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T o g g l e E v e n t s s u b s e c t i o n
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7 9 l a n g u a g e s
● ا ل ع ر ب ي ة
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P r i n t / e x p o r t
● D o w n l o a d a s P D F
● P r i n t a b l e v e r s i o n
I n o t h e r p r o j e c t s
● W i k i m e d i a C o m m o n s
A p p e a r a n c e
F r o m W i k i p e d i a , t h e f r e e e n c y c l o p e d i a
The 1070s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1070, and ended on December 31, 1079.
Events
1070
This section is
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1070 .
(edit | history )
Spring – King Sweyn II joins the English rebels, led by Hereward (the Wake), and captures the Isle of Ely (located in The Fens ) in East Anglia . Hereward sacks Peterborough Abbey in support with Sweyn's Danes.[1]
Harrying of the North : King William I (the Conqueror) quells rebellions in the north of England , following an invasion by Sweyn II. Widespread famine follows the devastation wrought.[2]
April 11 – Archbishop of Canterbury Stigand is deposed.
May 1 – After 353 years of being exiled to Lugo due to the muslim ocupation of the city of Braga , the Archdiocese of Braga is restored by order of Ferdinand I of León under Archbishop D. Pedro of Braga thanks to the advancing christian forces during the Reconquista .
June – Denmark signs a treaty with England; Sweyn II and his forces leave the country.[1]
August 15 – The Pavian -born Benedictine Lanfranc is appointed as the new Archbishop of Canterbury in England.[3]
An invasion of England by Malcolm III of Scotland is repelled.[1]
Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester , the first Marcher Lord , invades Wales, capturing parts of Gwynedd .[1]
A successful Byzantine counter-attack drives the Seljuq Turks across the Euphrates .
Bergen is founded by King Olaf III of Norway ; it will function as the main city and capital of Norway, until it is replaced by Oslo in 1314 .
Chinese Chancellor Wang Anshi starts the Xining Reforms (which last until 1085 ).
Jews from Rouen in Normandy settle in England, at the invitation of King William I.[4]
The Temple of Literature, Hanoi , is established in Hanoi , capital of Vietnam .
Uyghur poet Yusuf Khass Hajib of Balasagun , in the Kara-Khanid Khanate , completes the Kutadgu Bilig ("The Wisdom Which Brings Good Fortune"), and presents it to the prince of Kashgar .
Song dynasty Chinese astronomer, engineer, and statesman Su Song completes the compilation of the Ben Cao Tu Jing , a pharmaceutical treatise with related subjects of botany , zoology , mineralogy , and metallurgy .
Canterbury Cathedral in England is rebuilt, following a fire.[5]
The rebuilding of York Minster in England begins.[1]
Construction of Richmond Castle in North Yorkshire , England, by Alan Rufus begins.
Approximate date – Halsten Stenkilsson is deposed as king of Sweden , with Håkan the Red becoming king in Götaland , and Anund Gårdske being chosen as king of Svealand .[6]
1071
This section is
transcluded from
1071 .
(edit | history )
By place
[ edit ]
Byzantine Empire
[ edit ]
August 26 – Battle of Manzikert : The Byzantine army (35,000 men) under Emperor Romanos IV meets the Seljuk Turk forces of Sultan Alp Arslan , near the town of Manzikert . Although the armies are initially evenly matched, as the Byzantines advance, the Seljuk Turks withdraw before them, launching hit-and-run attacks on the Byzantine flanks. While attempting to withdraw, the Byzantine army falls apart, either through treachery or confusion; the battle ends in a decisive defeat for the Byzantine Empire . Romanos is captured (later released by Alp Arslan within a week), and much of the elite Varangian Guard is destroyed (this will prove catastrophic for the Byzantine Empire).
October 24 – Romanos IV is deposed by Caesar John Doukas and his political advisor Michael Psellos (after his return to Constantinople ). Michael VII (Doukas ) is crowned co-emperor – and his mother Eudokia is forced to retire to a monastery.
Europe
[ edit ]
England
[ edit ]
The English rebels under Hereward (the Wake ) and Morcar , Saxon former earl of Northumbria , are forced to retreat to their stronghold on the Isle of Ely . They make a desperate stand against the Norman forces led by King William I (the Conqueror ), but are defeated.
Edwin , earl of Mercia , rebels against William I, but is betrayed and killed. His castle and lands at Dudley (located in the West Midlands ) are given to William's Norman subjects.
Africa
[ edit ]
1072
This section is
transcluded from
1072 .
(edit | history )
By place
[ edit ]
Byzantine Empire
[ edit ]
Europe
[ edit ]
Britain
[ edit ]
Seljuk Empire
[ edit ]
China
[ edit ]
Shen Kuo , Chinese polymathic scientist and statesman, is appointed as the head official for the Bureau of Astronomy – where he begins his work with the colleague Wei Pu on accurately plotting the orbital paths of the stars, planets, and moon three times a night, for a continuum of five years.
Fall – Shen Kuo is sent to supervise Wang Anshi 's program of surveying the building of silt deposits in the Bian Canal , outside the capital city of Kaifeng . Using an original technique, Shen successfully dredges the canal and demonstrates the formidable value of the silt gathered as a fertilizer .
By topic
[ edit ]
Literature
[ edit ]
1073
This section is
transcluded from
1073 .
(edit | history )
By place
[ edit ]
Byzantine Empire
[ edit ]
Europe
[ edit ]
Britain
[ edit ]
Asia
[ edit ]
Wang Anshi , Chinese chief chancellor of the Song Dynasty , creates a new bureau of the central government (called the Directorate of Weapons), which supervises the manufacture of military armaments and ensures quality control.
June 15 – Emperor Go-Sanjō dies after a 5-year reign and is succeeded by his 19-year-old son Shirakawa as the 72nd emperor of Japan .
By topic
[ edit ]
Religion
[ edit ]
1074
This section is
transcluded from
1074 .
(edit | history )
By place
[ edit ]
Byzantine Empire
[ edit ]
Europe
[ edit ]
Africa
[ edit ]
China
[ edit ]
Emperor Shen Zong of the Song Dynasty establishes a Marine Office and a Goods Control Bureau north-west of Shanghai , allowing for the loading and unloading of freight.
By topic
[ edit ]
Religion
[ edit ]
1075
This section is
transcluded from
1075 .
(edit | history )
By place
[ edit ]
Africa
[ edit ]
Byzantine Empire
[ edit ]
The future Emperor Alexios Komnenos captures the Norman rebel Roussel de Bailleul in Amaseia . Roussel had established a principality in eastern Anatolia in 1073 after rebelling against Emperor Michael VII Doukas , basing his power on his western mercenaries and local support in exchange for protection against invading Turkmen.[15]
Europe
[ edit ]
England
[ edit ]
Asia
[ edit ]
Summer – Shen Kuo , Chinese polymath scientist and statesman, solves a border dispute with the Liao Dynasty by dredging up old diplomatic records. He refutes Emperor Dao Zong 's bluffs point for point during a meeting at Mt. Yongan (near modern-day Pingquan ), reestablishing the rightful borders of the Song Dynasty .
Vietnamese forces under General Lý Thường Kiệt defend Vietnam against a Chinese invasion.
The Liao Dynasty version of the Buddhist Tripiṭaka is completed (approximate date).
By topic
[ edit ]
Religion
[ edit ]
February – Pope Gregory VII holds a council in the Lateran Palace at Rome . He publishes a decree against laymen investiture (an act which will later cause the Investiture Controversy ).
April – The Dictatus papae (a compilation of 27 statements of powers) are included in the registry of Gregory VII, in which he asserts papal authority over earthly as well as spiritual rulers.
December 8 – Gregory VII writes a letter of reprimand to Henry IV. He accuses him of breaching his word and continued support of excommunicated councilors.
December 25 – Gregory VII is kidnapped in the church during Christmas night in Rome and briefly imprisoned by the Roman nobleman Cencio I Frangipane .
1076
This section is
transcluded from
1076 .
(edit | history )
By place
[ edit ]
Europe
[ edit ]
England
[ edit ]
Africa
[ edit ]
Asia
[ edit ]
By topic
[ edit ]
Literature
[ edit ]
Religion
[ edit ]
Demetrius Zvonimir donates the Benedictine monastery of St. Gregory in Vrana to Gregory VII.
1077
This section is
transcluded from
1077 .
(edit | history )
By place
[ edit ]
Byzantine Empire
[ edit ]
Europe
[ edit ]
January 25 – Walk to Canossa : Emperor Henry IV travels to the Castle of Canossa near Reggio Emilia (Northern Italy ), to visit Pope Gregory VII . He waits (with his wife Bertha of Savoy and son Conrad ) at the gates for three days, for absolution of his excommunication . Gregory lifts the sentence, imposing on Henry a vow to comply with certain conditions (see Investiture Controversy ).
King Alfonso VI (the Brave ) reaches an agreement with his cousin Sancho Ramírez , who is elected as king of Navarre . Alfonso annexes the territories of Álava , part of Gipuzkoa and La Bureba , he is crowned and adopts the title of Imperator totius Hispaniae ("Emperor of all Spain ").[17]
March 14 – German nobles opposing king Henry IV elected an antiking , Rudolf of Rheinfelden , despite king Henry having been absolved.
April 3 – Henry IV grants the County of Friuli (with ducal status) to Sigaerd of Beilstein , patriarch of Aquileia . He creates the first Parliament , representing the communes as well the nobility and clergy .
Hugh I , duke of Burgundy , supports Sancho Ramírez (or Sancho V ) in his conquest of the Castle of Muñones from Emir Ahmad al-Muqtadir , who rules the Taifa of Zaragoza .[18]
King Mihailo I is given the title "King of the Slavs " by Gregory VII. He becomes the first recognized ruler of the kingdom of Duklja (modern Montenegro ).
England
[ edit ]
Seljuk Empire
[ edit ]
Africa
[ edit ]
By topic
[ edit ]
Arts
[ edit ]
Religion
[ edit ]
1078
This section is
transcluded from
1078 .
(edit | history )
By place
[ edit ]
Byzantine Empire
[ edit ]
Europe
[ edit ]
England
[ edit ]
Africa
[ edit ]
China
[ edit ]
By topic
[ edit ]
Religion
[ edit ]
1079
This section is
transcluded from
1079 .
(edit | history )
By place
[ edit ]
Europe
[ edit ]
England
[ edit ]
Seljuk Empire
[ edit ]
By topic
[ edit ]
Astronomy
[ edit ]
Omar Khayyam , Persian mathematician and astronomer , calculates a 33 year calendar consisting of 25 ordinary years that include 365 days, and 8 leap years that include 366 days, the most accurate calculation of his time. Khayyam, in his Treatise on Demonstrations of Problems in Algebra , produces a complete classification of cubic equations and their geometric solutions (approximate date).
Religion
[ edit ]
Significant people
[ edit ]
Births
1070
Allucio of Campugliano , Italian diplomat (d. 1134 )
Bertrade de Montfort , queen of France (d. 1117 )
Buthaina bint al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad , Al-Andalus poet
Coloman (the Learned), king of Hungary (d. 1116 )
Eupraxia of Kiev , Holy Roman Empress (d. 1109 )
Gertrude of Flanders , duchess of Lorraine (d. 1117)
Giso IV , count of Gudensberg (approximate date)
Gualfardo of Verona , Italian trader and hermit (d. 1127 )
Guerric of Igny , French abbot (approximate date)
Henry I (the Elder), German nobleman (d. 1103 )
Hugues de Payens , French knight (approximate date)
John Komnenos , Byzantine aristocrat and official
Lothair Udo III , margrave of the Nordmark (d. 1106 )
Meinhard I , German nobleman (approximate date)
Otto (the Rich), German nobleman (approximate date)
Ralph of Pont-Echanfray , Norman knight (d. 1120 )
Ramiro Sánchez , Spanish nobleman (approximate date)
Ranulf le Meschin , 3rd Earl of Chester (d. 1129 )
Rostislav Vsevolodovich , Kievan prince (d. 1093 )
Sancho Nunes de Barbosa , Portuguese nobleman (d. 1130 )
Tescelin le Roux , Burgundian knight (approximate date)
Thurstan , archbishop of York (approximate date)
William de Corbeil , archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1136 )
William of Champeaux , French philosopher (d. 1121 )
1071
1072
1073
Agnes of Waiblingen , daughter of Henry IV (or 1072 )
Alfonso I (the Battler ), king of Aragon (approximate date)
Al-Tighnari , Moorish botanist and physician (d. 1118 )
Anastatius IV , pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1154 )
David IV (the Builder ), king of Georgia (d. 1125 )
Leopold III (the Good ), margrave of Austria (d. 1136 )
Magnus III (Barefoot ), king of Norway (d. 1103 )
Meng , empress of the Song Dynasty (d. 1131 )
Philippa , French noblewoman (approximate date)
Shaykh Tabarsi , Persian Shia scholar (d. 1153 )
Thomas of Marle , lord of Coucy (d. 1130 )
Zbigniew , duke of Poland (approximate date)
Lady Six Monkey , queen of the Mixtec city State of Huachino and queen of Jaltepec (d. 1100 )
1074
1075
March 18 – Al-Zamakhshari , Persian philosopher (d. 1144 )
April 16 – Orderic Vitalis , English Benedictine chronicler[31]
June 5 – Tianzuo (Yanning), last emperor of the Liao dynasty
November 25 – Taizong , emperor of the Jin dynasty (d. 1135 )
Adelaide del Vasto , countess and regent of Sicily (d. 1118 )
Bertha , queen of Aragon and Navarre (approximate date)
Conrad I , archbishop of Salzburg (approximate date)
Frederick I , archbishop of Cologne (approximate date)
Gerald de Windsor , English nobleman (approximate date) (d. 1135)
Kim Bu-sik , Korean statesman and general (d. 1151 )
Gisela of Burgundy, Marchioness of Montferrat , French noblewoman (d. 1135)
Henry IX "the Black", duke of Bavaria (d. 1126 )
Jaya Pala , Indian king of Kamarupa (d. 1100 )
Jinadattasuri , Indian Jain poet and writer (d. 1154 )
Lothair III (or II) of Supplinburg, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1137 )[32]
Nicholas the Pilgrim , Italian shepherd and saint (d. 1094 )
Norbert of Xanten , archbishop of Magdeburg (d. 1134 )
Raymond Pilet d'Alès , French nobleman (d. 1120 )
Soběslav I (Sobeslaus ), duke of Bohemia (d. 1140 )
Svatopluk "the Lion" of Olomouc, duke of Bohemia (d. 1109 )
Tancred , Italo-Norman leader of the First Crusade (d. 1112 )
1076
1077
1078
1079
February 11 – Yejong , king of Goryeo (d. 1122 )
April – Urraca , queen regnant of León , Castile and Galicia (d. 1126 )
August 8 – Horikawa , emperor of Japan (d. 1107 )
Abū Ṭāhir al-Silafī , Fatimid scholar and writer (d. 1180 )
Berardo dei Marsi , Italian cardinal and bishop (d. 1130 )
Dangereuse de l'Isle Bouchard , French noblewoman (d. 1151 )
Gampopa , Tibetan Buddhist monk and teacher (d. 1153 )
Kilij Arslan I , sultan of the Sultanate of Rum (d. 1107)
Liu , Chinese empress of the Song dynasty (d. 1113 )
Peter Abelard , French scholastic philosopher (d. 1142 )[33]
Zheng , Chinese empress of the Song dynasty (d. 1131 )
Approximate date – Diepold III , margrave of Vohburg
Deaths
1070
March 6 – Ulric I (or Oldaric), margrave of Carniola
April 14 – Gerard (the Great), duke of Lorraine
June 12 – Guido of Acqui (or Wido), Italian bishop
July 6
July 17 – Baldwin VI (the Good), count of Flanders
Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani , Persian physician and chronicler
Athirajendra Chola , Indian ruler of the Chola Empire
Áurea of San Millán , Spanish anchorite (b. 1043 )
Bisantius Guirdeliku , Italian nobleman (patrikios )
Filarete of Calabria , Sicilian monk and saint
Hārūn ibn Malik al-Turk , Turkic military leader
Theobald of Dorat , French monk and saint (b. 990 )
Vigrahapala III , Indian ruler of the Pala Empire
1071
January 26 – Adelaide of Eilenburg , German noblewoman
February 17 – Frozza Orseolo , German noblewoman (b. 1015 )
February 22 (killed at the Battle of Cassel ):
April 17 – Manuel Komnenos , Byzantine aristocrat
May 24 – Wulfhild of Norway , duchess of Saxony (b. 1020 )
August 22 – Lambert II Suła , archbishop of Kraków
September 5 – Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi , Arab scholar (b. 1002 )
October 16 – Almodis de la Marche , French nobleman
December 2 – Ibn 'Abd al-Barr , Moorish judge (b. 978 )
Domenico I Contarini , doge of Venice
Durand de Bredons , French abbot and bishop
Edwin (or Ēadwine ), earl of Mercia
Eleanor of Normandy , countess of Flanders (b. 1010 )
Fujiwara no Yorimichi , Japanese nobleman (b. 992 )
Geoffrey of Hauteville , Norman military leader
Guido da Velate (or Guy ), archbishop of Milan
Henry II , count of Leuven (House of Reginar )
Ibn Zaydún , Andalusian poet and writer (b. 1003 )
Isabella of Urgell , queen consort of Aragon
Robert Crispin , Norman mercenary leader
William Malet , Norman nobleman (approximate date)
1072
February 1 – Lý Thánh Tông , Vietnamese emperor (b. 1023 )
February 7 – Diarmait mac Máel na mBó , king of Leinster
February 22
March 16 – Adalbert , archbishop of Hamburg
March 28 – Ordulf (or Otto ), duke of Saxony
August 19 – Hawise , duchess of Brittany
September 22 – Ouyang Xiu , Chinese historian and poet (b. 1007 )
October 7 – Sancho II , king of Castile and León
October 15 – Æthelric , bishop of Durham
November 13 – Adalbero III , German nobleman
November 24 – Bagrat IV , king of Georgia (b. 1018 )
December 15 – Alp Arslan , sultan of the Seljuk Empire (b. 1029 )
Al-Qushayri , Persian Sufi scholar and theologian (or 1073)
Honorius II , antipope of the Catholic Church
Maredudd ab Owain ab Edwin , Welsh prince
Otloh of Sankt Emmeram , German monk (approximate date)
Qatran Tabrizi , Persian poet and writer (b. 1009 )
Romanos IV , emperor of the Byzantine Empire
Serlo II of Hauteville (or Sarlo ), Norman nobleman
1073
April 21 – Alexander II , pope of the Catholic Church[34]
June 15 – Go-Sanjō , emperor of Japan (b. 1032 )
July 12 – John Gualbert , Italian monk and abbot
December 20 – Dominic of Silos , Spanish abbot (b. 1000 )
Al-Qushayri , Persian Sufi scholar and theologian (or 1072)
Anthony of Kiev , Russian monk and saint (b. 983 )
Badis ibn Habus , Berber king of the Taifa of Granada
Barisone I of Torres , Sardinian ruler (judge ) of Arborea
Peter Damian , cardinal-bishop of Ostia (or 1072)
Zhou Dunyi , Chinese philosopher and cosmologist (b. 1017 )
1074
February 7 – Pandulf IV , Lombard prince
April 25 – Herman I , margrave of Baden
May 6 – Dúnán (or Donat ), bishop of Dublin
October 25 – Shōshi , empress of Japan (b. 988 )
Ibn al-Wafid , Andalusian pharmacologist
Joseph Tarchaneiotes , Byzantine general
Peter Krešimir IV , king of Croatia (or 1075 )
Ralph IV (or Raoul ), French nobleman
Wugunai , Chinese chieftain (b. 1021 )
Yang Wenguang , Chinese general
1075
March 29 – Ottokar I (or Otakar ), German nobleman
April 2 – Al-Qa'im , Abbasid caliph in Baghdad (b. 1001 )
April 15 – Erlembald Cotta , Italian military leader
May 21 – Richeza (or Adelaide ), Hungarian queen
June 9 – Gebhard of Supplinburg , German nobleman
June 10 – Ernest (the Brave ), margrave of Austria (b. 1027 )
June 23 – Theodwin , prince-bishop of Liège
August 2 – John VIII , patriarch of Constantinople
August 27 – Minamoto no Yoriyoshi , Japanese nobleman (b. 988 )
November 6 – Fujiwara no Norimichi , Japanese nobleman (b. 996 )
December 4 – Anno II , archbishop of Cologne
December 13 – Xiao Guanyin , Chinese empress (b. 1040 )
December 18 – Edith of Wessex , English queen
Alī ibn Ahmad al-Nasawī , Persian mathematician
Al-Mamun , Andalusian emir of the Taifa of Toledo
Amhalgaidh mac Cathal , king of Maigh Seóla
Anne of Kiev (or Agnes ), French queen and regent
Dedi I (or Dedo ), margrave of the Saxon Ostmark
Domnall mac Murchada , king of Leinster and Dublin
Frederick II , German nobleman and overlord (b. 1005 )
Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill , king of Dublin
Gundekar II (or Gunzo ), bishop of Eichstätt (b. 1019 )
Ibn Butlan , Arab Nestorian Christian physician (b. 1038 )
Ibn Hayyan , Moorish historian and writer (b. 987 )
John Xiphilinus , Byzantine historian (approximate date)
Peter Krešimir IV (the Great ), king of Croatia (or 1074 )
Rashid al-Dawla Mahmud , Mirdasid emir of Aleppo
Siward (or Sigweard ), bishop of Rochester
1076
March 18 – Ermengarde of Anjou , duchess of Burgundy
March 21 – Robert I (the Old ), duke of Burgundy (b. 1011 )
April 18 – Beatrice of Bar , French duchess and regent
April 28 – Sweyn II (Estridsson ), king of Denmark
May 8 – Nasr ibn Mahmud , Mirdasid emir of Aleppo
May 26 – Ramon Berenguer I , count of Barcelona (b. 1023 )
May 31 – Waltheof , earl of Northumbria (executed)
June 4 – Sancho IV , king of Pamplona (or Navarre )
July 15 – Arnost (or Arnošt ), bishop of Rochester
Godfrey IV (the Hunchback ), duke of Lower Lorraine
Ramihrdus of Cambrai , French priest and martyr (or 1077 )
William Busac , English nobleman (jure uxoris ) (b. 1020 )
1077
1078
February 20 – Herman , bishop of Salisbury
May 30 – Gleb Svyatoslavich , Kievan prince
August 9 – Peter I , Italian nobleman
August 26 – Herluin , founder of Bec Abbey
October 3
November 6 – Berthold II , duke of Carinthia
November 11 – Udo , archbishop of Trier
Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani , Persian scholar
Andreas (or Andrew ), archbishop of Bari
Atsiz ibn Uvaq , Turkish emir of Damascus (or 1079 )
Immilla of Turin , Italian noblewoman
Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi , Fatimid scholar (b. 1000 )
Nikephoritzes , Byzantine governor
Rhys ab Owain , king of Deheubarth
Richard I (Drengot ), prince of Capua
Tunka Manin , ruler of the Ghana Empire (b. 1010 )
Zeng Gongliang , Chinese scholar and writer (b. 998 )
Zhang Xian , Chinese poet and writer (b. 990 )
1079
January 8 – Adela of France , countess of Flanders (b. 1009 )
February 22 – John of Fécamp , Italian-Norman abbot
April 11 – Stanislaus of Szczepanów , Polish bishop (b. 1030 )
August 2 – Roman Svyatoslavich , Kievan prince
August 5 – Hezilo (or Hettilo), bishop of Hildesheim
November 16 – Cao , empress of the Song dynasty (b. 1016 )
Adelaide of Savoy , duchess of Swabia (approximate date)
Aedh Ua Flaithbheartaigh , king of Iar Connacht
Al-Jayyānī , Arab scholar and mathematician (b. 989 )
Atsiz ibn Uvaq , Turkish emir of Damascus (or 1078 )
Cellach húa Rúanada , Irish chief ollam and poet
Håkan the Red , king of Sweden (approximate date)
Íñigo López , Spanish nobleman (approximate date)
John of Avranches , French archbishop and writer
Odo of Rennes , duke and regent of Brittany (b. 999 )
Roger d'Ivry (or Perceval), Norman nobleman
Wen Tong , Chinese painter and calligrapher (b. 1019 )
References
[ edit ]
^ Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 112–113 . ISBN 0-304-35730-8 .
^ William of Malmesbury .
^ "The History of Canterbury Cathedral" . Archived from the original on October 27, 2007. Retrieved December 23, 2007 .
^ Adam of Bremen . Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum .
^ Kleinhenz, Christopher (2010). Medieval Italy: an encyclopedia . New York: Routledge. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-415-93930-0 .
^ John Julius Norwich (1991). Byzantium: The Apogee – The Disaster , p. 357. ISBN 0-39453779-3 .
^ Brian Todd Carey (2012). Road to Manzikert: Byzantine and Islamic Warfare (527–1071) , p. 155. ISBN 978-1-84884-215-1 .
^ Fletcher, R. A. (1987). "Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society . 5. 37 : 31–47 [35 ]. JSTOR 3679149 .
^ Canellas, Angel (1951). "Las Cruzadas de Aragon en el Siglo XI" . Argensola: Revista de Ciencias Sociales del Instituto de Estudios Altoaragoneses . 7 . ISSN 0518-4088 . Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2012 .
^ Hibbert, Christopher (1987). Rome: The Biography of the City . New York: Penguin. p. 87. ISBN 0-14-007078-8 .
^ Brian Todd Carey (2012). Road to Manzikert: Byzantine and Islamic Warfare (527–1071) , p. 155. ISBN 978-1-84884-215-1 .
^ David Nicolle (2003). The First Crusade 1096–99: Conquest of the Holy Land , p. 12. ISBN 978-1-84176-515-0 .
^ Alexander Daniel Beihammer (2017). Byzantium and the Emergence of Muslim-Turkish Anatolia, Ca. 1040-1130 , p. 210-212.
^ Stratton, J.M. (1969). Agricultural Records . John Baker. ISBN 0-212-97022-4 .
^ Minguez Fernández, José María (2009). Alfonso VI/Gregorio VII. Soberanía imperial frente a soberanía papal , pp. 30–33. ISSN 1575-801X.
^ Canellas, Angel (1951). "Las Cruzadas de Aragon en el Siglo XI" . Argensola: Revista de Ciencias Sociales del Instituto de Estudios Altoaragoneses . 7 . ISSN 0518-4088 . Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2012 .
^ "Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance , p. 25. Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876).
^ Claude Cahen (1968). Pre-Ottoman Turkey: a general survey of the material and spiritual culture and history c. 1070–1330 . Trans. J. Jones-Williams, pp. 73–74 (New York: Taplinger).
^ Grape, Wolfgang (1994). The Bayeux tapestry: monument to a Norman triumph . Prestel. ISBN 978-3-7913-1365-8 . Retrieved 2012-05-03 .
^ Cowdrey, H. E. J. (1998). Pope Gregory VII, 1073–1085 , p. 279. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
^ John Julius Norwich (1991). Byzantium: The Apogee , p. 361. ISBN 0-394-53779-3 .
^ Martin, Janet (1993). Medieval Russia, 980–1584 , pp. 33–35. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-67636-6 .
^ Dehsen, Christian D. Von; Harris, Scott L. (1999). Philosophers and Religious Leaders . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 10. ISBN 9781573561525 .
^ Müller, Annalena (2021). From the Cloister to the State: Fontevraud and the Making of Bourbon France, 1642-1100 . Routledge. p. 39. ISBN 9781000436297 . Retrieved 6 March 2023 .
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^ Brian Todd Carey (2012). Road to Manzikert: Byzantine and Islamic Warfare (527–1071) , p. 159. ISBN 978-1-84884-215-1 .
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