Świnoujście
| |
|---|---|
| |
Flag 
Coat of arms | |
 | |
  Świnoujście
| |
| Coordinates: 53°55′N 14°15′E / 53.917°N 14.250°E / 53.917; 14.250 | |
| Country |  Poland |
| Voivodeship |  West Pomeranian |
| County | City County |
| Established | 12th century |
| City rights | 1765 |
| Government | |
| • City mayor | Joanna Agatowska (L) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 197.23 km2 (76.15 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 5 m (16 ft) |
| Population
(2012)
| |
| • Total | 41,516 |
| • Density | 210/km2 (550/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code |
72-600 to 72-612
|
| Area code | +48 091 |
| Car plates | ZSW |
| Climate | Cfb |
Świnoujście (Polish: [ɕvinɔˈujɕt͡ɕɛ] ⓘ; German: Swinemünde [ˌsviːnəˈmʏndə]; Low German: Swienemünn; all three meaning "Świna [river] mouth"; Kashubian: Swina) is a cityinWestern Pomerania and seaport on the Baltic Sea and Szczecin Lagoon, located in the extreme north-west of Poland. Situated mainly on the islands of Usedom and Wolin, it also occupies smaller islands. The largest is Karsibór island, once part of Usedom, now separated by the Piast Canal dug in the late 19th century to facilitate ship access to Szczecin.
Świnoujście directly borders the German seaside resort of Ahlbeck on Usedom, connected by a street and 12 km (7 mi) of beach promenade.
Since 1999, Świnoujście has been a city with powiat rights (Polish: miasto na prawach powiatu), within West Pomeranian Voivodeship. The city lies in the geographic region of Pomerania and had a population of 41,516 in 2012. Świnoujście is one of the most important areas of the Szczecin metropolitan area. The Świnoujście LNG terminal, opened in 2015, is located in the city. In 2023, the underwater Świnoujście Tunnel connecting the islands of Wolin and Usedom was opened.
Despite its relatively small population, Świnoujście is Poland's ninth-largest city by area.[1]
The first human settlements in areas that are now Świnoujście appeared five thousand years ago, as confirmed by archaeological findings. For a thousand years, the estuary of the river was part of the state of the Świnoujście, included in the emerging Polish state in the 10th century by first Polish ruler Mieszko I.
In the early 12th century, the island became part of the Duchy of Pomerania, founded as a vassal duchy of Poland. In later centuries, local Pomeranian princes ruled the area, and on both sides of the river, they built fortified castles, which were destroyed by the Danish invasions in 1170 and 1173. Between 1185 and 1227, the settlement was part of a Danish fief.
In 1297, Duke Bogusław IV granted merchants who entered through Świna protection and exemption from customs duties on the return journey, and most of the larger cities of Pomerania were eventually granted full exemption from customs duties on the Świna, yet the local castle was still destroyed by the city of Szczecin in 1457.[2] The village of Świna was mentioned in 1418.[2]
During the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) the city became part of the Swedish Empire.
The strait Świna was formerly flanked by the fishing villages of Westswine and Ostswine. Towards the beginning of the 17th century, it was made navigable for large ships. The Kingdom of Prussia gained the area in 1720 from Sweden, and included it in her Pomeranian province. Świnoujście (Swinemünde) was founded on the site of Westswine in 1748, fortified, and received town privileges from King Frederick II of Prussia in 1765. It served as the outer port of Stettin (Szczecin) and was administered within the Province of Pomerania. During the Seven Years' War, the Swedes attempted to block the port.[3] Swinemünde became part of the German Empire after the Kingdom of Prussia completed the unification of Germany in 1871.
The town had broad, unpaved streets and one-story houses built in the Dutch style, which gave it an almost rustic appearance. Its industries, beyond some fishing, were entirely connected with its shipping. The river mouth, which was the entrance to the harbor and regarded as the best on the Prussian Baltic coast, was then protected by two curving long breakwaters, and was strongly fortified. On the island of Wolin, on the other side of the narrow Świna, a great lighthouse was erected. In 1897 the canal of the Kaiserfahrt was opened to navigation, and this waterway between the Stettin harbour and the Baltic Sea was deepened between 1900 and 1901. From then on Stettin could be reached directly by ships, and Swinemünde's importance diminished somewhat.
During World War II, Germany operated a forced labour subcamp of the Stalag II-D prisoner-of-war camp in the city.[4] In February 1945, German-perpetrated death marchesofAllied prisoners of war from the Stalag XX-B and Stalag Luft IV POW camps passed through the city.[5][6] On 12 March 1945 during World War II, refugee-crowded[7][8] Swinemünde suffered heavy destruction by the USAAF, an estimated 5,000[9] to 23,000[10] were killed, most of whom are buried on the Golm War Cemetery west of the town, on the German side of the border. The city and port were also destroyed during the Allied air raids on 12 March and 16 April 1945. On 16 April 1945, a British heavy bomber of the No. 617 Squadron RAF was shot down by the Germans, and is now commemorated with a memorial on the Karsibór island within the city limits. The unfinished German aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin was scuttled in the harbor in an attempt to prevent its capture by the advancing Red Army (it was nevertheless refloated by the Soviets later). The German battleship Schlesien had also participated in the defence of the city, before it too was scuttled. After the German forces defending the city were evacuated, Soviet forces occupied the city on the night of 4–5 May 1945.
After Germany's defeat in the war, the Allied Nations imposed new borders in Central and Eastern Europe at the Potsdam Conference, which made the area, including Świnoujście, part of Poland, with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which stayed in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s. The entire population was expelled in accordance to the Potsdam Agreement and replaced by ethnic Poles. The Treaty of Zgorzelec signed between the People's Republic of Poland and the German Democratic Republic affirmed the new border, and the German–Polish Border Treaty of 1990 officially affirmed the existing borders after the fall of the Iron Curtain.
In the winter of 1945, some members of the communist Polish Security Forces carried out atrocities against local Germans. An investigation in 2008 estimated that over 40 German civilians were killed. Nine men were charged with the murder and maltreatment of Germans, and in 1947, after one escaped and one hanged himself, seven of them stood trial. The harshest sentence given in that trial was a mere four years' imprisonment, for theft. In another trial, the town's chief of police, Jan Zientara, was sentenced to eight years, for organizing robberies of German civilians.[11]
In 1948, the reconstruction of the port of Świnoujście from martial to commercial and fishing began. The construction of a large fish farm began, a huge swimming pool and industrial buildings were built, and three years later the Fisheries Base was commissioned. Within three years, a large fish factory was established, managed by the independent Przedsiębiorstwo Usług Rybackie Odra in Świnoujście.[11]
The port of Świnoujście was one of the three Polish ports through which Greeks and Macedonians, refugees of the Greek Civil War, reached Poland.[12] The refugees were then transported to new homes in Poland, while wounded ones were sent to a nearby hospital on the Wolin island.[12]
It was not until 27 November 1950, that the GDR government agreed to transfer to Poland the water intake for the city of Świnoujście, located at Lake Wolgastsee and demarcating the border there again. In June 1951, an area of 76.5 hectares (190 acres) was incorporated into Poland together with a water treatment station, creating a characteristic promontory protruding into the German area (the so-called Worek, (53 54 49.11 N 14 11′11.18 E). In return, Germany was granted a similar area between the water intake and the Pomeranian Bay.
The spa part of the city was occupied by the Soviet Armed Forces until 1957, and until the turn of the 1980s and 1990s, there was a base of Soviet warships with facilities in Świnoujście. Until 1972, the city belonged to the Wolin poviat. In 1959, the『Uzdrowisko Świnoujście』State Enterprise was established. Currently Uzdrowisko Świnoujście S.A. belongs to the largest and most modern in Poland, and its greatest asset is still bromide-iodide-sodium brine discovered a hundred years ago.
In the 1960s and 1970s, a seaport was created, which together with Szczecin created a complex of ports Szczecin-Świnoujście. In 1964, ferry shipping to Scandinavia was resumed. From 1975 to 1998, it was administratively part of the Szczecin Voivodeship.
In 2015, the Świnoujście LNG terminal was opened, named after the late Polish President Lech Kaczyński, during whose presidency its construction was initiated.
The city is located on the Strait of Świna, which in its northern part connects with the Baltic Sea, and in the south with the Szczecin Lagoon. It is situated on three inhabited islands: Usedom (35,712 inhabitants in 2010), Wolin (4,317 inhabitants), Karsibór (703 inhabitants) and 41 smaller uninhabited islands. Świnoujście is located in the northwestern edge of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship (with coordinates 53 ° 54′N 14 ° 14′E). According to data from 1 January 2009, the area of the urban commune is 197.23 km2 (76.15 sq mi). Every year, the city's area increases by applying sand on the beach by sea currents. Sands settling at the shore caused the shoreline to shift by 1.5 km (0.93 mi) over the last 200 years. Currently, the beach in the widest section is 200 meters (660 ft), making the beach in Świnoujście the widest beach in Poland.
Świnoujscie is situated in the oceanic climate, which is characterized by mild winters and relatively cool summers. A very large influence on the climate of the city is the location of the Baltic Sea. Świnoujscie often in winter is the warmest city in Poland.
| Climate data for Świnoujście (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 15.0 (59.0) |
17.4 (63.3) |
24.2 (75.6) |
29.0 (84.2) |
32.7 (90.9) |
37.8 (100.0) |
36.1 (97.0) |
37.4 (99.3) |
30.4 (86.7) |
25.2 (77.4) |
18.8 (65.8) |
14.5 (58.1) |
37.8 (100.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 2.9 (37.2) |
4.1 (39.4) |
7.3 (45.1) |
12.2 (54.0) |
16.6 (61.9) |
20.3 (68.5) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.8 (73.0) |
18.6 (65.5) |
13.0 (55.4) |
7.3 (45.1) |
3.9 (39.0) |
12.6 (54.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.8 (33.4) |
1.4 (34.5) |
3.8 (38.8) |
7.9 (46.2) |
12.2 (54.0) |
15.9 (60.6) |
18.2 (64.8) |
18.2 (64.8) |
14.5 (58.1) |
9.7 (49.5) |
5.1 (41.2) |
1.9 (35.4) |
9.1 (48.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −1.3 (29.7) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
0.9 (33.6) |
4.4 (39.9) |
8.4 (47.1) |
12.0 (53.6) |
14.4 (57.9) |
14.4 (57.9) |
11.2 (52.2) |
7.0 (44.6) |
3.0 (37.4) |
0.0 (32.0) |
6.1 (43.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −21.6 (−6.9) |
−23.6 (−10.5) |
−16.8 (1.8) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
2.8 (37.0) |
7.0 (44.6) |
6.4 (43.5) |
2.6 (36.7) |
−4.9 (23.2) |
−10.3 (13.5) |
−17.5 (0.5) |
−23.6 (−10.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 43.5 (1.71) |
33.5 (1.32) |
38.6 (1.52) |
30.8 (1.21) |
51.8 (2.04) |
60.3 (2.37) |
72.9 (2.87) |
60.4 (2.38) |
54.9 (2.16) |
48.6 (1.91) |
45.2 (1.78) |
44.6 (1.76) |
585.1 (23.04) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 4.1 (1.6) |
5.3 (2.1) |
2.8 (1.1) |
0.4 (0.2) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.0) |
0.6 (0.2) |
3.1 (1.2) |
5.3 (2.1) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 16.13 | 15.31 | 14.13 | 11.07 | 12.40 | 12.93 | 14.10 | 13.03 | 13.03 | 14.83 | 15.47 | 17.37 | 169.81 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) | 10.0 | 9.9 | 4.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 5.2 | 30.9 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 88.2 | 85.3 | 81.5 | 78.0 | 78.2 | 77.3 | 78.7 | 78.6 | 81.7 | 85.4 | 89.6 | 89.7 | 82.7 |
| Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)[21][22][23] | |||||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Note: Międzyzdroje formed part of Świnoujście from 1972 to 1984 Source: [3][24][25][26] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The town is located on both banks of the Świna Channel, and since there is no road connection across it, transport is provided by regular ferries. Because the west section is otherwise wholly disconnected from the rest of Poland, this service is free of charge. In 2023, the underwater Świnoujście Tunnel connecting Poland's two largest islands Wolin and Usedom was opened. The project cost EUR 191 million and constitutes the only fixed link between two parts of the city and between the rest of country.[27]
Świnoujście has the largest and most modern ferry terminal in Poland, with regular connections to Denmark and Sweden. The city lies at the northern terminus of Polish National Route 3 (DK3, in the future express road S3), which is, in turn, part of the European route E65 running across Europe from Sweden to Greece. Świnoujście has four railway stations on the eastern bank of the Świna, on Wolin island, with regular regional connections to Szczecin and long-distance connections to other cities in Poland (e.g. Poznań, Katowice, Bielsko-Biała, Kraków and Warszawa).
Land border controls were abolished 21 December 2007, and free automobile traffic to and from Germany was allowed for the first time since 1945, as Poland implemented the Schengen Agreement. From 20 September 2008, the city has a railway connection to its western portion as well, when the railway linetoAhlbeck was extended eastward to Świnoujście ("Świnoujście Centrum") giving it a direct link to the German railway network. The nearest airport at Heringsdorf in Germany, 13 kilometres (8 miles) west of Świnoujście, will likely become more important for travelling to the city, if it ever acquires year-round scheduled passenger connections; it currently has a number of summer connections to German cities only. The nearest airport with year-round traffic is the Szczecin-Goleniów『Solidarność』Airport, 80 km (50 mi) to the southeast in Poland.
Świnoujście is twinned with:
Heringsdorf, Germany since 2007 Nordenham, Germany since 1992 Ostvorpommern, Germany since 1998
Ystad, Sweden since 1990
Svetly, Russia since 1993 until 2022 (terminated due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine)[29]
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
|
| ||
|---|---|---|
| City counties |
|
|
| Land counties |
| |
|
| |
|---|---|
| 1,000,000+ |
|
| 750,000+ |
|
| 500,000+ |
|
| 250,000+ |
|
| 100,000+ |
|
| 50,000+ |
|
| 35,000+ |
|
The list includes the 107 urban municipalities governed by a city mayor (prezydent miasta) instead of a town mayor (burmistrz) · Cities with powiat rights are in italics · Voivodeship cities are in bold | |
|
Geography of Pomerania
| |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regions |
| ||||
| Administration |
| ||||
| Cities and towns |
| ||||
| Inhabited islands |
| ||||
| Peninsulae and headlands |
| ||||
| Rivers |
| ||||
| Lakes |
| ||||
| Bays, lagoons |
| ||||
| National parks |
| ||||
| International |
|
|---|---|
| National |
|
| Geographic |
|
| Other |
|
