.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=The Citadel of Cairo: A New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture|last=Rabat|first=Nasser O.|publisher=E.J. Brill|year=1995}}</ref>{{Rp|200}} |
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[[File:Az-Zahiriyah Library.jpg|thumb|The entrance of the madrasa complex.]] |
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⚫ |
Construction of the complex began in 1277 but did not finish until later. It was still unfinished when al-Sa'id died and was buried here in 1280, and the new sultan [[al-Mansur Qalawun]] was required to see to its completion.<ref name=":2" /> This may have been accomplished in 1281, with the mausoleum's decoration probably being the last element to be executed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;sy;Mon01;18;en|title=Madrasa al-Zahiriyya|last=Daiber|first=Verena |
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Like many subsequent [[Mamluk architecture|Mamluk foundations]], the funerary complex of Baybars served multiple functions, which were outlined in its ''[[waqf]]'' (trust agreement for charitable foundations under Islamic law). It included two [[madrasa]]s (teaching [[Sharia|Islamic law]]), a ''Dar al-Hadith'' (school for teaching the [[Hadith|sayings of the Prophet]]), and the sultan's mausoleum (called a ''turba''). The complex included a monumental portal with a broad canopy of stone-carved [[muqarnas]] (honeycomb or stalactite-like forms) culminating in a shell-like hood, considered one of the most accomplished examples of its kind in Syria.<ref name=":3" /> The portal and exterior of the building also demonstrates alternating layers of dark and light stone, known as [[ablaq]] masonry. Today, the portal and the mausoleum are the best-preserved historical parts of the complex.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> |
Like many subsequent [[Mamluk architecture|Mamluk foundations]], the funerary complex of Baybars served multiple functions, which were outlined in its ''[[waqf]]'' (trust agreement for charitable foundations under Islamic law). It included two [[madrasa]]s (teaching [[Sharia|Islamic law]]), a ''Dar al-Hadith'' (school for teaching the [[Hadith|sayings of the Prophet]]), and the sultan's mausoleum (called a ''turba''). The complex included a monumental portal with a broad canopy of stone-carved [[muqarnas]] (honeycomb or stalactite-like forms) culminating in a shell-like hood, considered one of the most accomplished examples of its kind in Syria.<ref name=":3" /> The portal and exterior of the building also demonstrates alternating layers of dark and light stone, known as [[ablaq]] masonry. Today, the portal and the mausoleum are the best-preserved historical parts of the complex.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> |
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The mausoleum is covered by a large dome and its interior is boldly decorated with marble paneling along its lower walls ([[Dado (architecture)|dadoes]]) and a large frieze of glass [[mosaic]]s along its upper walls. The mosaics are reminiscent of the more famous ones found in the [[Umayyad |
The mausoleum is covered by a large dome and its interior is boldly decorated with marble paneling along its lower walls ([[Dado (architecture)|dadoes]]) and a large frieze of glass [[mosaic]]s along its upper walls. The mosaics are reminiscent of the more famous ones found in the [[Umayyad Mosque]] nearby, illustrating scenes of trees and palaces. However, their craftsmanship is of somewhat lesser quality, suggesting that this skill was in decline compared to earlier periods.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Islam: Art and Architecture|publisher=h.f.ullman|year=2011|editor-last=Markus|editor-first=Hattstein|pages=192|editor2-last=Delius|editor2-first=Peter}}</ref> The [[mihrab]] (a wall niche symbolizing the [[Qibla|direction of prayer]]) also features an elaborate composition of marble mosaic paneling forming geometric and foliated patterns.<ref name=":3" /> The muqarnas portal (the earliest example of which is the [[Nur al-Din Bimaristan|Bimaristan of Nur al-Din]]), the marble dadoes, and (to a lesser extent) the mosaic friezes of the mausoleum were decorative elements that would recur throughout the Mamluk period after Baybars.<ref name=":0" /><gallery widths="200" heights="200"> |
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File:Entranceway (5348347368).jpg|The entrance portal of the madrasa complex, composed of different coloured stone (''[[ablaq]]''), [[Arabic]] inscriptions, and a ''[[muqarnas]]'' canopy. |
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⚫ | File:DamaskusBaibarMausoleum.jpg|The exterior of the mausoleum's dome. |
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File:Madrasa al-Zahiriyya, Damascus (دمشق), Syria - Burial chamber mihrab looking southwest - PHBZ024 2016 1317 - Dumbarton Oaks (edited).jpg|[[Mihrab]] of the mausoleum of [[Baibars|Baybars]], with marble mosaic paneling and glass mosaics above. |
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⚫ | File:Madrasa al-Zahiriyya, Damascus (دمشق), Syria - Detail of burial chamber mosaic - PHBZ024 2016 1321 - Dumbarton Oaks.jpg|A section of the glass mosaics along the walls of the mausoleum. |
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</gallery> |
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== The Library == |
== The Library == |
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The madrasa had a library from the outset. Its first books were donated by the mother of al-Sa'id Barakah as part of the madrasa's endowment.<ref name=":2" /> It was only turned into a "general library" in 1876 or 1877 by Sheikh Tahir al- |
The madrasa had a library from the outset. Its first books were donated by the mother of al-Sa'id Barakah as part of the madrasa's endowment.<ref name=":2" /> It was only turned into a "general library" in 1876 or 1877 by Sheikh [[Tahir al-Jazairi]] and Salim al-Bukhari, who collected thousands of items for the library.<ref name=":6">{{cite web | access-date=2019-11-15 | url=https://www.worldbulletin.net/art-culture/damascus-cultural-heritage-al-zahiriyya-library-h194640.html | title=Damascus' Cultural Heritage: Al-Zahiriyya Library | language=tr | website=worldbulletin.net/}}</ref> He was helped in part by the governor of Damascus, [[Midhat Pasha]], who used an edict from the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] sultan to collect books from around the region.<ref name=":6" /> The [[library]] was nationally recognized by the Syrian state and opened to the public in 1880 or 1881.<ref name=":6" /> It continued to consolidate collections throughout the late 19th century and early 20th century and became the National Library.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Tamari|first1=Steve|last2=Hudson|first2=Leila|date=1996|title=Historical Research and Resources in Damascus|journal=Middle East Studies Association Bulletin|volume=30|issue=1|pages=10–17|via=JSTOR|doi=10.1017/S0026318400032983|s2cid=133314943 }}</ref> It played a part in the [[Nahda|Arabic literary renaissance]] that was ongoing in Syria in that period.<ref name=":7" /> |
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In 1919 the "[[Arab Academy of Damascus|Arab Academy]] was charged with the supervision of the al-Zahiriyya Library. … Its collection consisted at that time of the surviving manuscripts from different small libraries in Syria. … The collection grew from 2,465 manuscripts to 22,000 volumes between 1919 and 1945."<ref>{{Citation |publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers |isbn = 1579582443 |ol = 3623623M |location = Chicago |chapter =Middle Eastern Libraries |author=Christof Galli |title = International Dictionary of Library Histories |date = 2001 |id = 1579582443 }}</ref> In 1949 a legal deposit law decreed that two copies of every work published in Syria be deposited in the library. The law was not enforced until July 1983, when a presidential decree required the deposit of 5 copies of each work published by a Syrian author. In 1984 the [[Al-Assad National Library|Al-Assad Library]] became the Syrian national library, replacing al-Zahiriyah Library. |
In 1919 the "[[Arab Academy of Damascus|Arab Academy]] was charged with the supervision of the al-Zahiriyya Library. … Its collection consisted at that time of the surviving manuscripts from different small libraries in Syria. … The collection grew from 2,465 manuscripts to 22,000 volumes between 1919 and 1945."<ref>{{Citation |publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers |isbn = 1579582443 |ol = 3623623M |location = Chicago |chapter =Middle Eastern Libraries |author=Christof Galli |title = International Dictionary of Library Histories |date = 2001 |id = 1579582443 }}</ref> In 1949 a legal deposit law decreed that two copies of every work published in Syria be deposited in the library. The law was not enforced until July 1983, when a presidential decree required the deposit of 5 copies of each work published by a Syrian author. In 1984 the [[Al-Assad National Library|Al-Assad Library]] became the Syrian national library, replacing al-Zahiriyah Library. |
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The manuscript department includes over 13,000 classical [[Islamic]] manuscripts, the oldest being Imam [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]]’s ''Kitab al-zuhd'' and ''Kitab al-fada'il''. Other notable |
The manuscript department includes over 13,000 classical [[Islamic]] manuscripts, the oldest being Imam [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]]’s ''Kitab al-zuhd'' and ''Kitab al-fada'il''.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} Other notable manuscripts include ''[[Ta'rikh Dimashq]]'' by [[Ibn 'Asakir]] (1105–1175), ''al-Jam bayn al-gharibayn'' by Abu `Ubaydah Ahmad ibn Muhammad Al-Harawi (d. 1010), and ''Gharib al-hadith'' by [[Ibn Qutaybah al-Dinawari]] (d. 889).<ref>Bibliography for Alternative Sources of [[Nahj al-Balagha]]</ref> As of 2011, the library's holdings included some 100,000 holdings, 13,000 manuscripts, and 50,000 periodicals.<ref name="Gruyter-2011">{{Citation |publisher = De Gruyter Saur |title = World Guide to Libraries |date =2011 |edition =25th }}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{ |
{{commons category|Madrasa al-Zahiriyya (Damascus)}} |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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* [https://archnet.org/sites/1854 Madrasa al-Zahiriyya at ArchNet] (includes pictures and floor plan) |
* [https://archnet.org/sites/1854 Madrasa al-Zahiriyya at ArchNet] (includes pictures and floor plan) |
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* [https://www.manar-al-athar.ox.ac.uk/pages/search.php?search=%21collection5179 Images of the Mausoleum of Baybars], Manar al-Athar digital photo archive |
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{{Madrasas in Syria}} |
{{Madrasas in Syria}} |
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{{Damascus}} |
{{Damascus}} |
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[[Category:National libraries|Syria]] |
[[Category:National libraries|Syria]] |
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[[Category:Education in Damascus]] |
[[Category:Education in Damascus]] |
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[[Category:13th-century establishments in the Mamluk Sultanate |
[[Category:13th-century establishments in the Mamluk Sultanate]] |
Zahiriyya Library | |
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Location | Damascus, Syria |
Coordinates | 33°30′44.5″N 36°18′18.5″E / 33.512361°N 36.305139°E / 33.512361; 36.305139 |
Founder | Sultan Al-Malik al-Sa'id (son of Baybars) |
Built | 1277-1281 |
Built for | Sultan al-Zahir Baybars (his tomb) |
Original use | madrasa, mausoleum |
Current use | public library |
Architect | Ibrahim ibn Ghana’im al-Muhandis |
Architectural style(s) | Mamluk, Islamic |
The Zahiriyya Library (Arabic: مكتبة الظاهرية, romanized: Maktaba al-Ẓāhirīyya), also known as the Madrasa al-Zahiriyya (Arabic: مَدْرَسَة الظَّاهِرِيَّة, romanized: Madrasah aẓ-Ẓāhirīyah),[1] is an Islamic library, madrasa, and mausoleum in Damascus, Syria. It was established in 1277, taking its name from the Mamluk sultan Baybars al-Zahir (r. 1260–1277), who is buried in this place.
Sultan Al-Zahir Baybars, also known as Rukn Uddin Baybrus (full name: al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baibars al-Bunduqdari) was a political and military leader of major historical importance. He played an important role in the establishment of a new mamluk-based regime in Cairo that would rule Egypt and Syria for a long period known as the Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517).[2] After playing a central role in repelling the Mongol advance at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260 (often cited as a turning point in history[3]) he rose to the position of sultan. During his reign, he undertook a series of effective campaigns against the remaining Crusader states in the Levant, conquering a number of important cities and fortresses such as Antioch and the famous Krak des Chevaliers, which paved the way for the later final demise of the Crusader presence in the region.[4]
Baybars died unexpectedly in July 1277 in his palace (called al-Qasr al-Ablaq) in Damascus after drinking a poisoned cup that was intended for someone else.[4][5] His death was kept a secret and he was temporarily buried in the Citadel of Damascus while arrangements could be made for his permanent burial and for a transition of power to his 18-year-old son al-Sa'id Barakah.[5][6] Baybars had reportedly expressed a desire to be buried near the town of Darayya, but his son judged that he should be buried in a more prestigious location near the great mosque and near the tombs of illustrious Ayyubid sultans, including the Mausoleum of Salah ad-Din.[5] On al-Sa'id's orders, the governor of Damascus, emir Aydamur, purchased a house opposite the 'Adiliyya Madrasa, in the al-Amara neighbourhood near the Great Umayyad Mosque.[6] The house, called Dar al-'Aqiqi, had originally belonged to the father of Salah ad-Din (Saladin), and Salah ad-Din himself had spent part of his childhood there.[7][5] It was remodeled into a madrasa and funerary complex. When al-Sa'id himself died in 1280, he was buried in the same mausoleum as his father.[5]
Construction of the complex began in 1277 but did not finish until later. It was still unfinished when al-Sa'id died and was buried here in 1280, and the new sultan al-Mansur Qalawun was required to see to its completion.[5] This may have been accomplished in 1281, with the mausoleum's decoration probably being the last element to be executed.[8][9][7] The architect of the complex was Ibrahim ibn Ghana’im al-Muhandis,[9] who was also responsible for building al-Qasr al-Ablaq, the palace of Baybars in Damascus, in 1264.[10]: 200
Like many subsequent Mamluk foundations, the funerary complex of Baybars served multiple functions, which were outlined in its waqf (trust agreement for charitable foundations under Islamic law). It included two madrasas (teaching Islamic law), a Dar al-Hadith (school for teaching the sayings of the Prophet), and the sultan's mausoleum (called a turba). The complex included a monumental portal with a broad canopy of stone-carved muqarnas (honeycomb or stalactite-like forms) culminating in a shell-like hood, considered one of the most accomplished examples of its kind in Syria.[6] The portal and exterior of the building also demonstrates alternating layers of dark and light stone, known as ablaq masonry. Today, the portal and the mausoleum are the best-preserved historical parts of the complex.[6][9]
The mausoleum is covered by a large dome and its interior is boldly decorated with marble paneling along its lower walls (dadoes) and a large frieze of glass mosaics along its upper walls. The mosaics are reminiscent of the more famous ones found in the Umayyad Mosque nearby, illustrating scenes of trees and palaces. However, their craftsmanship is of somewhat lesser quality, suggesting that this skill was in decline compared to earlier periods.[6][9][11] The mihrab (a wall niche symbolizing the direction of prayer) also features an elaborate composition of marble mosaic paneling forming geometric and foliated patterns.[6] The muqarnas portal (the earliest example of which is the Bimaristan of Nur al-Din), the marble dadoes, and (to a lesser extent) the mosaic friezes of the mausoleum were decorative elements that would recur throughout the Mamluk period after Baybars.[9]
The madrasa had a library from the outset. Its first books were donated by the mother of al-Sa'id Barakah as part of the madrasa's endowment.[5] It was only turned into a "general library" in 1876 or 1877 by Sheikh Tahir al-Jazairi and Salim al-Bukhari, who collected thousands of items for the library.[12] He was helped in part by the governor of Damascus, Midhat Pasha, who used an edict from the Ottoman sultan to collect books from around the region.[12] The library was nationally recognized by the Syrian state and opened to the public in 1880 or 1881.[12] It continued to consolidate collections throughout the late 19th century and early 20th century and became the National Library.[13] It played a part in the Arabic literary renaissance that was ongoing in Syria in that period.[13]
In 1919 the "Arab Academy was charged with the supervision of the al-Zahiriyya Library. … Its collection consisted at that time of the surviving manuscripts from different small libraries in Syria. … The collection grew from 2,465 manuscripts to 22,000 volumes between 1919 and 1945."[14] In 1949 a legal deposit law decreed that two copies of every work published in Syria be deposited in the library. The law was not enforced until July 1983, when a presidential decree required the deposit of 5 copies of each work published by a Syrian author. In 1984 the Al-Assad Library became the Syrian national library, replacing al-Zahiriyah Library.
The manuscript department includes over 13,000 classical Islamic manuscripts, the oldest being Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal’s Kitab al-zuhd and Kitab al-fada'il.[citation needed] Other notable manuscripts include Ta'rikh DimashqbyIbn 'Asakir (1105–1175), al-Jam bayn al-gharibayn by Abu `Ubaydah Ahmad ibn Muhammad Al-Harawi (d. 1010), and Gharib al-hadithbyIbn Qutaybah al-Dinawari (d. 889).[15] As of 2011, the library's holdings included some 100,000 holdings, 13,000 manuscripts, and 50,000 periodicals.[16]