Contents

1740s

Decade

The 1740s (pronounced "seventeen-forties") decade ran from January 1, 1740, to December 31, 1749. Many events during this decade sparked an impetus for the Age of Reason. Military and technological advances brought one of the first instances of a truly global war to take place here, when Maria Theresa of Austria’s struggle to succeed the various crowns of her father King Charles VI led to a war involving nearly all European states in the War of the Austrian Succession, eventually spilling over to North America with the War of Jenkins’ Ear (which went on to involve many of the West’s first ferocious maritime battles). Capitalism grew robust following the fallout of the South Sea bubble two decades and the subsequent reign of Sir Robert Walpole, whose rule ended in the earlier half of this decade.

Events

1740

January–March[edit]

• January 8 – All 237 crewmen on the Dutch East India Company ship Rooswijk are drowned when the vessel strikes the shoals of Goodwin Sands, off of the coast of England, as it is beginning its second voyage to the Indies. The wreckage is discovered more than 250 years later, in 2004.^[1]
• February 20 – The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates the town of Newton as Wilmington, North Carolina, named for Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington and patron of Royal Governor Gabriel Johnston.
• March 16 – King Edward of the Miskito Indians signs a treaty making his kingdom, located on the coast of modern-day Nicaragua, a protectorate of Great Britain.^[2]
• March 25 – Construction begins on Bethesda Orphanage for boys near Savannah, Georgia, founded by George Whitefield.

April–June[edit]

• April 8 – War of the Austrian Succession: The Royal Navy captures the Spanish ship of the line Princesa off Cape Finisterre and takes her into British service.
• May 31 – Frederick II becomes King in Prussia upon the death of his father, Frederick William I.
• June 1 – Plantation Act or Naturalization Act of the Parliament of Great Britain comes into effect providing for Protestant alien immigrants (including Huguenots, and also Jews) residing in the American colonies for 7 years to receive British nationality.
• June 16 – Pour le Mérite first awarded in Prussia as a military honour.
• June 26 – War of Jenkins' Ear: Siege of Fort Mose – A Spanish column of 300 regular troops, free Black militia and Indian auxiliaries storms Britain's strategically crucial position of Fort Mose, Florida.

July–September[edit]

• July 7 – Adam Smith sets out from Scotland to take up a scholarship at Balliol College, Oxford.^[3]
• July 11 – Pogrom: Jews are expelled from Little Russia.
• August 1 – The song Rule, Britannia! is first performed at Cliveden, the country home of Frederick, Prince of Wales, in England.^[4]
• August 17 – Pope Benedict XIV succeeds Pope Clement XII, as the 247th pope.
• September 8 – Hertford College, Oxford, England, is founded for the first time.^[5]

October–December[edit]

• October 9–22 – Batavia Massacre: Troops of the Dutch East India Company massacre 5,000–10,000 Chinese IndonesiansinBatavia.^[6]
• October 20 – Maria Theresa inherits the hereditary dominions of the Habsburg monarchy (Austria, Bohemia, Hungary and modern-day Belgium) under the terms of the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 on the death of her father, Charles VI. Her succession to the Holy Roman Empire is contested widely because she is a woman, but she will reign for 40 years.
• November 6 – Samuel Richardson's popular and influential epistolary novel, Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded, is published anonymously in London.
• November 14 – The University of Pennsylvania is officially established.
• December 16 – Frederick II of Prussia invades the Habsburg possession of Silesia, starting the War of the Austrian Succession.

Date unknown[edit]

• Enfield, North Carolina, is founded.
• Spain begins construction on Fort Matanzas in the Matanzas Inlet, approximately 15 miles (24 km) south of St. Augustine, Florida.

1741

January–March[edit]

• January 13 – Lanesborough, Massachusetts is created as a township.^[7]
• February 13 – Sir Robert Walpole, the Prime Minister of Great Britain, popularizes the term "the balance of power" in a speech in Parliament.^[8]
• February 14 – Irish-born actor Charles Macklin makes his London stage debut as ShylockinThe Merchant of Venice at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, pioneering a psychologically realistic style with Shakespeare's text revived, replacing George Granville's melodramatic adaptation The Jew of Venice.^[9] Kitty Clive plays the travesti role of Portia.^[10]
• March 9 – War of the Austrian Succession: Prussian troops bring down the Austrian fortress of Glogau (modern-day Głogów in Poland).^[11]
• March 13 – The British Royal Navy takes 180 warships, frigates and transport vessels, led by Admiral Edward Vernon, to threaten Cartagena, Colombia, with more than 27,000 crew against the 3,600 defenders.^[12]

April–June[edit]

• April 6 – The New York Slave Insurrection, a plot to set fire to New York City, is discovered.^[13]
• April 10 – War of the Austrian Succession: An Austrian army is defeated by Prussian troops of Frederick the Great in the Battle of Mollwitz.
• May 4 – Vitus Bering sets out from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky to map the coasts of Siberia and Alaska.
• May 9 – War of Jenkins' Ear: Battle of Cartagena de Indias – Spain's defenders in New Grenada, under the command of General Blas de Lezo, defeat Edward Vernon's Royal Navy force, leading to a British retreat to Jamaica.^[14]
• May 14 – HMS Wager, one of the vessels of George Anson's voyage around the world, is wrecked on the coast of Chile, killing most of the crew who have survived scurvy.^[15]
• May 15 – Nader Shah, Emperor of Persia, narrowly escapes an assassination attempt.^[16]
• May 21 – War of the Austrian Succession: King George II of Great Britain orders the British Army to prepare for an invasion of Prussia to defend his Electorate of Hanover.^[17]
• June 11 – 1741 British general election, begun on April 30, concludes with Prime Minister Robert Walpole's Whigs retaining their majority in the House of Commons but losing 44 seats to candidates who have defected to the new Patriot Whigs to oppose his policies.
• June 25 – Maria Theresa of Austria is crowned Queen Regnant of HungaryinBratislava.

July–September[edit]

• July 8 – Jonathan Edwards repeats his Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God sermon at Enfield, Connecticut.
• July 15 – Alexei Chirikov sights land in Southeast Alaska, and sends some men aboard his ship ashore in a longboat, making them the first Europeans to visit Alaska.
• August 4–5 – War of Jenkins' Ear: Invasion of Cuba – British Admiral Edward Vernon captures Guantánamo BayinCuba, which he renames Cumberland Bay, but which his forces are forced to abandon on December 9.
• August 10 – Raja Marthanda VarmaofTravancore defeats the Dutch East India Company in the Battle of Colachel, ending the Dutch colonial rule in India and marking the first "major" defeat of a European colonial military power in India.
• August 23 – At least 2,000 die along the shores of the Sea of Japan after a volcanic eruption on an island generated the Kampo Tsunami.^[18]
• September 11 – War of the Austrian Succession: Linz falls to the Bavarian Army.^[19]

October–December[edit]

• October 12 – George II, as Elector of Hanover, signs the Neustadt Protocol with France, but fails to inform his British government until after his return from Germany.^[20]
• November 25–26 – War of the Austrian Succession: Franco-Bavarian troops commanded by Maurice of Saxony storm in Battle of Prague city Prague.
• December 6 (November 25, O.S.) – Elizabeth of Russia becomes czarina after a palace coup.^[21]
• December 7
  • War of the Austrian Succession: Charles Albert of Bavaria has himself proclaimed King of Bohemia.^[22]
  • Aleksei Chirikov of Russia presents the first written description of the northwest coast of North America.^[23]
• December 19 – Vitus Bering dies during his expedition, east of Siberia.
• December 25 – Anders Celsius develops his own thermometer scale, Centigrade, the predecessor of the Celsius scale.

Date unknown[edit]

• StemmatographiabyHristofor Zhefarovich, regarded as the first Serbian and Bulgarian secular printed book, is printed in Vienna.
• The Royal Order of Scotland in freemasonry is founded.

1742

January–March[edit]

• January 9 – Robert Walpole is made Earl of Orford, and resigns as First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer, effectively ending his period as Prime Minister of Great Britain.^[24] On his formally relinquishing office five days later, he will have served 20 years and 314 days as Prime Minister, the longest single term ever, and also longer than the accumulated terms of any other British Prime Minister.
• January 14 – Edmond Halley dies; James Bradley succeeds him as Astronomer Royal of Great Britain.
• January 24 – Charles VII becomes Holy Roman Emperor.
• January 28? – The House of Commons of Great Britain votes on the alleged rigging of the Chippenham by-election.^[25] It becomes a motion of no confidence, which leads to the resignation of Robert Walpole.^[26]
• February 12 – John Carteret, 2nd Lord Carteret becomes Secretary of State for the Northern Department in Great Britain.
• February 15— First Silesian War, part of War of the Austrian Succession: Troops of the Kingdom of Prussia, Saxony and France, under the command of Prince Dietrich of Anhalt-Dessau, capture the Moravian town of Iglau (now Jihlava). At this point, the Saxons and French declare that their obligations to Prussia have ceased.^[27]
• February 16 – Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington, becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain.
• February 22 – Henry Fielding publishes his picaresque novel Joseph Andrews anonymously in London when "the first edition... reached the bookstalls" in the city.^[28]
• March 15
  • Denmark concludes a treaty of friendship with France, a day after the expiration of its 1739 treaty with Great Britain.^[29]
  • The Verendrye brothers take possession of South Dakota in the name of the King of France ^[30]
• March 29 – Acting in his capacity of Grand Duke of Lithuania, Poland's King Stanisław August Poniatowski issues a proclamation allowing Jews in the Lithuanian capital of Vilnius to live anywhere except for two public streets, the Pilies street and the Galves Street.^[31]

April –June[edit]

• April 13 – George Frideric Handel's oratorio The Messiah is first performed, in Dublin, Ireland in aid of local charities.
• May 17 – Battle of Chotusitz: Frederick the Great's army defeats the Austrians.
• May 24 – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Sahay: French forces defeat the Austrians.
• May – In Peru, Juan Santos takes the name Atahualpa II, and begins an ill-fated rebellion against Spanish rule. Father Domingo Garcia sends the first report of the rebellion to his superiors on June 2.^[32]
• June 7 – Christian Goldbach first describes Goldbach's conjecture ("Every even number is the sum of two primes") in a letter to fellow mathematician Leonhard Euler.^[33]
• June 11 – Peace of Breslau: Austria cedes SilesiatoPrussia.
• June 20 – İzmir, formerly the ancient Greek city of Smyrna, is destroyed by fire.^[34]

July–September[edit]

• July 7 – War of Jenkins' Ear: Battle of Bloody Marsh – British troops repel those of Spain (under Montiano), in the Province of Georgia.
• July 14 – William Pulteney is created 1st Earl of Bath in Great Britain.
• August 17
  • Accompanied by 10 French Army observers, Choctaw Indians from the French Louisiana territory cross the Tombigbee River and raid Chickasaw Indian towns in Georgia.^[35] Over three days, the attackers lose 50 men, the Chickasaw defenders about 25. For permitting the attack, the French Louisiana governor, the Sieur de Bienville, is summoned back to Paris.
  • Irish author and poet Dean Jonathan Swift is declared by a court to be "of unsound mind and memory" and confined to home treatment for the remaining three years of his life.^[36]
• August 19
  • A British fleet led by Commodore William Martin enters the harbor of Naples with three warships, two frigates, and four bomb vessels, and sends a message giving the King Charles VII of Naples (the future King Charles III of Spain) 30 minutes to agree to withdraw Neapolitan troops from the Spanish Army. Don Carlos agrees and ends the threat of a Spanish foothold in Italy.^[37]
  • Voltaire's controversial play Fanatacism, or Mahomet the Prophet is first performed, in Paris, to a theatre audience filled with French nobility.^[38]
• August 20 – The Swedish-Russian War effectively ends as 17,000 Swedish troops surrender in Finland at Helsingfors (modern-day Helsinki).^[39]
• August 27 – George Anson, captain of HMS Centurion, arrives with his seriously ill crew at the island of Tinian (now U.S. territory as one of the Northern Mariana Islands and saves his mission. ^[40]
• September 5 – The 46 survivors of Russia's Great Northern Expedition return to Petropavlovsk after having been shipwrecked on an island in the Bering Strait ten months earlier. They had completed the building of a new ship from the wreckage of the St Pyotr on August 21. ^[41]
• September 16 – Construction starts on the Foundling HospitalinLondon. ^[42]

October–December[edit]

• October 5
  • Pedro Cebrian y Agustin, Count of Fuenclara, arrives at Veracruz to become the new Spanish Viceroy of New Spain.^[43]
  • Pennsylvania's Colonial Governor George Thomas bars citizens from settling in Lancaster County, or west of the Blue Mountains.^[44]
• November 13 – The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters is founded.
• December 2 – The Pennsylvania Journal first appears in the United States.

Date unknown[edit]

• The Lopukhina Conspiracy arises at the Russian court.
• The Afghan tribes unite as a monarchy.
• Daniel le Pelley succeeds Nicolas le Pelley, as Seigneur of Sark.
• Molde, Norway, becomes a city.
• Eisenach, Germany builds its Stadtschloss (city castle).
• Spain completes the construction of Fort Matanzas in the Matanzas Inlet, approximately 15 miles (24 km) south of St. Augustine, Florida.
• The University of Erlangen is founded in Bavaria.
• Anders Celsius publishes his proposal for a centigrade temperature scale originated in 1741.
• Colin Maclaurin publishes his Treatise on Fluxions.
• Charles Jervas's English translation of Don Quixote is published posthumously. Through a printer's error, the translator's name is printed as 'Charles Jarvis', leading the book to forever be known as the Jarvis translation. It is acclaimed as the most faithful English rendering of the novel made up to this time.
• The Roman Catholic church decrees that Roman ceremonial practice in Latin (not in Chinese) is to be the law for Chinese missions.

1743

January–March[edit]

• January 1 – The Verendrye brothers, probably Louis-Joseph and François de La Vérendrye, become the first white people to see the Rocky Mountains from the eastern side ^[45] (the Spanish conquistadors had seen the Rockies from the west side).
• January 8 – King Augustus III of Poland, acting in his capacity as Elector of Saxony, signs an agreement with Austria, pledging help in war in return for part of Silesia to be conveyed to Saxony.^[46]
• January 12
  • The Verendryes, and two members of the Mandan Indian tribe, reach the foot of the mountains, near the site of what is now Helena, Montana.^[47]
  • An earthquake strikes the Philippines ^[48]
• January 16 – Cardinal André-Hercule de Fleury turns his effects over to King Louis XV of France, 13 days before his death on January 29.^[49]
• January 23 – With mediation by France, Sweden and Russia begin peace negotiations at Åbo to end the Russo-Swedish War. By August 17, Sweden cedes all of its claims to southern Finland.^[50]
• February 21 – George Frideric Handel's oratorio, Samson, premieres in London.
• March 2 – A British expeditionary fleet under Sir Charles Knowles is defeated by the Spanish in the Battle of La Guaira.

April–June[edit]

• April 1 – Pope Benedict XIV issues a new bull, barring agreements by spouses not to appeal annulments of marriages ^[51]
• April 2 – The Verendrye brothers bury a tablet claiming the Great Plains of North America for King Louis XV of France. A schoolgirl in Pierre, South Dakota, unearths the tablet 170 years later on February 16, 1913.^[52]
• April 3 – Prithvi Narayan Shah becomes the new King of the Gorkha Kingdom and begins a campaign to unify the 54 different principalities in the Himalayas under his rule as part of the unification of Nepal ^[53]
• April 9 – The Verendrye brothers make the first contact since 1722 between Europeans and the Sioux Indians, whom they refer to as Les Gens de la Fleche Collee ("the people of the sheathed arrow").^[54]
• April 13 – The British East India Company ship Princess Louisa is wrecked off the coast of Maio Island in the Cape Verde Islands, killing 49 of her 179 crew.
• April 18 – The trustees of the English Province of Georgia vote to inaugurate public schools in the corporate territory.^[55]
• May 9 – Austrian army defeats the Bavarian army in the Battle of Simbach.
• May 10 – In New France, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville ends his final term (multiple times over 43 years) as Governor of colonial French Louisiana, which he helped colonize; he is succeeded by the Marquis de Vaudreuil (for the next 10 years) and returns to France.
• May 30 – The Dalecarlian rebellion (1743) breaks out in Sweden.
• June 27 (June 16 O.S.) – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of DettingeninBavaria: British forces, in alliance with those of Hanover and Hesse, defeat a French army under the duc de Noailles; King George II of Great Britain (and Elector of Brunswick) leads his own troops, the last British king to do so.

July–September[edit]

• July 3 – As a concession to Russia, Sweden's parliament ratifies the election of Adolphus Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp, a great-grandson of King Charles XI, to be heir to the throne of Sweden. Adolphus becomes king on the death of King Frederick on April 5, 1751, marking the end of the Hesse-Kassel dynasty and the start of the dynasty of the Holstein-Gottorp that will rule Sweden from 1751 to 1818 ^[56]
• July 13 – All 276 people on board the Dutch East India Company ship Hollandia drown after the ship strikes a rock off of the Isles of Scilly in England near Cornwall. The wreckage is located in 1971.
• July 20 – Lord Anson captures the Philippine galleon Nuestra Señora de Covadonga and its treasure of 1,313,843 Spanish dollarsatManila along with a treasure of 2 1/2 million dollars, and proceeds back toward Mexico, then returns to Britain in 1744 ^[57]
• July 23 – James Oglethorpe departs from Georgia to England and returns there in September.^[58]
• July 28 – France and the Allies of Britain conclude a treaty to provide care for each other's wounded.^[59]
• July 31 – At a summit in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, the British colonies of Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania conclude a treaty with the Six Nations, conceding that the member tribes are entitled to the territory west of the Appalachian mountains and north of the Ohio River.^[60]
• August 18 (August 7 Old Style) – Russia and Sweden sign the Treaty of Åbo.
• August 24 – The War of the Hats: The Swedish army surrendered to the RussiansinHelsinki, ending the war and starting Lesser Wrath.^[61]
• August 27 – Henry Pelham becomes Prime MinisterofGreat Britain.
• September 11 – Russian noble Natalia Lopukhina is flogged in front of the Twelve Collegia building in Saint Petersburg, bringing a conclusion to the "Lopukhina Affair" plotted by France and the Duchy of Holstein.
• September 13 – The Treaty of Worms is signed between Great Britain, Austria and Sardinia.

October–December[edit]

• October 19 – Louis Maria Colons, one of nine French Canadians who had attempted to colonize territory in what is now New Mexico, is executed for attempting to persuade the Pueblo Indians to rise up against the Spanish colonial government.^[62]
• October 21 – Benjamin Franklin's view of a lunar eclipse from Philadelphia is spoiled by a rainstorm; several days later, he learns that residents of Boston received the same storm hours after the eclipse, demonstrating that weather moves from west to east.^[63]
• October 23 – After almost six weeks, Nader ShahofPersia lifts the siege of Mosul.^[64]
• November 5 – Coordinated scientific observations of the transit of Mercury are organized by Joseph-Nicolas Delisle.
• December 3 – Ecuadorian scientist Pedro Vicente Maldonado departs from Brazil in order to purchase the most state-of-the-art equipment for the French Geodesic Mission ^[65]
• December 9 – At Haarlem, Dutch astronomer Dirk Klinkenberg becomes the first to observe the Great Comet of 1744. Swiss astronomer Jean-Philippe de Cheseaux discovers it independently on December 13. Both scientists are given credit for its discovery ^[66]
• December 10 – King Louis XV of France informs King Philip V of Spain of his intent to try to restore the House of Stuart to the throne of the United Kingdom. James Francis Edward Stuart was briefly the Crown Prince of England and Scotland until his father, King James II, was deposed in 1688 and, as Pretender to the Throne, would become King James III if the attack, planned for January 1, 1744 succeeds.^[67]
• December 11 – Princess Louise of Great Britain, daughter of King George II, weds Frederick, Crown Prince of Denmark and Norway.^[68]

Undated[edit]

• Capodimonte porcelain is first manufactured, in Naples.
• Probable date – The last wolfinScotland is shot, in Killiecrankie.^[69]

1744

January–March[edit]

• January 6 – The Royal Navy ship Bacchus engages the Spanish Navy privateer Begona, and sinks it; 90 of the 120 Spanish sailors die, but 30 of the crew are rescued.
• January 24 – The Dagohoy rebellion in the Philippines begins, with the killing of Father Giuseppe Lamberti.
• February 22–23 – Battle of Toulon: The British fleet is defeated by a joint Franco-Spanish fleet.
• February 27 – Violent storms frustrate a planned French invasion of Britain.
• March 1 (approximately) – The Great Comet of 1744, one of the brightest ever seen, reaches perihelion.
• March 13 – The British ship Betty capsizes and sinks off of the Gold Coast (modern-day Ghana) near Anomabu. More than 200 people on board die, although there are a few survivors.
• March 15 – France declares war on Great Britain.

April–June[edit]

• April – The Female Spectator (a monthly) is founded by Eliza Haywood in England, the first periodical written for women by a woman.
• April 2 – The first Rules of golf are drawn up at Leith, for the first golf competition.^[70][71]
• April 27 – Siege of Villafranca (1744): A joint French and Spanish force defeats Britain and Sardinia.
• May 11 – Russia's treasury begins an effort to reduce the number of copper five-kopeck pieces (20 of which equal a Russian ruble) by declaring that it will buy them back at a ruble for every 20 until August 1, after which kopecks would be redeemed at a ruble for every 25; then at the rate of 33 for a ruble on October 1, and 50 for a ruble on and after August 28, 1746.^[72]
• May 22 – The Union of Germany is proclaimed in Frankfurt Frederick II of Prussia, as articles of union are signed between Prussia, Hesse-Kassel and the Rhineland Palatinate.^[73]
• May 24 – After receiving the news from Europe that Great Britain and France are at war, the French Army at Louisbourg attacks the British settlementatFort William AugustusatCanso, Nova Scotia and forces its surrender.^[74]
• June 13 – Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin is named as the new Chancellor of the Russian Empire by the Empress Elizabeth.^[75]
• June 15 – Commodore George Anson's voyage around the world concludes after four years as HMS Centurion returns to England at Spithead and Anson is greeted as a hero.^[76]
• June 28 – At the age of 15, Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst, the future Empress of Russia, is received into the Russian Orthodox Church after converting from the Lutheran faith. Upon her conversion to the Russian Orthodox religion, she is given the name Yekaterina (Catherine). In 1762, she takes the throne as the Empress Catherine II, later known as Catherine the Great.

July–September[edit]

• July 8 – The Royal Navy privateer Somerset capsizes and sinks in the Bristol Channel, killing 86 of the 97 crew.
• July 19 – Battle of Casteldelfino: France defeats the Kingdom of Sardinia.
• July 29 – Nader Shah lays siege to the Ottoman citadel of Kars.
• August 12 – Battle of Velletri in the Kingdom of Naples: Spanish-Neapolitan forces defeat those of the Archduchy of Austria.
• September 30 – Battle of Madonna dell'Olmo: France and Spain defeat the Kingdom of Sardinia.

October–December[edit]

• October 4 – In one of the greatest disasters for the Royal Navy, HMS Victory sinks in a storm in the English Channel, killing 1,100 sailors and officers it had been bringing back from Gibraltar to England, including Admiral John Balchen.^[77] The wreck will be located 264 years later, in January, 2009.^[78]
• October 12 – The creator of binomial nomenclature for the identification of plant and animal species, Carl Linnaeus, is selected as president of the Royal Swedish Academy of Science, succeeding the late Anders Celsius, who had devised the centigrade measurement of temperature.^[79]
• October 19 – William Shirley, the British colonial Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, announces the declaration of war against the Miꞌkmaq and Maliseet Indian tribes.^[80]
• October 25
  • The Massachusetts General Court, colonial legislature for the Massachusetts Bay Province, approves an incentive for the killing of enemy Indians, authorizing the payment of 100 Massachusetts pounds for the scalping of a Mi'kmaq or Maliseet Indian, and 50 for the scalps of women or children.^[81]
  • Spanish explorers Antonio de Ulloa and Jorge Juan y Santacilla complete their mission of exploration and depart from the Peruvian seaport of Callao for a return to Spain.^[82]
• November 1 – Second Silesian War: The Prussian Army, under the command of Field Marshal Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin, begins the bombardment of Prague. The Bohemian capital surrenders after two weeks.^[83]
• December 18 – Queen Maria TheresaofAustria issues a proclamation to rid Bohemia of its Jewish residents, with the Jews to leave Prague over the next two weeks, and then to depart from Bohemia entirely in 1745.^[84]

Date unknown[edit]

• The third French and Indian War, known as King George's War, breaks out at Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia.
• Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book, sequel to Tommy Thumb's Song Book, containing the oldest version of many well-known and popular rhymes, is published in London.

1745

January–March[edit]

• January 7 – War of the Austrian Succession: The Austrian Army, under the command of Field Marshal Károly József Batthyány, makes a surprise attack at Amberg and the winter quarters of the Bavarian Army, and scatters the Bavarian defending troops, then captures the Bavarian capital at Munich^[85]
• January 8 – The Quadruple Alliance treaty is signed at Warsaw by Great Britain, Austria, the Dutch Republic and the Duchy of Saxony.^[86]
• January 20 – Less than two weeks after the disastrous Battle of Amberg leaves Bavaria undefended, the electorate's ruler (and Holy Roman Emperor) Karl VII Albrecht dies from gout at the age of 47, leaving the duchy without an adult to lead it. His 17-year-old son, Maximilian III Joseph, signs terms of surrender in April.
• February 22 – The ruling white colonial government on the island of Jamaica foils a conspiracy by about 900 black slaves, who had been plotting to seize control and to massacre the white residents.^[87]
• February 23 – The royal wedding of the Crown Prince of France takes place at Versailles; the Dauphin Louis Ferdiand, eldest son of King Louis XV, is united in marriage to Princess Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain, daughter of King Felipe V.^[88] The Dauphin never takes the throne, dying in 1765, eight years before the death of his father.
• February 27 – Pierre Bouguer appears before the French Academy of Sciences to deliver his report of the data gathered in the French Geodesic Mission, including the first precise measurement of the Earth's circumference.^[89] His determination that the circumference is 24,854.85 miles (40,000.00 km) and that the distance from the pole to equator is roughly 6,214 miles (10,000 km) eventually leads to the Academy's calculation of the metre and the metric system.
• March 1 – Augustus III, the King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, declares his candidacy to become the next Holy Roman Emperor, but loses in September to Francis, Duke of Tuscany.^[90]

April–June[edit]

• April 4 – (March 24, old style); Under the command of British Army General William Pepperrell, the first 4,300 American colonists in the New England Army depart Boston to liberate the French North American colony of Nova Scotia. The flotilla of 80 military transports and 18 armed escorts is scattered by a storm, but the first troops disembark at Canso, Nova Scotia, on April 15 and begin training while waiting for the arrival of the Royal Navy squadron commanded by Admiral Peter Warren^[91]
• April 15 – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Pfaffenhofen: The Austrian Army drives the French Army out of Bavaria, forcing the Electorate of Bavaria to withdraw from the war.
• April 22 – Having recently turned 18, Bavaria's ruler Maximilian III agrees to sign the Treaty of Füssen with Austria, withdrawing Bavaria from further participation in the War of the Austrian Succession, and agreeing to support Austria's candidate for the next Holy Roman Emperor^[92]
• April 29 – The heavily-armed French Navy frigate Renommée approaches the French colony of Nova Scotia, after having been dispatched to warn French forces at Louisbourg of the impending attack by British American forces. However, the Massachusetts privateer HMS Shirley Galley, commanded by John Rous, attacks the Renommée and forces it to sail away. The command at Louisbourg is not warned of the impending attack ^[91]
• May 11 – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Fontenoy: French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army, including the Black Watch.^[93]
• June 4 – Battle of Hohenfriedberg: In the battle that earned him the descriptor of "Frederick the Great", King Frederick II of Prussia decisively defeats the Austrian and Saxon armies, effectively ending the Second Silesian War.
• June 16 – King George's War: The British capture Cape Breton IslandinNorth America from the French.^[93]

July–September[edit]

• July 9 – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Melle: The French are victorious in an engagement against the Pragmatic Allies.
• July 15 – French army occupies Ghent after Fall of Ghent
• August 6 (July 26 Old Style) – The first recorded women's cricket match takes place in Surrey, England.^[94]
• August 19 – The Jacobite rising of 1745 begins at Glenfinnan, Scotland, where Charles Edward Stuart raises his standard.
• September 1 – Catherine the Great marries Peter III of Russia, in Saint Petersburg.
• September 11 – Jacobite rising of 1745: Jacobites enter Edinburgh; six days later, Charles Edward Stuart proclaims his father James Francis Edward Stuart, as James VIII of Scotland.^[93]
• September 12 – Francis I, the Grand Duke of Tuscany, is elected Holy Roman Emperor by the nine prince-electors of the Empire (from Bavaria, Bohemia, Brandenburg, Cologne, Hanover, Mainz, the Palatinate, Saxony, and Trier) with the support of his wife, Maria Theresa. He is the successor of Charles VII AlbertofBavaria, an enemy of the House of Habsburg, who died on January 20 of this year.
• September 14 – Madame de Pompadour is officially presented, at the court of Louis XV of France.
• September 16 – Jacobite rising of 1745 – "Canter of Coltbrigg": The British 13th and 14th Dragoons flee the Jacobites, near Edinburgh.
• September 21 – Battle of Prestonpans: British Government forces are defeated by the Jacobites in Scotland.
• September 30 – In Battle of Soor Prussian army wins over Austrian and Saxons armies.

October –December[edit]

• October 4 – Francis is crowned as the new Holy Roman Emperor ^[95]
• October 8 – The Empress Elizabeth of Russia agrees to provide the Electorate of Saxony aid in its war against Prussia, but the agreement comes too late ^[90]
• October 11 – At Köslin (now Koszalin in Poland) Prussian scientist Ewald Georg von Kleist independently invents the first electrical capacitor to store and discharge electricity.^[96] The invention, commonly called the Leyden jar is later credited to a subsequent inventor Pieter van Musschenbroek.
• October 14 – In Amritsar in India's Punjab region, the Sikh parliament (the Sarbat Khalsa) votes for a major reorganization of the Sikh nation's army, the Dal Khalsa, with 25 cavalry regiments and support troops under the command of General Nawab Kapur Singh^[97]
• November 1 – Pope Benedict XIV issues the encyclical Vix pervenit, referred to in English as "On Usury and Other Dishonest Profit", condemning the charging of interest on loans as a sin against the Roman Catholic Church ^[98]
• November 8 – Jacobite rising of 1745: Charles Edward Stuart, known popularly as "Bonnie Prince Charlie", crosses from Scotland into England for the first time since beginning his quest to place his father on the English throne as the pretender King James III. Charles arrives at LongtowninCumbria and spends the night at a nearby village, the Riddings, then leads his army south along the right bank of the River Eden the next day ^[99]
• November 23 – In Battle of Hennersdorf Prussian army wins against Saxons army.
• November 28 – King George's War: A combined force of troops from the French Army and of the Wabanaki Confederacy (Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, Passamaquoddy, Abenaki, and Penobscot tribes) destroys the British American settlement at Fort Saratoga (now Schuylerville, New York), burning the fort and surrounding buildings to the ground, and killing 15 people.^[100] Another 103 survivors are taken prisoner.
• December 4 – Jacobite rising of 1745: The Scottish Jacobite army reaches as far south as Derby in England, causing panic in London; two days later it begins to retreat.^[93]
• December 17 – Two days after Prussian troops rout the Saxons at the Battle of Kesselsdorf, the Saxon capital of Dresden falls to Prussia's King Frederick the Great.^[90]
• December 18 – Jacobite rising of 1745 – Clifton Moor Skirmish: The Jacobites are victorious,^[93] in the last action between two military forces on English soil.^[101]
• December 23 – Jacobite rising of 1745 – Battle of Inverurie: The Jacobites are victorious over British royal troops.
• December 25 – The Treaty of Dresden gives Prussia full possession of Silesia.
• December 28 – For 5 days, fire destroys buildings in Istanbul.

1746

January–March[edit]

• January 8 – The Young Pretender Charles Edward Stuart occupies Stirling, Scotland.
• January 17 – Battle of Falkirk Muir: British Government forces are defeated by Jacobite forces.^[102]
• February 1 – Jagat Singh II, the ruler of the Mewar Kingdom, inaugurates his Lake Palace on the island of Jag Niwas in Lake Pichola, in what is now the state of Rajasthan in northwest India.^[103]
• February 19 – Prince William, Duke of Cumberland, issues a proclamation offering an amnesty to participants in the Jacobite rebellion, directing them that they can avoid punishment if they turn their weapons in to their local Presbyterian church.^[104]
• February 22 – Brussels, at the time part of the Austrian Netherlands, surrenders to France's Marshal Maurice de Saxe.^[105]
• March 10 – Zakariya Khan Bahadur, the Mughal Empire's viceroy administering Lahore (in what is now Pakistan), orders the massacre of the city's Sikh people.^[106]

April–June[edit]

• April 16 – The Battle of Culloden in Scotland, the final pitched battle fought on British soil, brings an end to the Jacobite rising of 1745.^[107]
• May 27 – The three Scottish leaders of the Jacobite uprising— the Earl of Kilmarnock, Lord Balmerino, and Lord Lovat— are imprisoned for treason in the Tower of London, where they are held by the British government until their execution. Boyd and Balmerino are beheaded in August, while Fraser is not put to death until April 1747.^[108]
• June 16 – Battle of Piacenza: Austrian forces defeat French and Spanish troops.
• June 18 – Samuel Johnson is contracted to write his A Dictionary of the English Language.
• June 29 – Catherine of Ricci (b. 1522) is canonized.

July–September[edit]

• July 3 – Father Joachim Royo, the last of the five Spanish Catholic missionaries to FuzhouinChina, is captured by Chinese authorities, after having spent three decades defying orders to not evangelize.^[109] He and three fellow priests are put to death two years later, on October 28, 1748.
• July 9 – King Philip V of Spain dies, after a reign of more than 45 years. His oldest living son succeeds him, as King Ferdinand VI.
• August 1 – The wearing of the kilt is banned in Scotland by the Dress Act (Note: the actual effective date of the Dress Act was August 1, 1747, not 1746).
• August 18 – Two of the four rebellious Scottish lords, Earl of Kilmarnock and Lord Balmerinoch, are beheaded in the Tower of London (Lord Lovat is executed in 1747).
• September 20 – Bonnie Prince Charlie flees to the Isle of Skye from Arisaig, after the unsuccessful Jacobite rising of 1745, marked by the Prince's Cairn on the banks of Loch nan Uamh.

October–December[edit]

• October 11 – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Rocoux: The French army defeats the allied Austrian, British, Hanoveran and Dutch army in Rocourt.
• October 22 – The College of New Jersey is founded in Princetown, New Jersey. In 1896, it is renamed Princeton University.
• October 28 – An earthquake demolishes Lima and Callao, in Peru.
• November 4 – Anwaruddin Khan, the Nawab of the Arcot State in South India, is driven back by the Captain Louis Paradis of the French Army after he and 10,000 soldiers attempt to drive the French back out of Madras.^[110]
• December 5 – Rallied by a teenage boy, Giovanni Battista Perasso (nicknamed Balilla"), the citizens of the Republic of Genoa rise up against the Austrian occupying troops and the collaborator Military Governor, the Genoese Marquis of Botta d'Adorno. By December 11, the Austrian soldiers are driven from the Italian city-state, but return a few months later.^[111]

Date unknown[edit]

• Eva Ekeblad reports her discovery, of how to make flour and alcohol from potatoes, to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
• The town of Vilkovo (Odes'ka oblast', Ukraine) is founded.
• Gabriel Johnston, British Governor of the Province of North Carolina, moves to New Bern, the province's largest. New Bern replaces Edenton as the capital of North Carolina until Raleigh is established in 1792.
• Charles Batteux's Les beaux-arts réduits à un même principe is published in Paris, putting forward for the first time the idea of "les beaux arts": "the fine arts".

1747

January–March[edit]

• January 31 – The first venereal diseases clinic opens at London Lock Hospital.
• February 11 – King George's War: A combined French and Indian force, commanded by Captain Nicolas Antoine II Coulon de Villiers, attacks and defeats British troopsatGrand-Pré, Nova Scotia.
• March 7 – Juan de Arechederra the Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines, combines his forces with those of Sultan Azim ud-Din I of Sulu to suppress the rebellion of the Moros in the Visayas.^[112]
• March 19 – Simon Fraser, the 79-year old Scottish Lord Lovat, is convicted of high treason for being one of the leaders of the Jacobite rising of 1745 against King George II of Great Britain and attempting to place the pretender Charles Edward Stuart on the throne.^[113] After a seven day trial of impeachment in the House of Lords and the verdict of guilt, Fraser is sentenced on the same day to be hanged, drawn and quartered; King George alters Fraser's punishment to beheading, which is carried out publicly on April 9.

April–June[edit]

• April 9 – The Scottish Jacobite Lord Lovat is beheaded at Tower Hill, London, for high treason. He was the last person in Britain to be beheaded, although beheading would not be formally abolished until more than 200 years later.
• May 14 – War of the Austrian Succession – First battle of Cape Finisterre: The British Navy defeats a French fleet.
• June 9 – Emperor Momozono ascends to the throne of Japan, succeeding Emperor Sakuramachi.
• June 24–October 14 – The English ships Dobbs galley and California, under Captains William Moore and Francis Smith, explore Hudson Bay, discovering there is no Northwest Passage by this route.

July–September[edit]

• July 2 – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Lauffeld: France defeats the combined armies of Hanover, Great Britain and the Netherlands.
• August 15 – Great Britain, Russia and the Dutch Republic sign the Convention of Saint Petersburg (1747).
• August 24 – Seyyid Abdullah Pasha, the Turkish Governor of Cyprus, becomes the new Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire and serves until 1750.
• September 13 – The Netherlands city of Bergen op Zoom falls to the Army of France after a 70 day siege during the War of the Austrian Succession.^[114]
• September 21 – A hurricane in the Caribbean Sea sinks 11 British ships^{[dubious – discuss]}, most of them off the coast of Saint Kitts.

October–December[edit]

• October 1 – On the 7th day of Shawwal, 1160 A.H., Pashtun chieftains in Kandahar, meeting in a special council (aloya jirga) vote to make Ahmad Shah Durrani their leader in Afghanistan and beginning the Durrani Empire.
• October 21 – King George II transfers Thomas Herring, Archbishop of York, to become the new Archbishop of Canterbury, three days after the death of John Potter
• October 24 – A Caribbean Sea hurricane sweeps across Saint Kitts, sinking 12 British freighters and one from France.^[115]
• October 25 – War of the Austrian Succession – Second battle of Cape Finisterre: The British Navy again defeats a French fleet.
• November 9 – RiotersinAmsterdam demand governmental reform.^[116]
• November 17–19 – The Knowles Riot breaks out in Boston, Massachusetts, protesting impressment into the British Royal Navy, .
• November 22 – End of Second Stadtholderless period: Prince William IV of Orange becomes stadtholder of all the United Provinces.
• December 7 – Benjamin Franklin forms the Pennsylvania Associators, the first militia in the colony of Pennsylvania, which had no standing militia because of its foundation by pacifistic Quakers.^[117]
• December 13 – The ordeal of the Maryland freighter sloop Endeavour begins when the ship departs Annapolis for the West Indies and encounters a hurricane. With its masts and rigging torn away, the ship drifts for six months before finally ending up at the island of Tiree off the coast of Scotland^[118]
• December 27 – The Parliament of Great Britain amends its Naturalisation Act of 1740 to extend recognition to all non-Anglican Protestant denominations in its colonies.^[119]

Date unknown[edit]

• James Lind's experiment begins to prove that citrus fruits prevent scurvy.
• War of the Austrian Succession: Spanish troops invade and occupy the coastal towns of Beaufort and Brunswick in the Royal Colony of North Carolina, during what becomes known as the Spanish Alarm. They are later driven out by the local militia.
• Samuel Johnson begins work on A Dictionary of the English Language in London.

1748

January–March[edit]

• January 12 – Ahmad Shah Durrani captures Lahore.^[120]
• January 27 – A fire at the prison and barracks at Kinsale, in Ireland, kills 54 of the prisoners of war housed there. An estimated 500 prisoners are safely conducted to another prison.^[121]
• February 7 – The San Gabriel mission project begins with the founding of the first Roman Catholic missions further northward in the Viceroyalty of New Spain, in what is now central Texas. On orders of the Viceroy, Juan Francisco de Güemes, Friar Mariano Marti establish the San Francisco Xavier mission at a location on the San Gabriel River in what is now Milam County.^[122] The mission, located northeast of the future site of Austin, Texas, is attacked by 60 Apache Indians on May 2, and San Xavier is abandoned after a few years.
• March 11 – In battle near Manupur (15 kilometres (9.3 mi) northwest of Sirhind), Mughal forces under Prince Ahmad Shah Bahadur are victorious against Ahmad Shah Durrani.
• March 25 – A fire in the City of London starts at Change AlleyinCornhill and continues for two days. Dr. Samuel Johnson later writes, "The conflagration of a city, with all its turmoil and concominant distress, is one of the most dreadful spectacles which this world can afford to human eyes".^[121] Another history notes more than a century later that "the fire led to a great increase in the practice of fire insurance", after the blaze causes more than £1,000,000 worth of damage.

April–June[edit]

• April 15 – The Siege of the Dutch fortress of Maastricht is started by the French under the command of Maurice de Saxe as part of the War of the Austrian Succession. The fortress falls on May 7 after a little more than three weeks.
• April 24 – A congress assembles at Aix-la-Chapelle (now Aachen), with the intent to conclude the War of the Austrian Succession. The treaty is signed on October 18.
• May 10 – As word arrives that the Dutch Republic has agreed to return control of MaastrichttoFrance, the French Army's leader of the siege, Count Löwendal, marches through the opened city gates with his troops and accepts its surrender.^[123]
• June 1
  • A fire in Moscow kills 482 people and destroys 5,000 buildings.^[121]
  • José de Escandón is designated by the Viceroy of New Spain as the first Royal Governor of Nuevo Santander. The area covered by the Viceroyalty's new province is now part of the Mexican state of Tamaulipas, and the part of the U.S. state of Texas south of the Guadalupe River (including San Antonio and Corpus Christi).

July–September[edit]

• July 29 – Royal Navy Admiral Edward Boscawen arrives at the coast of southeastern India with 28 ships, to defend Fort St. David from attacks by armies of French India. Historian Francis Grose later writes that Boscawen had brought the largest fleet "ever seen together in the East Indies", with nine ships of the line, two frigates, a sloop, and two tenders" ^[124] and 14 ships of the British East India Company. Altogether, Boscawen has 3,580 sailors under his command. He then launches an offensive to destroy the French fort at Pondicherry and drive France from the subcontinent.
• August 26 – The first Lutheran Church body in America is founded at a conference in Philadelphia, organized by German-born evangelist Henry Muhlenberg and attended by pastors of orthodox and pious Lutheran communities.^[125] The two groups agree to create a common liturgy to govern public worship.
• August – The Camberwell beauty butterfly is named after specimens found at Camberwell in London.
• September 24 – Shah Rukh becomes ruler of Greater Khorasan.

October –December[edit]

• October 12 – War of Jenkins' Ear – Battle of Havana: a British Caribbean squadron engages a Spanish squadron based near Havana.^[126]
• October 18 – War of the Austrian Succession: The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle is signed to end the war. Great Britain obtains Madras, in India, from France, in exchange for the fortressofLouisbourg in Canada.
• November 22 – The Electorate of Hanover (now occupied by most of the northwestern German state of Niedersachsen or Lower Saxony) issues a decree banishing all adherents of the Moravian Church.^[127]
• December 4 – Austria and Spain sign a second treaty to settle the War of the Austrian Succession, and Austria agrees to remove its troops from Modena and Genoa.

Date unknown[edit]

• Leonhard Euler publishes Introductio in analysin infinitorum, an introduction to pure analytical mathematics, in Berlin.
• Montesquieu publishes De l'esprit des lois.
• Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock publishes the first three cantos of his epic poem Der Messiasinhexameters (anonymously), in Bremer Beiträge (Leipzig).
• Adam Smith begins to deliver public lectures in Edinburgh.
• The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences makes Eva Ekeblad its first female member.
• Construction of the Sveaborg fortification begins near Helsinki.
• The ruins of Pompeii are rediscovered.^[128]
• Louis XV of France breaks his promise to eliminate the income tax, after the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the war. The Parlement of Paris protests, so he reduces the tax to 5%.^[129]

1749

January–March[edit]

• January 3
  • Benning Wentworth issues the first of the New Hampshire Grants, leading to the establishment of Vermont.
  • The first issue of Berlingske, Denmark's oldest continually operating newspaper, is published.
• January 21 – The Teatro Filarmonico, the main opera theater in Verona, Italy, is destroyed by fire. It is rebuilt in 1754.
• February – The second part of John Cleland's erotic novel Fanny Hill (Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure) is published in London. The author is released from debtors' prison in March.
• February 28 – Henry Fielding's comic novel The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling is published in London.^[130] Also this year, Fielding becomes magistrateatBow Street, and first enlists the help of the Bow Street Runners, an early police force (eight men at first).^[131]
• March 6 – A "corpse riot" breaks out in Glasgow after a body disappears from a churchyard in the Gorbals district. Suspicion falls on anatomy students at the Glasgow Infirmary "had raised a dead body from the grave and carried it to the college" for dissection.^[132] The city guard intervenes after a mob of protesters begins breaking windows at random buildings, but groups of citizens begin to make regular patrols of church graveyards^[133]
• March 17 – At London's Covent Garden, composer George Frideric Handel conducts the first performance of his new oratorio, Solomon. More than 250 years later, an instrumental from Solomon, "The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba"; will be featured in the 2012 London Summer Olympics opening ceremony.^[134]

April–June[edit]

• April 14 – British Royal Navy ship HMS Namur is wrecked in a storm near Fort St. David, India, with the loss of 520 lives.^[135]
• April 27 – The first official performance of Handel's Music for the Royal Fireworks in London finishes early, due to the outbreak of fire. The piece had been composed by Handel to commemorate the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, which ended the War of the Austrian Succession in 1748.^[130]
• May 19 – King George II of Great Britain grants the Ohio Company 200,000 acres (81,000 ha) (312½ square miles or 810 km²) of land north of the Ohio River, encompassing most of the modern U.S. state of Ohio and part of West Virginia. The grant is conditioned on the Company being able to attract 100 European families every year, for seven years, to move to the area occupied by Indian tribes, and to build a fort to protect them^[136]
• June 4 – A fire in Glasgow leaves 200 families homeless.^[137]
• June 6 – The Conspiracy of the Slaves, which was to have taken place on June 29, is revealed in Malta.

July–September[edit]

• July 9 – The British naval fort at Halifax is founded on mainland Nova Scotia as a defense against the New France Fortress of LouisbourgonCape Breton Island, less than 100 miles (160 km) away.
• August 2 – Irish-born trader George Croghan, unaware of the recent British grant of land in the Ohio River valley to the Ohio Company, purchases 200,000 acres of much of the same land from the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy, dealing directly with "the three most important Iroquois chiefs resident in that area, in return for an immense quantity of Indian goods." The deal takes place at the Iroquois capital of Onondaga, near present-day Syracuse, New York.^[138]
• August 3
  • The Battle of Ambur is fought in south India as the Second Carnatic War begins between the French-supported troops of Chanda Sahib of the Mughal Empire and the British-supported defenders of the Arcot State, led by its 77-year old Nawab, Anwaruddin Khan. After marching outside of the walls of Arcot to confront Chanda Sahib and Joseph Dupleix's 4,000 troops, Anwaruddin Khan's numerically superior force is routed and he is killed in the battle.^[139]
  • French explorer Pierre Joseph Céloron de Blainville, commissioned by New France to explore the Ohio Territory claimed by both France and Britain, buries the first of six engraved lead markers claiming the land for King Louis XV of France.^[140] The first plate is buried on the banks of the Allegheny River, near a rock with petroglyphs, in what is now Venango County, Pennsylvania.
• August 7 – Mary Musgrove Bosomworth, a woman of mixed British and Creek Indian ancestry, presents herself as Coosaponakeesa, Queen of the Creek Indians and marches with 200 Creek Indians into the town of Savannah, Georgia. During her confrontation with British colonial authorities, she and her husband Thomas Bosomworth demand payment of "nearly twenty-five thousand dollars" in compensation for property taken from the Creek Indians, before the British authorities determine that she doesn't have the authority to speak for the tribe.^[141]
• August 15 – Four Russian sailors— Aleksei Inkov, Khrisanf Inkov, Stepan Sharapov and Fedor Verigin— are rescued after having been marooned on the Arctic Ocean island of Edgeøya for more than six years. They are the only survivors of a crew of 14 whose koch had been blown off course in May 1743 and then broken up by ice.^[142] The four are returned home on September 28.
• August 19 – At a ceremony in San Antonio, Texas (then a part of the New Spain province of Nuevo Santander), four Apache chiefs and Spanish colonial officials and missionaries literally "bury the hatchet", placing weapons of war into a pit and covering it as a symbol that the Apaches and the Spaniards will fight no further war against each other.^[143]
• September 5 – A delegation of 33 members of the Catawba Indian nation and 73 from the Cherokee nation arrive in Charleston, South Carolina, to discuss a peace treaty with South Carolina's provincial governor, James Glen.^[144]
• September 12 – The first recorded game of baseball is played, by Frederick, Prince of Wales, at Kingston upon Thames in England.^[145]
• September 23 – Grand Chief Jean-Baptiste Cope, of the Miꞌkmaq Indian nation in Canada, declares war against the British Empire^[146] after the building of the fort at Halifax, Nova Scotia and begins hostilities by taking 20 British hostages at Canso.^[147]
• September 28 – Three Russian survivors of the shipwreck on Edgeøya return to their homeland after more than six years, as the ship Nikolai i Andrei brings them to the port of Archangelsk.^[142] A fourth survivor, Fedor Veriginare, died of scurvy during the six-week voyage home.

October–December[edit]

• October 2 – Edward Cornwallis, the British Governor of Nova Scotia, commands his militia and local citizens "to annoy, distress, take or destroy the Savage commonly called Micmac, wherever they are found" and promises a reward of ten guineas (21 British shillings) for every Mi'kmaq scalp brought in.^[147]
• October 4 – What is later described as "the least examined yet most influential"^[148] of clerical reforms, by the Spanish Bourbon monarchs of the 18th century, begins when King Ferdinand VI of Spain approves a royal cédula, removing control of the Roman Catholic parishes of Latin America from religious orders. Henceforward, jurisdiction over parishioners in the archdioceses of Lima, Mexico City and Bogotá is with the secular clergy.
• October 16 – At Falmouth, a part of the British Province of Massachusetts Bay that would later be the site of Portland, Maine, a peace treaty is signed between representatives of Massachusetts Bay and 19 sagamores and tribal chiefs of the Wabanaki Confederacy (encompassing the Penobscot, Kennebec, Odanak and Wôlinak tribes of the Abenaki Indians), temporarily settling territorial disputes in Maine during King George's War.^[149]
• October 19 – Two months after Pierre Céloron begins his inspection of the Ohio territory on behalf of France, Christopher Gist starts his survey of the lands along the right bank of the Ohio River on behalf of the British grant to the Ohio Company.^[150]
• November 9 – Battle of PenfuionTimor: A large Topass army is defeated by a numerically inferior Dutch East India Company.
• November 12 – In response to the increasing number of starving people moving into Paris from rural parts of France, King Louis XV issues an ordinance that "all the beggars and vagabonds who shall be found either in the streets of Paris, or in churches or church doorways, or in the countryside around Paris, of whatever age or sex, shall be arrested and conducted into prisons, to stay there as long as shall be necessary."^[151][152]
• November 24 – The Province of South Carolina House of Assembly votes to free African-American slave Caesar Norman, and to grant him a lifetime pension of 100 British pounds per year, in return for Caesar's agreement to share the secret of his antidote for poisonous snake venom. Caesar then makes public his herbal cure of juice from Plantago major (the common plantain) and Marrubium vulgare (horehound), combined with "a leaf of good tobacco moistened with rum".^[153]
• December 1 – Sultan Azim ud-Din I, recently forced to flee to Manila after being driven from the throne of Sultanate of Sulu elsewhere in the Philippine Islands, announces his intention to convert from Sunni Islam to become baptized as a Christian within the Roman Catholic Church. He changes his name to Fernando after being baptized.^[154]
• December 5 – French composer Jean-Philippe Rameau premieres his new opera, Zoroastre, at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal in Paris, but the first version is not a success.^[155] After five years of rewriting, Rameau will revive Zoroastre on January 19, 1756 and the opera will continue to be performed more than two centuries later.
• December 7 – Father Junípero Serra begins his missionary work in the New World, 100 days after departing on a voyage from Spain and a day after his arrival at Veracruz in Mexico.^[156] During the period from 1769 to 1782, Serra will be the founder of nine missions in the Province of Las Californias, including the sites around which future California cities will be built, including Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá in 1769 and Mission San Francisco de Asís in 1776.
• December 30 – Mir Sayyid Muhammad, a grandson of the Shah Suleiman of Persia, overthrows Shahrokh Shah to become the Shah of Persia, and briefly restores the Safavid dynastyasSuleiman II; his reign ends less than three months later, on March 20, when Kurdish tribesmen restore Shahrokh to the throne.^[157]

Date unknown[edit]

• Acensus is conducted in Finland.
• The land reform of the Great Partition begins in Sweden, and continues until the 19th century.

Births

1740

• February 4 – Carl Michael Bellman, Swedish poet, composer (d. 1795)
• February 15 – Juan Andrés, Spanish Jesuit (d. 1817)
• February 16 – Giambattista Bodoni, Italian publisher and engraver (d. 1813)
• February 17 – John Sullivan, American General in the American Revolutionary War, delegate in the Continental Congress (d. 1795)
• March – Johann van Beethoven, German musician, father of Ludwig van Beethoven (d. 1792)
• March 16 – Johann Jacob Schweppe, German-born inventor, founder of the Schweppes Company (d. 1821)
• April 7 – Haym Salomon, Polish-Jewish American financier of the American Revolution (d. 1785)
• April 14 – Anna Strong, Patriot spy during the American Revolutionary War (d. 1812)
• May 7 – Nikolai Arkharov, Russian police chief (d. 1814)

• June 2 – Marquis de Sade, French author, for whom sadism is named (d. 1814)
• June 24 – Juan Ignacio Molina, Spanish-Chilean Jesuit priest, naturalist, historian, translator, geographer, botanist, ornithologist and linguist (d. 1829)
• June 27 – James Woodforde, English clergyman and diarist (d. 1803)
• July 27 – Jeanne Baré, French explorer (d. 1803)
• August 23 – Emperor Ivan VI of Russia (d. 1764)
• August 26 – Joseph-Michel Montgolfier, French inventor (d. 1810)
• September 12 – Johann Heinrich Jung, German writer (d. 1817)
• September 23 – Empress Go-Sakuramachi of Japan (d. 1813)
• September 25 – Hercules Mulligan, tailor and spy during the American Revolutionary War (d. 1825)
• October 29 – James Boswell, Scottish author (d. 1795)
• October 31 – Philip James de Loutherbourg, English artist (d. 1812)
• December – Elisabeth Olin, Swedish opera singer (d. 1828)

• Ali Pasha of Ioannina, Albanian ruler (d. 1822)
• Margaret Bingham, Countess of Lucan, born Margaret Smith, English portrait miniature painter and writer (d. 1814)^[158]
• John Milton, American politician and officer of the Continental Army (d. 1817) (earliest estimated date of birth)
• Septimanie d'Egmont, French salonist (d. 1773)

1741

• January 14 – Benedict Arnold, American Revolutionary War general, traitor (d. 1801)
• January 27 – Hester Thrale, Welsh diarist (d. 1821)
• February 7 – Henry Fuseli, Swiss painter and writer (d. 1825)

• March 13 – Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1790)
• March 17 – William Withering, British physician (d. 1799)
• March 20 – Jean Antoine Houdon, French sculptor (d. 1828)
• April 14 – Emperor Momozono of Japan (d. 1762)
• May 13 – Ingeborg Akeleye, Norwegian noble known for her love life (d. 1800)
• May 23 – Andrea Luchesi, Italian composer (d. 1801)
• June 11 – Joseph Warren, American Patriot, physician (d. 1775)
• June 26 – John Langdon, American politician (d. 1819)
• September 22 – Peter Simon Pallas, German zoologist (d. 1811)
• October 4 – Edmond Malone, Irish scholar (d. 1812)
• October 18 – Pierre Choderlos de Laclos, French general, author (d. 1803)
• October 24 – Johann August von Starck, German pastor (d. 1816)
• November 15 – Johann Kaspar Lavater, Swiss physiognomist (d. 1801)
• Date unknown –
  • Nikolaos Koutouzis, Greek painter, poet and priest (d. 1813)
  • Catherine Antonovna of Brunswick, German-Russian noble (d. 1807)
  • Gelelemend, Lenape chief (d. 1811)

1742

• January 8 – Philip Astley, English circus organizer (d. 1814)
• March 9 – Michael Anckarsvärd, Swedish politician (d. 1838)
• March 10 – Sampson Salter Blowers, American lawyer, jurist (d. 1842)

• March 14 – Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, Iranian king (d. 1797)
• March 12 – Aletta Haniel, German business person (d. 1815)
• April 28 – Henry Dundas, British statesman (d. 1811)
• May 6 – Jean Senebier, Swiss pastor, botanist (d. 1809)
• June 25 – Johann Schweighäuser, German classical scholar (d. 1830)
• June 26 – Arthur Middleton, American politician (d. 1787)
• June 28 – William Hooper, American statesman (d. 1790)
• July 21 – John Cleves Symmes, American statesman (d. 1814)
• July 27 – Nathanael Greene, American general (d. 1786)
• August 14 – Pope Pius VII (b. Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramonti), Italian Benedictine (d. 1823)

• September 14 – James Wilson, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1798)
• October 3 – Anders Jahan Retzius, Swedish chemist, botanist (d. 1821)
• October 6 – Johan Herman Wessel, Norwegian poet (d. 1785)
• November 5 – Richard Cosway, English artist (d. 1821)

• December 9 – Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Swedish chemist (d. 1785)
• December 16 – Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Prussian general (d. 1819)
• December 26 (bapt.) – George Chalmers, Scottish antiquarian (d. 1825)
• date unknown – Túpac Amaru II, Peruvian indigenous rebel leader (d. 1781)
• date unknown – Rafaela Herrera, Nicaraguan heroine (d. 1805)
• date unknown – Francis Nash, American military officer (d. 1777)
• date unknown – Hendrik Frans de Cort, Flemish painter (d. 1810)

1743

• January 1 – Sir William Parker, 1st Baronet, of Harburn, British admiral (d. 1802)
• January 18 – Louis Claude de Saint-Martin, French philosopher, "le philosophe inconnu" (d. 1803)
• January 25 – Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, German philosopher (d. 1819)
• February 13 – Sir Joseph Banks, British naturalist and botanist (d. 1820)
• February 14 – George Morgan, American merchant and Indian agent (d. 1810)
• February 19 – Luigi Boccherini, Italian composer (d. 1805)
• February 23 – Mayer Amschel Rothschild, German-born banker (d. 1818)
• February 28 – René Just Haüy, French "father of modern crystallography" (d. 1822)
• March – Joseph Brant, Mohawk leader (d. 1807)
• March 4 – Johann David Wyss, Swiss author (d. 1818)
• March 14 – Hannah Cowley, English dramatist and poet (d. 1809)
• March 28 (March 17 O.S.) – Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova, Russian princess, courtier and patron of the arts and sciences (d. 1810)
• April – Etta Palm d'Aelders, Dutch-French feminist (d. 1799)
• April 1 – Richard Butler American general (d. 1793)
• April 13 – Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States, author of the Declaration of American Independence (d. 1826)
• May 14 – Louis Lebègue Duportail French military leader in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War (d. 1802)
• May 17 – Seth Warner American revolutionary hero (d. 1784)
• May 20 – Toussaint Louverture, Haitian rebel (d. 1803)
• May 24 – Jean-Paul Marat, French revolutionary, doctor and scientist (d. 1793)
• June 2 – Alessandro Cagliostro, Italian Freemason (d. 1795)
• June 3
  • José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa, Spanish viceroy of Peru (d. 1821)
  • Lucia Galeazzi Galvani, Italian scientist (d. 1788)
• August 7 – Susan Carnegie, writer and founder of the first public asylum in Scotland (d.1821)
• August 26 – Antoine Lavoisier, French chemist (d. 1794)
• September 11 – Nikolaj Abraham Abildgaard, Danish painter (d. 1809)
• September 17 – Marquis de Condorcet, French mathematician, philosopher, and political scientist (d. 1794)
• October 20 – François Chopart, French surgeon (1795)
• November 11 – Carl Peter Thunberg, Swedish botanist (d. 1828)
• December 1 – Martin Heinrich Klaproth, German chemist, discoverer of uranium (1789), zirconium (1789), and cerium (1803) (d. 1817)
• December 23 – Ippolit Bogdanovich, Russian poet (d. 1803)
• date unknown
  • Károly Hadaly, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1834)
  • Elisabeth Christina von Linné, Swedish botanist (d. 1782)

1744

• February 6 – Pierre-Joseph Desault, French anatomist and surgeon (d. 1795)
• February 23 – Mayer Amschel Rothschild, German banker, founder of the Rothschild banking dynasty (d. 1812)
• May 19 – Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, queen of George III of Great Britain (d. 1818)
• May 21 – Samuel Ireland, British author and engraver (d. 1800)
• May 31 – Richard Lovell Edgeworth, Anglo-Irish politician, writer and inventor (d. 1817)
• July 20 – Joshua Clayton, American politician (d. 1798)
• August 1 – Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, French naturalist (d. 1829)
• August 16 – Pierre Méchain, French astronomer (d. 1804)
• August 25 – Johann Gottfried Herder, German writer (d. 1803)
• September 25 – King Frederick William II of Prussia (d. 1797)
• date unknown
  • Marie Barch, Danish ballerina (d. 1827)
  • Marie-Louise-Adélaïde Boizot, French engraver (d. 1800)

1745

• c. January – Isaac Titsingh, Dutch scholar, merchant-trader and ambassador (d. 1812)
• January 1 – Anthony Wayne, United States Army officer, statesman and member of the United States House of Representatives (d. 1796)
• January 6 – Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier, French inventor (d. 1799)
• January 7 – Johan Christian Fabricius, Danish zoologist (d. 1808)
• January 9 – Caleb Strong, American politician (d. 1819)
• February – Samuel Hearne, English explorer, fur-trader, author, and naturalist (d. 1792)
• February 2 – Hannah More, English religious writer, Romantic poet and philanthropist (d. 1833)

• February 18 – Alessandro Volta, Italian physicist (d. 1827)
• February 20 – Henry James Pye, English poet (d. 1813)
• February 21 – Olof Tempelman, Swedish architect (d. 1816)
• March 4
  • Charles Dibdin, English composer (d. 1814)
  • Kazimierz Pułaski, American Revolutionary War general (d. 1779)
• March 10 – John Gunby, Maryland soldier in the American Revolutionary War (d. 1807)
• March 25 – John Barry, officer in the Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War and later in the United States Navy (d. 1803)
• April 6 – Thomas Peters, Dutch supercentenarian (d. 1857)
• April 20 – Philippe Pinel, French physician (d. 1826)
• July 8 – Sara Banzet, French educator and diarist (d. 1774)
• July 13 – Robert Calder, British naval officer (d. 1818)
• August 20 – Francis Asbury, American Methodist Bishop (d. 1816)
• August 30 – Johann Hieronymus Schröter, German astronomer (d. 1816)
• September 4 – Schneur Zalman of Liadi, Russian rabbi and founder of Chabad (d. 1812)
• September 16 – Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, Russian field marshal (d. 1813)
• November 13 – Valentin Haüy, French educator, founder of the first school for the blind (d. 1822)
• December 2 – Queen Jeongsun, Korean regent (d. 1805)
• December 15 – Johann Gottfried Koehler, German astronomer (d. 1801)
• December 24 – William Paterson, American politician and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1806)
• date unknown
  • Micaela Bastidas Puyucahua, Peruvian indigenous rebel leader (d. 1781)
  • Gim Hongdo (Danwon), Korean painter (d. 1806)
  • Robert H. Harrison, American jurist and lieutenant colonel of the Continental Army (d. 1790)
  • Olaudah Equiano (Gustavus Vassa), slave, abolitionist, author (d. 1797)

1746

• January 4 – Benjamin Rush, a Founding Father of the United States (d. 1813)
• January 12 – Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, Swiss pedagogue (d. 1827)
• January 24 – King Gustav III of Sweden (d. 1792)

• February 4 – Tadeusz Kościuszko, Polish general and nationalist (d. 1817)
• February 5 – Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, American politician and soldier (d. 1825)
• March 3 – Izabela Czartoryska, Polish magnate princess (d. 1835)
• March 7 – André Michaux, French botanist (d. 1802)

• March 30 – Francisco Goya, Spanish painter (d. 1828)
• April 4 – John Andrews, American clergyman, Provost of the University of Pennsylvania (d. 1813)
• May 9 – Gaspard Monge, French mathematician and geometer (d. 1818)
• June 3 – James Hook, English composer (d. 1827)
• July 3 – Henry Grattan, Irish politician (d. 1820)
• July 16 – Giuseppe Piazzi, Italian astronomer (d. 1826)
• July 23 – Bernardo de Gálvez, Spanish military leader, aids the United States in its quest for independence in the American Revolutionary War (d. 1786)
• July 30 – Louise du Pierry, French astronomer (d. 1807)
• September 28 – Sir William Jones, English philologist (d. 1794)
• October 7 – William Billings, American composer (d. 1800)
• November 27 – Robert R. Livingston, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1813)
• December 29 – Saverio Cassar, Gozitan priest and rebel leader (d. 1805)
• date unknown
  • Hong Liangji, Chinese scholar, statesman, political theorist and philosopher
  • Isaac Swainson, English botanist (d. 1812)
  • Victor d'Hupay, French philosopher and writer (d. 1818)
  • Ekaterina Kozitskaya, Russian industrialist (d. 1833)
  • Ebenezer Pemberton, American educator (d. 1835)

1747

• January 10 – Abraham-Louis Breguet, Swiss horologist, inventor (d. 1823)
• January 15 – John Aikin, English doctor and writer (d. 1822)^[159]
• January 19 – Johann Elert Bode, German astronomer (d. 1826)
• February 21 – Eugenio Espejo, Ecuadorian scientist (d. 1795)
• February 28 – Justin Morgan, American horse breeder and composer (d. 1798)

• May 5 – Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1792)^[160]
• May 7 – Judith van Dorth, Dutch Orangist (d. 1799)
• June 23 – Michele Troja, Italian physician (d. 1827)
• July 2 – Rose Bertin, French fashion designer (d. 1813)
• July 6 – John Paul Jones, American naval captain (d. 1792)^[161]
• September 9 – Thomas Coke, first American Methodist Bishop (d. 1814)
• October 8 – Jean-François Rewbell, French politician (d. 1807)
• September 12 – Caleb Brewster, Patriot spy during the American Revolutionary War (d. 1827)
• December 12 – Anna Seward, English writer (d. 1809)^[162]
• December 31 – Gottfried August Bürger, German poet (d. 1794)
• date unknown
  • François Tourte, French musical instrument maker (d. 1835)
  • Francis Salvador, American patriot (d. 1776)
  • Anne Pépin, Senegalese Signara (d. 1837)
  • Grigory Shelikhov, Russian merchant (d. 1795)