Jan. 17 - With National Prohibition having gone into effect at midnight, an army of around 25,000 federal Prohibition agents prepares to enforce the new law and arrest bootleggers and the sellers of now outlawed alcoholic beverages.[1]
February 3 – Chicago labor racketeerMaurice "Mossy" Enright is killed with a shotgun blast from a drive-by shooter as he parks his car on the curb by his home.[2] Rival labor racketeer Timothy D. "Big Tim" Murphy is suspected in his slaying, but is released for lack of evidence. Although suspected by authorities to have involved the Torrio-Capone organization, Chicago labor union racketeer James Vinci is eventually convicted of his murder.
May 16 - Albert Anastasia and Giuseppe Florino fatally shoot longshoreman George Terrillo (Turino in some sources) in front of his home in Brooklyn. Terrillo dies the following day in the hospital.[8][9]
June 17 - Patrick "Paddy the Bear" Ryan, leader of the Valley Gang, is killed by Walter "The Runt" Quinlan.[10]
August 20 – In a daring daylight robbery, Timothy D. "Big Tim" Murphy and his gang rob a mail train of $100,000.[12] Murphy is indicted in February 1921,[13] and convicted in November,[14] receiving a six-year prison sentence and a $30,000 fine.[15]
August 23 - In an apparent business deal gone wrong, Jewish bootleggersHirschie Miller and Samuel "Nails" Morton shoot and kill Chicago police detectives James Mulcahy and William Hennessey following a brief struggle inside the Beaux Arts Club in Chicago's South Side.[16] Miller claims to have not known the men were cops, but the following day, a grand jury indicts Miller and Morton for the murders.[17] However, both suspects are eventually released.
September 28 - Detroit Mafia boss Giovanni "John" Vitale is shot and killed on Fourteenth Avenue early in the morning, the victim of a drive-by shooting. Gunmen in two vehicles hit Vitale a total of eighteen times.[18]
December 31 - In a tense daylight robbery, six members and associates of Cleveland'sMayfield Road Mob shoot and kill Wilfred Sly and George Fanner, the president and vice-president of the W. W. Sly Manufacturing Company, and make off with the $4,200 payroll they had been transporting back to the plant.[21][22] Over the following months and years, all the suspected robbers would be arrested, with only two being released. The others were tried, three of them being executed and two receiving lengthy prison sentences.[23]
Sangerman's Bombers rise to prominence soon after the 1921 arrest[26] and imprisonment[27] of James Sweeney, leader of Sweeney's Bombers, a Chicagogang leader and professional bomber.
March 8 - In separate incidents Paul Labriola and Harry Raimondi, aids of Alderman John PowersofChicago's Nineteenth Ward, are shot and killed. The five assassins are said to include four gunmen imported from New York City.[28]
March 17 - Chong Yee Luck, a suspected member of San Francisco's Jun Ying Tong, is shot and killed in Locke, a community about thirty miles to the south of Sacramento. After the shooting, police arrest Joe Chew and Fong Gung, members of the Suey Dong Tong, in San Francisco.[29] The following night, the Jun Ying Tong retaliates with the killing of Suey Dong member Tom Jew Yee in San Francisco.[30]
March 20 - Peter "Sugarhouse Pete" DiGiovanni, brother of Kansas City Mafia boss Joseph "Joe Church" DiGiovanni, is arrested after policemen raid his grocery store and find two gallons of prohibited corn whiskey.[31]
March 23 - During an attempt to arrest Thomas "Terrible Tommy" O'Connor, a member of a notorious Irish criminal ganginChicago as well as a fugitive wanted for the murder of fellow gang member James "Jimmy" Cherin, O'Connor shoots and kills Chicago Police Detective Sgt. Patrick "Paddy" O'Neill. O'Connor then successfully escapes from his remaining pursuers by hijacking a vehicle and forcing its owner to drive him away from the area at gunpoint.[32]
May 11 – Chicagomobster and president of the Unione SicilianeAnthony D'Andrea is shot down just outside his home around 2:00 a.m., only hours following a card game the previous night.[34] Taken to the hospital, D'Andrea dies of his wounds on the afternoon of the 12th.[35] He is succeeded by Mike Merlo.
July 18 – The body of West Side bootlegger "Big Steve" Wisniewski, who is not immediately identified, is discovered dead by the side of the road near the Chicago suburb of Libertyville. Wisniewski, whose corpse was first sighted by the road on the morning of Sunday the 17th (and assumed to be a sleeping drunk), is found with four gunshot wounds and a crushed skull.[40] His body is finally identified on July 20th.[41] Wisniewski had recently hijacked a North Side Gang beer shipment, and was last seen with Hymie Weiss. Upon Weiss's return he reportedly explained, "I took Stevie for a one way ride." This is the first time a gangland killing is used as the phrase "one way ride," a term still commonly used today to refer to this method.
August 10 - Lim Look, thought to be a member of the Hop Sing Tong, shoots and kills Loung Bow, who is a member of both the Suey Sing and Bing Kong tongs, as the latter is working on his automobile in Stockton, California, near Sacramento. Lim is quickly arrested on the scene.[45] This killing is one of the last known murders of the so-called Tong Wars.
August 14 – Joseph Sinacola is gunned down in front of his two children during the long running feud between Alderman John Powers and the late Anthony D'Andrea.[46] Sinacola had been released from hospital just two weeks earlier, following a July 6 attempt on his life.[47]
October 13 - New York MafiosoGiuseppe "Diamond Joe Peppe" Viserta is shot and killed in a cafe in Manhattan's Little Italy. While attempting to return fire, Viserta fatally shoots another patron by mistake, while Viserta's killer escapes.[51]
December 11 - A mere four days before he is to be hanged, gangster and convicted cop killer Thomas "Terrible Tommy" O'Connor, along with four other inmates, overpower the guards and escape from the Cook County Jail. O'Connor then makes his escape from the area using a stolen gun to hijack a series of automobiles, similar to the method he had used to evade arrest immediately after killing Detective Sgt. O'Neill back in March.[52] (After his escape, O'Connor disappears and is never recaptured.)
Louis Romano, an associate of Francesco "Frank 'The Enforcer' Nitti" Nitto, is indicted for murder, however is later found acquitted. On Nitti's behalf, Romano would later assume control of the Chicago Bartender and Beverage Dispenser's Union, Local 278.
April 9 - Chicago bootleggerMax Miller (brother of Hirschie Miller), along with William "Red" Cohen and James Adelman, are arrested following a saloon shooting in which one man was killed and four others were wounded. The shooting was reported to have been caused by one of the victims having insulted the sister of lightweight boxerSailor Friedman.[53]
May 8 – In a drive-by shooting in the morning, Vincenzo Terranova is hit with a shotgun blast outside his home on 116th St. in New York, and killed, most likely by order of Rocco Valenti.[54] Later that evening, in a similar incident, Valenti's gang attempts to kill Giuseppe "Joe the Boss" Masseria on Grand St., but Masseria and his men return fire. Five people are wounded in the shootout, including some innocent bystanders. The police manage to capture Masseria as he flees from the scene on foot. When they search him, they find a gun permit allegedly issued to him by one of the justices of the New York Supreme Court.[55]
May 11 – Timothy D. "Big Tim" Murphy, Cornelius "Con" Shea, and Fred "Frenchy" Mader, along with five other men are indicted for murdering a Chicago policeman early the previous morning.[56] The state withdraws the indictment against Shea and Murphy in August for lack of evidence,[57][58] while Mader's trial ends in a hung jury.[59] Upon retrial in November, Mader is acquitted, while only one of the other men originally charged is given fourteen years.[60]
May 21 - Undercover detectives arrest Abe Bernstein, leader of Detroit's Purple Gang, and three others, charging them with running a gambling den on West Columbia St. In November, the four are convicted and sentenced to thirty days in jail.[61]
July 8 – Joseph Peter DiCarlo, co-founder and then-boss of the present day Buffalo crime family, dies of natural causes[62] and is succeeded by longtime (1922–1974) boss Stefano Magaddino.
August 8 – Umberto Valenti, a leading member of the Morello crime family, attempts to assassinate Joe Masseria after shooting his two bodyguards, and corners Masseria in a Second Avenuemillinery shop. Masseria, however, manages to escape with two bullet holes in his straw hat.[63] On August 11, during peace negotiations with Morrello and Masseria, Valenti is killed by Charles Luciano outside a Twelfth Street restaurant while trying to escape an apparent attempt on his life. During the shootout an eleven-year-old girl and a street cleaner are wounded.[64]
August 16 - Three gunmen shoot and kill Carmelo Ferraro, a Brooklyn grocery store owner and witness in a Black Hand murder case in Boston. He is killed in a garden at the back of his store, where he is hosting a party.[65][66] Early the following day, Albert Anastasia and Giuseppe Florino, who were released from death rowatSing Sing in April for the 1920 murder of a longshoreman, are arrested for Ferraro's murder.[67]
August 29 - In the village of Elk Grove, about twenty miles northwest of Chicago, several gunmen attempt to raid three trucks transporting prohibited beer to Chicago. Four gunmen serving as armed guards for the trucks return fire. In the ensuing shootout, one member of each party is killed, while three others are wounded, including one policeman and an alderman's brother.[68] Two nights later, on August 31, State's Attorney Robert E. Crowe names Terry Druggan and Frank Lake - leaders of the Valley Gang - as well as independent gangster Walter Stevens, as suspects in the raiding party.[69] Druggan and Lake are arrested on September 6, but the two wounded men fail to identify them as being present on the night of the shooting.[70]
August 30 - Early in the morning Al Capone, who is apparently driving under the influence, crashes his vehicle into a taxi, injuring the driver. Immediately following the collision, Capone exits his vehicle brandishing a revolver and flashing a deputy sheriff's badge, and even threatens one of the witnesses. Despite his efforts, Capone is arrested, although he threatens the arresting officer with the loss of his job, and boasts that he'll be able to get the charge "fixed." In Chicago newspaper articles the following day, Capone is identified as the owner of the "Four Deuces," a brothel on Wabash Avenue.[71]
October 31 - Louis "Lepke" Buchalter and three of his companions are arrested on a Brooklyn subway when an undercover detective overhears them openly discussing a recent robbery of around $15,000 worth of furs.[73] The arrests prompt the police to charge them with another costly fur robbery in the area, amounting to a total of $45,000. However, on November 3 the magistrate releases the prisoners for lack of evidence.[74]
November 25 - Following an argument over a poker game, a railroad foreman named Fortunato Di Pasquale is fatally shot on Biddle St. in St. Louis,[75] dying three days later. On December 2, a coroner's jury finds Paul and Nicholas Giambroni, brothers of St. Louis Mafia boss Dominick Giambroni, responsible for Di Pasquale's murder, while naming Dominick and his son, Joseph, as accessories.[76] (At a preliminary hearing on January 26, 1923, the presiding judge drops the charges.)[77]
December 5 - Irish-American gangster William "Wild Bill" Lovett turns himself in to the Brooklyn police, who have been looking for him since the murder of rival gangster Dennis "Dinny" Meehan in March 1920. He is wanted for both the Meehan murder, as well as the murder of a black man six months later.[78] However, on December 15, Lovett is freed from custody for lack of evidence.[79]
January 3 – William J. "Wild Bill" Lovett, leader of Brooklyn's White Hand Gang, is shot three times in the chest on Front St. and left for dead in a nearby shanty. Although he eventually recovers from his wounds, he refuses to identify his attackers. The authorities believe the shooting to be revenge for the murder of "Dinny" Meehan in March 1920 (erroneously reported as occurring in 1921 in the Brooklyn papers).[82][83]
March 10 - Just before midnight a gunman arrives in a taxicab and enters the Home Brew Social Club on Gold St. in Brooklyn, where members of the White Hand Gang are gathered for a party. The gunman opens fire, seriously wounding four men, including Richard "Peg Leg" Lonergan, before he flees on foot. All four victims are taken to the hospital.[84]
July 14 - Albert Anastasia and Giuseppe Florino are sentenced to three years in prison for the illegal possession of firearms.[87]
August 1 – The third New York City Labor Slugger War (with thugs hired by both sides to do battle in strikebreaker situations) begins after Jacob "Little Augie" Orgen and his "Little Augies" ally with Solomon Schapiro against Nathan "Kid Dropper" Kaplan's "Rough Riders" during a gun battle between the gangs on Essex Street resulting in the wounding of Jacob "Gurrah" Shapiro, partner of Louis "Lepke" Buchalter, and William "Footsy" Weissman, as well as Weissman's female companion.[88] Though Shapiro and Weissman are critically wounded, Shapiro makes a full recovery. Nathan Kaplan and fourteen others are later arrested and charged with attempted murder.[89]
August 28 – Nathan Kaplan is killed when gunman Louis Cohen, a member of the Little Augies, shoots Kaplan while he is being transported from Essex Market Court following his acquittal for extortion. Following the assassination, Cohen is immediately arrested while freely admitting his guilt. In the wake of the killing, police conduct multiple raids around the city, and manage to arrest several suspects, including Jacob Orgen and Samuel Weiss.[90][91] Although Orgen and Weiss are arraigned on charges of having been involved in Kaplan's murder,[92] the magistrate dismisses the charges in Manhattan Homicide Court on September 7.[93]
September 7 – In a continuing bootlegger war in South Side, Chicago, between the Southside O'Donnell Brothers and an alliance of the Saltis-McErlane Gang and the Chicago Outfit, Saltis-McErlane leader Frank McErlane kills Jerry O'Connor, a member of the Southside O'Donnell Brothers, in a driveby shooting. McErlane is the first to use a Thompson submachine gun, which becomes popularly known as a "Tommy Gun".[94]
September 17 – Frank McErlane kills again, gunning down George "Georgia" Meegan and George "Spot" Bucher of the Southside O'Donnell Brothers. In a drive-by shooting, McErlane and his men fire shotguns and pistols at the two victims as the pair are seated in a parked automobile at the intersection of Laflin St. and Garfield Blvd.[95]
November 1 – Having survived the January 3 assassination attempt, White Hand Gang leader William "Wild Bill" Lovett is killed by an unknown person or persons as he sleeps off a night of drinking in the back of an abandoned store on Bridge St. in Brooklyn. Lovett is shot several times in the head, and his head is bashed in with a heavy object.[97] A few days later, on November 5, Lovett is buried in the Cypress Hills National Cemetery with full military honors, for having fought bravely during World War I.[98]
November 5 - Michael Izzo, a Nineteenth Ward bootlegger, is shot dead at close range as he pumps a leaky tire on South Throop St. in Chicago. The assassin then flees on foot.[99]
December 1 – Frank McErlane strikes again, kidnapping Thomas "Morrie" Keane and William "Shorty" Egan, two beer-runners for the Southside O'Donnell Brothers, on the Lemont Highway to the southwest of Chicago. McErlane shoots both men multiple times with a shotgun before throwing them out of a moving car. Keane is killed, and Egan is left for dead, although he recovers and is able to provide an eyewitness account of the incident.[100]
December 3 - Manhattan police arrest Owney Madden, George "Big Frenchy" DeMange, and Henry Jacobs as suspects in the theft of twenty cases of whiskey (valued at $16,000) from a warehouse on West Sixty-Fourth St. the previous afternoon.[101][102]
Thomas Joseph McGinty, a Cleveland bootlegger and fight promoter, is indicted with two other family members by a federal grand jury and charged with operating "a gigantic wholesale and retail conspiracy" through his saloon. After serving eighteen months at Atlanta Federal Penitentiary, he resumes his bootlegging activities.
Walter Stevens, a long-time Chicago gangster and labor slugger credited with the deaths of over 60 men, retires as a gunman for the Torrio-Capone organization where he lives peacefully until his death in 1939.
Atong war breaks out between the On Leong and Hip Sing tongs after several members of the On Leongs defect to the Hip Sings with a large amount of money.
February 13 - William "Dinty" Colbeck, boss of Egan's Rats, and several of his men shoot and kill Eddie Linehan, another member of the gang and a suspect in a mail robbery the previous year. They then dump Linehan's body on Goodfellow Ave., where St. Louis police later discover it.[103]
February 22 - The murdered body of John Duffy, an associate of the North Side Gang, is discovered on a prairie in the snow on the southwestern edge of Chicago. That evening, police search Duffy's apparent, where they find the body of Duffy's wife or live-in girlfriend, Maybelle Exley, who had also been shot dead.[104] During the course of the investigation, it is learned that Duffy himself had killed Exley,[105] and had then reached out in a panic to North Side boss Dean O'Bannion to help him get rid of Exley's body. Rather than helping him, however, O'Bannion had instead shot Duffy in the head, and disposed of his body on the outskirts of town.[106]
March 13 - Five men attempt to assassinate Chicago bootlegger and racketeerHirschie Miller as the latter is driving his car on Racine Ave., near North Clark St. Miller notices the gunmen, however, and is able to duck down into his vehicle to avoid being hit. That night, around midnight, Miller's cleaning and dyeing business on North Clark St. is bombed. While police believe that rival bootleggers, including Dean O'Bannion, are likely behind these attacks on Miller,[107] Hirschie himself blames the Cleaners and Dyers' Association and its war on independent business owners.[108]
April 11 - Michael Bossomo, a criminal associate of the Russo Gang in St. Louis, is fatally shot as he sits in his parked car in front of a grocery store on North Seventh St. Taken to City Hospital, Bossomo names Anthony "Shorty" Russo and Vincent Spicuzza as the men who shot him, before he dies of his wounds.[110]
April 25 - As a bank cashier is carrying two mail bags containing a $63,000 payroll across the street from the post office to the Granite City National Bank in Granite City, Illinois (a suburb of St. Louis), several members of Egan's Rats in two automobiles pull up and rob the cashier at gunpoint. Although the cashier is armed with a shotgun, the weapon jams, but armed men at both the post office and the bank manage to fire at the vehicles, and a shootout takes place for a few moments before the gangsters make away with the money, abandoning one of the vehicles, which turned out to be stolen, in a village near East St. Louis.[111]
May 8 - Following an altercation in a saloon on Wabash Ave. in Chicago, Al Capone kills independent beer runner and criminal Joseph L. "Ragtime Joe" Howard, shooting him several times at close range.[112] According to some sources, the killing of Howard is in retaliation for his having assaulted Capone's bagman, Jake "Greasy Thumb" Guzik, as it is apparently Guzik who accompanies Capone to the saloon at the time of the shooting.
May 19 - In the morning, Chicago policemen raid the Sieben brewery on Larrabee St., and arrest Johnny Torrio and Dean O'Bannion, the two main owners of the brewery, as well as Louis Alterie and 28 others. Three policemen who had been assigned to guard the supposedly shutdown brewery are also arrested and jailed. Because this arrest marks Torrio's second violation of the Volstead Act, he will face mandatory prison time.[114]
May 22 - Just before midnight, Jewish mobster Joseph "Joey" Amberg is shot and critically wounded in a shootout with rival gangsters at the intersection of Broadway and Roebling Streets in Brooklyn. In the hospital, Amberg refuses to identify his shooters, and says that he will "settle it" himself.[115]
August 24 - Jewish mobster Joseph "Doc" Stacher, currently living in New Jersey, is charged in an Asbury Park court with having passed a bad check to some girls inside a restaurant on August 18.[117]
September 21 - In a drive-by shooting on Essex St. in Manhattan, three unidentified gangsters riding in a taxicab allegedly shoot and kill Harry "Kid Portchester" Marks, a member of "Little Augie" Orgen's gang, in front of his former home. The driver of the taxi is Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel, who police do manage to apprehend, although Siegel feigns ignorance as to the shooters' identities.[118] Despite this, Siegel is charged as an accessory,[119] but he is freed when a magistrate dismisses the charges in homicide court on October 7.[120]
November 9 - Mike Merlo, Chicago politician and President of the Unione Siciliana, a Scilian-American fraternal organization that has also become a front for Italian-American organized crime in recent years, dies at his home of complications from cancer.[121]
Italian dictator Benito Mussolini's campaign against the Sicilian Mafia causes many Sicilian mafiosi, organized by Don Vito Cascio Ferro, to flee Italy. Ferro would later prepare to move his criminal operations to the United States before his arrest the following year.
January 24 – Weiss, Moran, Drucci, and Frank GusenbergambushChicago Outfit leader Johnny Torrio as he returns from shopping with his wife, shooting him and his chauffeur, Robert Barton, several times. As Moran is about to kill Torrio, the gun misfires. The gunmen are forced to flee as the police arrive.[126] Soon after this attack, Torrio would retire to Italy, giving leadership of The Outfit to his lieutenant, Capone.
February 9 – Johnny Torrio is sentenced by JudgeAdam Cliffe to nine months in the Lake CountyJail, in Waukegan, Illinois, a short distance north of Chicago.[127] Torrio's lawyers ostensibly choose this facility because Torrio can receive proper medical treatment there; however, the real reason is for Torrio's protection as the Sheriff Edwin Ahlstrom is on Torrio's payroll. After his release, Torrio would be escorted by Capone out of Lake County.
February 24 - Ralph Sheldon, leader of the Sheldon Gang, and George "Rabbit" Connell are among those arrested for various acts of election day violence and sabotage arising from Chicago's aldermanic elections. The criminal acts mostly center on the Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Forty-Third Wards, and include kidnappings, shootings, and ballot thefts. Sheldon's brother, Stanley, is himself hospitalized after he shoots it out with a policeman during one attempted kidnapping in the Fifteenth Ward.[128]
March 16 - During an altercation outside a boxing venue on Springfield Ave. in Newark, New Jersey bootlegger Joseph Reinfeld knocks former Prohibition agent Louis "Lone Wolf" La Fera to the pavement, fracturing his skull. La Fera dies at the hospital early the following morning, and Reinfeld is arrested and charged with his murder.[129]
March 26 - During an early morning altercation on Cadillac Ave., Detroit mobsterMike Dipisa shoots and fatally wounds Earl Maher, who dies while en route to the hospital.[130] That evening, after Dipisa is arrested, he confesses to the killing, but claims he shot the man is self defense.[131]
April 7 - Chicago bootlegger Joseph Larson is shot dead in an alley near the corner of Grand Ave. and Halsted St.[132]
April 9 - Galveston gang boss John L. "Johnny Jack" Nounes and four others are acquitted in federal court in Houston of charges of conspiracy to violate the national Prohibition laws.[133] (Nounes is already under a two-year sentence for a previous conviction in June 1924, which he will begin serving in July.)[134]
May 11 - During a party at the Durant Social Club located in the Village Inn in the neighborhood of Bath Beach in Brooklyn, three gunmen enter the ballroom and shoot Henry "Doggie" Ginsberg, brother of labor racketeerAbe "Little Doggie" Ginsberg, five times, killing him. As the killers leave, Hyman "Hymie" Jacobson pursues them, and is shot dead outside.[135] Two nights later, the police arrest Hyman Amberg,[136] but witnesses fail to identify him as one of the shooters. Then, on June 13, police arrest Abraham "Curley" Aaronson, a rival labor racketeer, and indict him for the double murder.[137] However, on November 10, New York Supreme Court Justice James C. Cropsey directs that Aaronson be acquitted after the assistant D.A. fails to prove the charges.[138]
May 18 - In Chicago a squad of detectives arrest a drunken Ralph Sheldon and Carl C. Ausburger following a car chase lasting for over a mile, in which Sheldon and his companion exchange gunfire with the lawmen. Upon their arrest, the gunmen are said to be "so drunk...they could not be questioned."[139]
June 13 - While patrolling on Western Ave. in Chicago, a car load of detectives spot another vehicle containing four suspicious characters, including Mike "the Devil" Genna, and Genna Gang enforcers John Scalise and Albert Anselmi, and decide to give chase. After a high-speed chase, the car full of gangsters is forced off the street and onto a curb, where it crashes into a lamp post. The gangsters, armed with shotguns, begin firing at the policemen, killing Detectives Charles Walsh and Harold Olson, and wounding Detective Michael Conway. As the gangsters are fleeing the scene of the shootout, Genna is hit in the leg, severing his femoral artery. Genna is finally cornered while taking refuge in a nearby basement, where he is subdued. Although an ambulance is summoned, Genna bleeds to death before he can be taken to the hospital. Scalise and Anselmi are eventually arrested after boarding a streetcar on Western Ave.[141]
July 8 - After being lured to a meeting at Grand Ave. and Curtis St., Tony "the Gentleman" Genna is ambushed and fatally shot. Before he dies at the hospital, Genna reveals to his brother Sam that it was a supposed friend, Antonio "Cavalero" (or "the Cavalier") Spano, who had set up the meeting at which he was shot. It is believed that members of the North Side Gang may have also been involved. Tony Genna is the third of the once-powerful Genna Brothers to die in just over a month's time.[142]
July 18 - At the intersection of Wells and 29th Streets in Chicago, a gunfight breaks out between labor racketeers resulting in the deaths of James "Jimmy" Vinci and Joseph "Machine Gun Joe" Granata. A third man is seen shooting one of the downed men several times before fleeing on foot.[144]
July 23 - George "Big Bates" Karl, a Sheldon Gang hitman, goes missing.[145] On November 27, Karl's bullet-riddled body is found in a ditch in the village of Stickney, Illinois to the southwest of Cicero. He is believed to have been a victim of the Joe Saltis-Frank McErlane Gang.[146]
August 18 - Joseph "Joe" Bruno (born Joseph LoCascio, and no known relation to the future Philadelphia crime family boss of the same name, who was born Giuseppe Dovi), a Philadelphia bootlegger and drug trafficker, is fatally shot near his home on Catherine St. That evening, Ignatius Lanzetta, a member of the rival Lanzetta Brothers gang, is arrested following an attempted drive-by shooting of several other rival drug peddlers, followed by a shootout with Philadelphia police.[147] However, Bruno dies at Howard Hospital the following morning without revealing the identity of his killers. On August 22, Ignatius Lanzetta is charged with Bruno's murder.[148]
November 10 – Samuzzo "Samoots" Amatuna, an associate of the Genna crime family, is fatally shot inside a West Side, Chicago barber shop by members of the North Side Gang. Although friends manage to get Amatuna to the hospital,[154] he dies early on the morning of the 13th.[155]
November 18 – Amatuna associate and bodyguard Edward "Eddie Zine" Zion is shot and killed in Willow Springs, Illinois, to the southwest of Cicero, shortly after returning from Amatuna's funeral.[156]
November 20 – Amatuna associate and bodyguard Abraham "Pete the Peddler" Goldstein is shot and killed by unidentified gunmen while in a drug store on Blue Island Avenue in Chicago, although witnesses, including Goldstein's 14-year-old sister, later stated that they saw several members and associates of the West Side O'Donnell Gang in the vicinity both before and after the shooting.[157]
November 26 - In Brooklyn, two bandits hold up a butcher shop belonging to Irving Lippman, and rob Lippman of $1,200 before tying him up and leaving him suspended from a meat hook in a locked walk-in refrigerator. Lippman survives the ordeal and is able to identify one of the suspects as Vincenzo Cappiello, a member of Frankie Yale's gang. After a two-week search, Cappiello is arrested on December 15 and charged with assault and robbery, with his bail set at $50,000.[158]
November 27 - Joseph Sangerman, leader of Sangerman's Bombers, is arrested,[159] and later imprisoned. His death the following year while still awaiting trial would lead to that organization's eventual breakup.
December 22 – Joseph "Dynamite Joe" Brooks, believed to be a member of Ragen's Colts, is shot and killed along with Edward Harmening, an off-duty sheriff's deputy, their bodies left in the back seat of Harmening's automobile.[162] The following day, a coroner's jury theorizes that the two were likely the victims of the Saltis-McErlane Gang.[163]
December 26 - In the early morning hours, as a Christmas party is winding to a close at the Adonis Social Club on 20th St. in Brooklyn, Richard "Peg Leg" Lonergan and two of his men are shot and killed, essentially bringing the Irish-American White Hand Gang to an end. Lonergan, last boss of the White Hand Gang, had arrived at the club with five of his men to celebrate the Christmas holidays, as well as to harass any Italians they saw there. Just after 3:00 a.m., as those in attendance at the party are dwindling, someone turns the lights off, and the shooting begins, leaving Lonergan and fellow gang members Aaron Harms and Cornelius "Needles" Ferry dead. While Lonergan and Ferry drop dead inside the club, Harms makes it to the street before someone finishes him off with a blow to the head with a sharp object, believed to be a meat cleaver or a similar instrument. Another member, James Hart, is wounded, while the others get away unharmed.[164][165] Among those arrested in the days following the shootings is Al Capone, who has recently become boss of the Chicago Outfit, and who is in New York to obtain medical treatment for his son.[166]
January 10 – Henry J. Spingola, Chicago politician and brother-in-law to the six Genna Brothers, is shot multiple times as he gets in his automobile parked in front of a restaurant on South Halsted St. Although some friends drive Spingola to the hospital, he soon dies. Although it is believed that members of the Chicago Outfit killed Spingola, Spingola's brother, Peter Spingola, blames Hymie Weiss, boss of the North Side Gang.[167]
January 20 - In Charleston, South Carolina bootlegger Manley S. Sullivan is convicted in federal court of income tax evasion.[168] On January 26, Sullivan is sentenced to six months in jail.[169] Sullivan's appeal of his sentence will go on to be argued the following year in the United States Supreme Court in the case of United States v. Sullivan. The first bootlegger to be tried and convicted using federal income tax law, Sullivan's case is a test case that will open the way for notorious Prohibition bootleggers such as Chicago's Al Capone to be tried for their various crimes using the charge of income tax evasion.
February 5 - Around noon, someone sets off a bomb in front of Ralph Sheldon's home on South Rockwell St., destroying his automobile which is parked at the curb.[170]
February 5 - On a farm near Horseshoe LakeinMadison County, Illinois, about four miles east of St. Louis, the bodies of two Edwardsville men missing since January 29, are discovered in a shallow grave. The men are Constable Ohmer Hockett, a member of the Ku Klux Klan, and John Balke, a friend of Hockett's who is known to have spent time in a reformatory. They had gone to the area with the intention of raiding a large moonshining operation thought to be running on the farm. Both men have been shot, and Hockett's skull has been crushed.[171] The Prohibition agents who find the bodies also find several concrete vats for storing the moonshine, but the still has been removed. The evening after the discovery, the sheriff issues an arrest warrant for John Giannola, brother of St. Louis Mafia boss Vito Giannola, who police learn had a stolen automobile towed from the farm on the very same day the murder victims went missing.[172] On February 8, a federal warrant is also issued for John Giannola for transporting a stolen vehicle across state lines.[173] Giannola, however, is able to evade arrest until March, when he makes a deal with the feds to turn himself in, which happens on March 29.[174] The case is later dismissed for lack of evidence.[175]
February 10 - While still awaiting trial on multiple bombing indictments, Chicago labor racketeer and bomber Joseph M. Sangerman falls ill of intestinal problems resulting from an old shooting injury, and has to undergo emergency surgery at Grant Hospital. Following the surgery, Sangerman remains in critical condition,[176] and he dies at the hospital on the night of February 12.[177]
February 10 - Following a machine gun shooting at a saloon on South Halsted St., in which Sheldon Gang members William Wilson and John "Mitters" Foley are seriously wounded, police begin searching for rival gang bosses Frank McErlane and Joseph "Polack Joe" Saltis.[178]
February 15 – Urazio "The Scourge" Tropea, an associate of the Genna crime family, is gunned down in a drive-by shooting by unidentified gunmen.[179]
February 21 – A boy walking to Sunday School in the Chicago suburb of Oak Lawn discovers the body of Genna crime family ally Vito Bascone, a West Sidebootlegger. Bascone has been "taken for a ride" and shot in the head, his corpse dumped in Oak Park, while his vehicle is discovered at the bottom of a quarry between Summit and Lyons.[180]
February 23 – Another Genna Gang member, Ecola Edward "the Eagle" Baldelli, is "taken for a ride", his body dumped in an alley behind a factory on North Curtis St.[181]
March 7 - As four members of the ever-shrinking Genna Gang are riding in a car, men in a second vehicle fire sawed-off shotguns at them, killing John Calabriese, and wounding the others.[182]
March 29 - Ralph Sheldon is arrested once again when he and two of his associates are pulled over. The detectives search the men, and find that each one is carrying two revolvers.[183]
April 3 - In a saloon on South Loomis St. in Chicago, John "Paddy the Fox" Ryan, the son of former Valley Gang boss Patrick "Paddy the Bear" Ryan, who currently sells bootlegged beer for the Sheldon Gang, shoots and kills Walter "Runt" Quinlan, the man who killed Ryan's father, who currently runs beer for the rival West Side O'Donnell Gang.[184]
April 10 - As Sheldon Gang members John Tuccello and Frank De Laurentis are delivering bootlegged alcohol to a saloon on West 51st St. in Chicago, four members of the rival Saltis-McErlane Gang enter the saloon and kidnap the two men, and carry them away in their own automobile. Tuccello and De Laurentis are reported missing the following morning, but it is not until around noon on April 15 that their bullet-riddled bodies are discovered in their own vehicle, which is placed in front of Ralph Sheldon's home at 65th and Rockwell Streets.[186]
April 22 - In a police raid on a saloon on West 50th St. in Chicago, Joe Saltis and Frank McErlane are arrested along with several members of their gang, as well as Walter Stevens. McErlane, in particular is held on warrants for crimes committed in Indiana, including one charging him with the May 1924 murder of a Crown Point attorney, Thad S. Fancher.[188] (McErlane would not be extradited back to Indiana for trial until August,[189] where he would eventually be acquitted.[190])
April 27 - As several members of the West Side O'Donnell Gang are standing outside a saloon on West Roosevelt Road in Cicero, someone in a moving automobile fires at the group with a machine gun, fatally wounding gang members James "Jim" Doherty and Thomas "Red" Duffy, as well as Assistant State's Attorney William "Bill" McSwiggin, who was a childhood friend of several of the gang members, and has been out drinking with them. A passerby takes Duffy to the hospital, where he soon dies, while the bodies of Doherty and McSwiggin are abandoned in nearby Berwyn, where they are found about an hour after the shootings.[191] Outraged at the death of McSwiggin, Cook County officials begin a series of raids against the bootlegging gangs, arresting Ralph Capone, older brother of Al Capone, and Charles Fischetti in Cicero on the morning of April 29. Taken along with the gangsters are an arsenal of weapons,[192] as well as a set of bookkeeping ledgers recording the financial transactions of the Chicago Outfit under Al Capone. Officials soon focus on Al Capone as the leading suspect in the murders, but he manages to successfully go into hiding ahead of the raids,[193] and is able to elude capture for several months.
May 1 - Early in the morning, Martin Garrity, believed to be a low level member of the Sheldon Gang,[194] is shot and killed while riding in a taxi cab with several other suspicious characters, his body dumped in an alley.[195] His killer is soon identified as Francis (or Frank) "Doc" White, an ex-convict and another minor player in the bootlegging gangs. At first it is believed that Garrity is the innocent victim of a robbery,[196] but within a few days the murder is described as a gang killing.[197]
May 14 - On a Friday afternoon in Pueblo, Colorado, the Carlino Brothers, leaders of a "Black Hand" and bootlegging gang, and three of their men fatally shoot rivals Pete and Tony Danna as the latter are standing in front of a poolhall belonging to Sam English, who is also wounded in the shooting. A third Danna brother, Sam Danna, escapes unharmed.[198][199]
May 17 - On 43rd St. in Chicago, bootlegger James McDonough and Thomas Dire, an associate of labor racketeer Tom Maloy, get into a shootout over an issue involving their girlfriends, and Dire is shot. He dies on the way to the hospital.[200]
May 20 - Frank Cremaldi (or Crimaldi), a former Detroit gangster and current associate of the Chicago Outfit, is shot several times in the back of the head and killed after meeting with his killers on a country road near the village of Franklin Park. Cremaldi's body is discovered there the following morning. After the discovery of the murder, police pick up and question Mike Carozza, Cremaldi's friend and another Outfit associate, before releasing him the same night.[201]
June 2 - Early in the morning, as Chicago Heights gangster Girolamo "James" Lamberta is leaving the roadhouse of friend and fellow gangster, Philip Piazza, with two female friends in the Chicago suburb of Thornton, unknown assassins fire on the group with shotguns, instantly killing Lamberta and one of the women, while wounding the other woman.[202]
July 13 - As West Side, Chicago bootlegger Joseph Ciccone is walking into his house on Flournoy St., two unknown men approach him, get into an argument with him, and shoot him dead.[203]
July 13 - Early in the morning, West Side, Chicago gangster Jules Portugese is shot in the head four times at close range, probably inside a car, and his body is dumped on Milwaukee Avenue to the north of the village of Niles, where it is later discovered by two boys.[204] Suspicion for the crime falls on bootlegger Nate Goldberg, who disappears after his arrest is ordered.[205]
July 20 - Detroit bootlegger William Glanzrock is shot and killed at the intersection of Oakland Ave. and Leicester Ct. Police soon arrest Purple Gang member Louis Fleisher as a suspect,[206] but are unable to produce evidence against him, and he is released.[207][208]
July 22 - Philip Piazza, friend of the late James Lamberta, is himself shot dead outside his Milano Cafe on Lowe Ave. in Chicago Heights, Illinois by two unknown assassins.[209]
July 26 - Late at night in federal court in Manhattan, following a three-week trial, William V. "Big Bill" Dwyer and an associate are convicted of conspiracy to violate the national Prohibition law as heads of a bootlegging ring operating in and around New York City, and which had involved members of the Coast Guard. Dwyer is immediately sentenced to two years in the federal penitentiary in Atlanta, and a $10,000 fine. Six of his co-defendants are acquitted.[210] (Frank Costello, Dwyer's partner in the bootleg ring, and who was arrested at the same time as Dwyer, will be brought to trial the following January, where he will receive a mistrial.)[211]
July 28 - After being on the run ever since the murders of assistant state's attorney William "Bill" McSiggin and two members of the West Side O'Donnell Gang back in April, Al Capone finally turns himself in to Chicago authorities.[212] The following day, however, the case against Capone is dismissed for lack of evidence, and Capone is released.[213]
August 3 - As he is standing on a street corner early in the morning in Chicago Heights, Joe Salvo, nephew of the late Chicago Heights gang boss James Lamberta, is hit in the side with a shotgun blast in a drive-by shooting. Salvo dies at the hospital a few hours later.[214]
August 4 - In Detroit, Philip Keywell, a member of the Purple Gang, and two other armed robbers hold up a blind pig on Brush St., stealing between $6,000 and $7,000 worth of money and jewelry from the bar's owner and patrons (including the widow of gangster Frank Cremaldi, who was killed in Chicago in May). A trace of the getaway car's license plate number leads to the arrest of Keywell, who is charged the following week.[215] On August 23, however, the judge dismisses the charge against Keywell.[216]
August 6 - As he is driving his car on Richmond St. near his home in Chicago, Sheldon Gang member John "Mitters" Foley notices another vehicle tailing him, and attempts to flee. In the other vehicle are rival gang boss Joe Saltis and three of his men, all armed with shotguns. Foley, who had survived a previous attempt to kill him in February, pulls his car up to the curb and attempts to flee on foot, but trips and falls, enabling one of his pursuers to run up and shoot him twice at close range, instantly killing Foley.[217] The following evening, Chicago police arrest Foley's boss, Ralph Sheldon, and one of his men as they are driving on Michigan Ave. armed with concealed weapons, in a quest to avenge themselves of Foley's murder.[218]
August 8 - Another Chicago Heights gangster is murdered when unknown gunmen enter a residence on Wallace Ave. where a party is taking place, and fatally shoot Joe Catando. The shooters are then observed fleeing to a car with Chicago license plates. Catando and another guest who was hit in the fusillade are both taken to a nearby hospital, where Catando dies from his wounds shortly after midnight.[219]
August 20 - Outside of a barber shop on West Division St. in Chicago, gunmen shoot and kill Antonio "the Cavalier" Spano, a former associate of the Genna Brothers, and a current member of the Italian bootlegging network in Chicago Heights. It is widely believed that Spano had been involved in the murder of Tony Genna in July of 1925. Although two of the surviving Genna brothers are arrested in the wake of Spano's murder, there are indications that his killing is the work of the Aiello Brothers, who are interested in taking control of the former Genna territories.[220][221]
October 11 – While meeting with Chicago lawyer William W. O'Brian, North Side Gang leader Hymie Weiss is killed in an ambush outside Holy Name Cathedral, Chicago, with bodyguard Patrick Murray. North Side Gang members Benny Jacobs and Sam Pellar are severely wounded. With Weiss's death, Vincent "The Schemer" Drucci assumes gang leadership.
October 20 – John "Dingbat" O'Berta and Joseph "Polack Joe" Saltis call a peace conference in an attempt to broker a ceasefire among Chicago's major bootleggers. With the establishment of Madison Street as dividing the Chicago Outfit and the North Side Gang territories, the two sides agree to peace.
December 30 – The Chicago gang ceasefire is broken when Sheldon Gang member Hillary Clements is killed by the Saltis-McErlane Gang.
South Carolina bootlegger Manley Sullivan becomes the first gangster to be convicted for federal tax evasion. The case would establish the precedent of illegal income being taxable, an effective weapon against organized crime figures throughout the decade.
The Southside O'Donnell's gang kidnaps John "Jackie" Adler, a liaison for Al Capone to the Chicago police. Adler is later released unharmed.
Angelo Lo Mantio, a Milwaukee, Wisconsin gunman, is hired by Chicago bootlegger and organized crime leader Joe Aiello to murder competitor Al Capone.
Joe Aiello continues hiring gunmen to kill rival Al Capone, but hitmen Sam Valante and New York gangster Antonio Torchio, in separate incidents, are both killed by members of Capone's Chicago Outfit as they each disembark their trains in Chicago.
January – Chicago saloon owner John Costanaro, a distributor for the Sheldon Gang, is killed by a rival bootlegging gang.
January 6 – Theodore Anton, a restaurant manager above Al Capone's Hawthorne Inn, is kidnapped and later killed by the rival North Side Gang.
March 11 – Saltis-McErlane gunmen Charles "Big Hayes" Hubacek and Frank "Lefty" Koncil are killed, possibly by Chicago Outfit gunmen in retaliation for Koncil's recent acquittal for the 1926 murder of Sheldon Gang member John "Mitters" Foley.
March 28 – Joseph Amato, boss of the Milwaukee crime family, dies of natural causes and is succeeded by Joseph Vallone.
June 10 – While checking up on Frankie Yale's bootlegging operations in New York, Capone gunman James DeAmato is killed in Manhattan.
July 24 – Charles Birger is sentenced to death for the murder of West City Mayor Joseph Adams. Ray Hyland, a gunman for Birger, and Birger associate Arthur Newman are sentenced to life imprisonment.
August 7 – After being stopped by a US Coast Guard cutter off the eastern coast of Florida, "King of the Rum Runners" James Alderman kills a US Secret Service agent and two members of the Coast Guard while being arrested. Alderman is later convicted of murder and hanged in 1929.
October 13 – Joseph "Big Joe" Lonardo, founder and boss of the Cleveland crime family, is killed in a local barber shop, along with his brother John. Family underbossSalvatore Todaro, who planned the killings with the large Porrello brothers faction (owners of the barber shop), becomes the new boss.
November 4 – Mob financier Arnold Rothstein is shot by an unidentified gunman while at Manhattan's Park-Central Hotel and dies of his wounds at the Polyclinic Hospital the following day. Rothstein's murder would be attributed to his refusal to pay a $320,000 gambling debt from a three-day poker. Rothstein had refused to pay because he said the game was dishonest. George "Hump" McManus, a participant in the game, would be arrested for Rothstein's murder, but later acquitted due to lack of evidence.
March 19 – William J. Vercoe, a colorful Chicago criminal noted for reciting poetry, is shot and killed by Westside O'Donnell gang member William Clifford while at the Pony InninCicero, Illinois.
May 7 – Chicago Outfit hitmen Albert Anselmi and John Scalise, two of the men suspected in the murder of North Side Gang leader Dean O'Banion and fellow mob boss Joseph "Hop Toad" Giunta, the current Unione Siculiana President are all killed during a lavish party held at Al Capone's residence. The party was a ruse by mob boss Al Capone to lure the three men to their deaths after their plan to gain leadership of the Chicago Outfit by eliminating Capone is uncovered. The men where beaten to death by Capone, who used a baseball bat to commit the murders.
May 9 – Prominent New York mob associate Meyer Lansky marries Anna Citron.
June 11 – Salvatore "Black Sam" Todaro, a Cleveland, Ohio mafia leader, the #2 man or underboss in the Porrello crime family is shot and killed while approaching a parked car. Todaro's murder was a revenge killing for plotting with the Porrello family to betray and kill his former boss Joe Lonardo and take over the crime family in late 1927.
June 24 – Broadway based mobster Gandolfo Curto, better known as "Frankie Marlow" was found murdered in Queens after a night of dining in Manhattan. Frankie Marlow was a former associate of Brooklyn mob boss Frankie Yale. Among other things, Marlow ran a bookmaking operation under Yale's protection and was also a bootlegger, nightclub owner and boxing manager.
July 2 – Benjamin Evangelista, a religious leader and real estate tycoon, is killed with his wife and four children. It is believed that the killings are related to possible dealings with organized crime.
^"25,000 Hunt Bootleggers," The Washington Times, January 17, 1920.
^"'Moss' Enright Slain in Labor War," Chicago Tribune, February 4, 1920.
^"Let Prisoners See Hangings, Grand Jury Says," Chicago Tribune, February 21, 1920.
^"Gunman Murdered Asleep with Wife," The New York Times, April 1, 1920.
^"Gang Leader Shot to Death While He Slept Beside Wife," The [Daily] News, April 1, 1920.
^"Bandits Kill Guard, Shoot Paymaster, Steal $16,000," The Boston Globe, April 16, 1920.
^"Colosimo Slain; Seek Ex-Wife, Just Returned," Chicago Tribune, May 12, 1920.
^"Found Shot Near Home, Man Dies in Hospital," The Standard Union, May 17, 1920.
^"Two Found Guilty of Terrillo Murder," The Standard Union, May 11, 1921.
^"Ryan Killed by Orders of His Own Gang," Chicago Tribune, June 18, 1920.
^"'Big Tim' and Aids Rejoice as Foes Plot," Chicago Tribune, July 31, 1920.
^"Hunt Five for $100,000 Mail Bag Robbery," Chicago Tribune, August 21, 1920.
^"'Mail Thief? Not Me!' Big Tim Jeers," Chicago Tribune, February 5, 1921.
^"'Big Tim' Found Guilty, Pleased by 'Good Break'," Chicago Tribune, November 10, 1921.
^"'Big Tim' Gets Six Year Jolt; Fined $30,000," Chicago Tribune, November 15, 1921.
^"Link Politics and Whiskey to Cafe Slayings," Chicago Tribune, August 24, 1920.
^"Gunman Slain; Burglar's Shot Kills Tailor," Chicago Tribune, September 1, 1920.
^"Feudist Chief Falls to Foes; Another Slain," The Detroit Free Press, September 29, 1920.
^"'Monk' Eastman, Gangster, Murdered; Found in Union Square, Shot Five Times; His Partner in Bootlegging Suspected," The New York Times, December 27, 1920.
^"Seek Dry Agent as Missing Link in Eastman Case," New York Tribune, January 1, 1921.
^"William Lovett, Gangster Leader, Mysteriously Shot," The Standard Union, January 3, 1923.
^"Gang Leader Found Hit by 3 Shots," The Brooklyn Citizen, January 3, 1923.
^"Gunman Gets Away After Four Are Shot in Downtown Feud," The Standard Union, March 11, 1923.
^"Black Hand Blamed for Explosion," The Philadelphia Inquirer, May 11, 1923.
^"'Nails' Morton Killed by Horse," Chicago Tribune, May 14, 1923.
^"Forged Pistol Permits Carried by Gunmen," The Brooklyn Daily Times, July 15, 1923.
^"Man and Woman Are Shot When Gunmen Battle," The Brroklyn Citizen, August 2, 1923.
^"Fifteen Accused in Shooting of Brooklyn Man," The Brooklyn Daily Times, August 24, 1923.
^"Kid Dropper Slain Amid Guard," Daily News, August 29, 1923.
^"Kid Dropper Tyrant of Gang World for Fourteen Cowardly Years," Daily News, August 29, 1923.
^"Court Guarded Against Gunmen," Daily News, September 6, 1923.
^"Gangsters Freed in Dropper Case," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, September 7, 1923.
^"Rum Gangs War; One Dead, 2 Hurt," Chicago Tribune, September 8, 1923.
^"Kill Two More in Beer War," Chicago Tribune, September 18, 1923.
^"Antinori on $2,500 Bond for Alleged Smuggling," The Tampa Daily Times, October 3, 1923.
^"Bill Lovett, Notorious Gangster, Murdered as He Sleeps; Foe's Victim," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, November 1, 1923.
^"William J. Lovett, World War Hero, Not Bill Lovett, Gangster, Is Buried with Full Honors, Among Nation's Cherished," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, November 6, 1923.
^"Booze Peddler Shot and Killed as He Fixes Tire," Chicago Tribune, November 6, 1923.
^"Vigilantes Led by Pastor Raid Rum Roadhouse," Chicago Tribune, December 2, 1923.
^"3 Captured After Armed Men Steal $16,000 in Whiskey," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, December 3, 1923.
^"Rum Holdup Laid to Trio Arrested in a Moving Auto," Daily News, December 4, 1923.
^"Riddled Body of Gangster Found on Day of His Trial," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, February 13, 1924.
^"Couple Slain; Hunt Couple," Chicago Tribune, February 23, 1924.
^"Catch Engelke; He Says Duffy Shot Exley Girl," Chicago Tribune, February 27, 1924.
^"'Crook Trust' Traced by U.S.," Chicago Tribune, March 8, 1924.
^"Bomb, Bullets, for 'Hershie'," Chicago Tribune, March 14, 1924.
^"Hirchie Accuses Business Rivals," Chicago Tribune, March 18, 1924.
^"Gunman Slain in Vote Riots," Chicago Tribune, April 2, 1924.
^"Assassination Reveals Fight on Black Hand," The St. Louis Star, April 12, 1924.
^"63,000 Payroll Stolen in Street Holdup of Banker," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 25, 1924.
^"Gunman Killed by Gunman," Chicago Tribune, May 9, 1924.
^"Indicted by Federal Jury, Four Give Bail," Buffalo Evening News, May 15, 1924.
^"Cops Land in Jail; Freed on Bail," Chicago Tribune, May 20, 1924.
^"Man Shot in Duel Says He'll Settle It Himself," The Standard Union, May 23, 1924.
^"Nounes Draws Two Years and Fine," The Galveston Daily News, July 19, 1924.
^"Stacher Held on Bad Check Charge," Asbury Park Evening Press, August 25, 1924.
^"Gangster Murder Feud Renewed in Killing of Marks," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, September 22, 1924.
^"Thugs Attack Girl; Beat Man and Flee," Daily News, September 23, 1924.
^"S.R.O. Sign Parked in Auto Court Jam," Daily News, October 8, 1924.
^"Michael Merlo, Leader of Chicago Italians, Dead," Chicago Tribune, November 10, 1924.
^"Girl am O'Bannion Death Clue," Chicago Tribune, November 11, 1924.
^"Colbeck and Eight Other Egan Gangsters Are on the Way to Leavenworth to Serve 25 Years for Staunton Mail Robbery," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 16, 1924.
^"Vote Against More Police and Pay Raise," Chicago Tribune, January 13, 1925.
^"Tommy M'Ginty Took One Chance on Gold Badges," Cleveland Plain Dealer, January 13, 1925.
^"Torrio Is Shot; Police Hunt for O'Banion Men," Chicago Tribune, January 25, 1925.
^"Waukegan Has Torrio Patient; Prisoner, Too," Chicago Tribune, February 10, 1925.
^"2 Gunmen Taken as Polls Close Amid Violence," Chicago Tribune, February 25, 1925.
^"Former Dry Raider Killed in Fight," Long Branch Daily Record, March 17, 1925.
^"Youth Is Murdered in Cadillac Square," The Detroit Free Press, March 26, 1925.
^"Truck Driver Confesses He Killed Maher," The Detroit Free Press, March 27, 1925.
^"Beer Runner Is Slain; Find Body Shot Five Times," Chicago Tribune, April 8, 1925.
^"Five Defendants in Liquor Case Freed," The Galveston Daily News, April 10, 1925.
^"Nounes is Taken to Penitentiary," The Galveston Daily News, July 8, 1925.
^"City-Wide Gunman Hunt in New Double Murder," The Standard Union, May 12, 1925.
^"Village Inn Murder Suspect Arrested After Long Search," The Standard Union, May 14, 1925.
^"Gangs Hold Up Brownsville Citizens for Funds to Defend 'Pal' in Wet Wash Murder," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, June 21, 1925.
^"Aaronson Is Freed in the Slaying of Fellow Gangster," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Nov. 10, 1925.
^"Police, Fired on, Chase, Capture Pair of Gunmen," Chicago Tribune, May 19, 1925.
^"New Rich Rum Chief Slain by Gunmen in Car," Chicago Tribune, May 27, 1925.
^"Kill Two Cops; City Aroused," Chicago Tribune, June 14, 1925.
^"Gennas in Terror; Tony Dies," Chicago Tribune, July 9, 1925.
^"Coal Dealer Is Shot Dead by Mystery Slayer," Chicago Tribune, July 15, 1925.
^"Vinci Slays and Is Slain," Chicago Tribune, July 19, 1925.
^"Karl Inquest Is Delayed While U.S. Investigates," Chicago Tribune, November 29, 1925.
^"Karl, Missing in Rum Mystery, Is Found Slain," Chicago Tribune, November 28, 1925.
^"Gang Guns Bark in South Phila., Wounding Two," The Philadelphia Inquirer, August 19, 1925.
^"Gangsters Kill Three Men in Last Five Days," The Philadelphia Inquirer, August 23, 1925.
^"Gangsters Kill Three Men in Last Five Days," The Philadelphia Inquirer, August 23, 1925.
^"Men Having Guns at Polling Place Held Under Bail," Pittston Gazette, September 17, 1925.
^"13 Seized as U.S. Draws Net Set for Liquor Ring," Daily News, September 24, 1925.
^"Four Indictments Name 35 Persons in the Jack Daniel Whiskey Theft Case," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 1, 1925.
^"Collector Hellmich, Nat Goldstein, Fred Essen and Senator Kinney Among Thirty-Nine Indicted in the Jack Daniel Whiskey Theft Investigation," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 2, 1925.
^"Gunmen Shoot Down New Bootleg Chief," Chicago Tribune, November 11, 1925.
^"Samoots Dies in Silence; Fails to Wed," Chicago Tribune, November 13, 1925.
^"Samoots' Slain Pal Expected Sudden Death," Chicago Tribune, November 19, 1925.
^"Two More Slain in Rum War," Chicago Tribune, November 21, 1925.
^"'Bad Man' Caught in Brutal Holdup of Meat Vendor," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, December 16, 1925.
^"Bombed for Hire, Girl Says," Chicago Tribune, November 27, 1925.
^"Mammoth Rum Ring Smashed," Daily News, December 4, 1925.
^"Rum Ring Confession Involves Nearly All Local Coast Guards," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, December 4, 1925.
^"Bullets Kill Five in Night," Chicago Tribune, December 23, 1925.
^"Police Suspect McErlane Gang in Double Killing," Chicago Tribune, December 24, 1925.
^"3 Gangsters Slain in Dance Hall Duel as Xmas Party Ends," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, December 26, 1925.
^"'White Hand' List Is First Clue in 3 Gang Murders," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, December 27, 1925.
^"Bail Denied Nine Held in Murder of 'Peg Leg' and Aids," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, December 29, 1925.
^"Killed in Genna Booze War," Chicago Tribune, January 11, 1926.
^"Manley S. Sullivan to Hear Fate on Income Tax Return Fraud," The State (Columbia, SC), January 22, 1926.
^"Sullivan Files Notice of appeal," The State (Columbia, SC), January 27, 1926.
^"Sheldon's Auto Bombed; Blame War Over Beer," Chicago Tribune, February 6, 1926.
^"Two Missing Liquor Raiders Found Slain; Bodies in One Grave on Illinois Farm," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, February 5, 1926.
^"St. Louisan Sought for Questioning About Auto Towed from Murder Farm," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, February 7, 1926.
^"U.S. Warrant for Man Sought in Investigation of Farm Murders," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, February 8, 1926.
^"John Giannola Surrenders to Answer Charge," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 29, 1926.
^"Slayer of Syrian Peddler Identified by Wounded Partner," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, October 26, 1926.
^"Alleged Bombing Chief Critically Ill; Under Knife," Chicago Tribune, February 11, 1926.
^"Death Claims J.M. Sangerman, Alleged Bomber," Chicago Tribune, February 13, 1926.
^"Hunt McErlane and Soltis in Saloon Shooting," Chicago Tribune, February 11, 1926.
^"Feudists Slay Sicilian Ally of Genna Gang," Chicago Tribune, February 16, 1926.
^"Sicilian Gang Kills Again," Chicago Tribune, February 22, 1926.
^"Feudists Kill Mafia 'Eagle'," Chicago Tribune, February 24, 1926.
^"Shotguns Kill Wrong Man in Sicilian Feud," Chicago Tribune, March 8, 1926.
^"Ralph Sheldon with 2 Pals and Six Guns Seized," Chicago Tribune, March 30, 1926.
^"Son Avenger of Paddy the Bear - Kills Quinlan," Chicago Tribune, April 4, 1926.
^"Hang Chapman, Dead at 12:13," The Hartford Courant, April 6, 1926.
^"Killing of Two Gangsters Laid to 'Alky' Rivals," Chicago Tribune, April 16, 1926.
^"Beer, Beer, Beer; That Explains McCue Murder," Chicago Tribune, April 18, 1926.
^"M'Erlane, Arch Beer Baron, Is Seized in Raid," Chicago Tribune, April 23, 1926.
^"Speedy Trial for M'Erlane," The Lake County Times, August 18, 1926.
^"M'Erlane Jury Gives Verdict of 'Not Guilty'," The Lake County Times, March 3, 1927.
^"Assassinate Aid of Crowe; Gangsters Turn Machine Gun on William McSwiggin," Chicago Tribune, April 28, 1926.
^"Get McSwiggin Death Clue," Chicago Tribune, April 29, 1926.
^"Books Taken in Raid Reveal Workings of Cicero Gaming Ring," Chicago Tribune, April 30, 1926.
^William J. Helmer and Rick Mattix, The Complete Public Enemy Almanac (Nashville: 2007), page 294.
^"Slain in Taxi, Body Thrown into Alley," Chicago Tribune, May 1, 1926.
^"Taxicab Victim Robbed, Slain in Drink Brawl," Chicago Tribune, May 2, 1926.
^"Crime Quiz Opens: 'Crush Outlawry'," Chicago Tribune, May 4, 1926.
^"Black Hand War Flares in Pueblo," The Daily Sentinel (Grand Junction, CO), May 14, 1926.
^"Search for Pueblo Black Hand Slayers," The Daily Sentinel (Grand Junction, CO), May 15, 1926.
^"Gunman Slain in Street Duel Over Women," Chicago Tribune, May 18, 1926.
^"Girl Missing in Death Plot; Nab Gangster," Chicago Tribune, May 22, 1926.
^"Two Slain at a Roadhouse," Chicago Tribune, June 2, 1926.
^"Young Daughter Sees Two Pals Kill Bootlegger," Chicago Tribune, July 14, 1926.
^"Jules Portugese, Gunman, 'Taken for a Ride'," Chicago Tribune, July 14, 1926.
^"Booze Hijacked, 5 Cops Victims, Is Murder Story," Chicago Tribune, July 16, 1926.
^"Man Shot, Killed; Rum Feud Blamed," The Detroit Free Press, July 20, 1926.
^"Suspect Mum in Death Case," The Detroit Free Press, July 21, 1926.
^"Two Murders Puzzle Police," The Detroit Free Press, July 24, 1926.
^"Milano Owner Latest Victim of Guns," The Chicago Heights Star, July 23, 1926.
^"Parole Law Cuts Dwyer Term to Only 8 Months," Brooklyn Daily Eagle, July 27, 1926.
^"Rum Jurors Repudiate Bielaski," Daily News, January 21, 1927.
^"Caponi Gives Up, But Gets Jail Instead of Bail," Chicago Tribune, July 29, 1926.
^"Caponi Freed of McSwiggin Death Charge," Chicago Tribune, July 30, 1926.
^"Joe Salvo, Lamberta Kin, Is Murdered," The Chicago Heights Star, August 3, 1926.
^"$7,000 Hi-Jackers' Raid Is Revealed," The Detroit Free Press, August 12, 1926.
^"Suspect Released in Holdup Case," The Detroit Free Press, August 24.
^"Identify Saltis, Two Gangsters as Foley Killers," Chicago Tribune, August 7, 1926.
^"Capture Foley Pals Gunning for Rival Gang," Chicago Tribune, August 8, 1926.
^"Party's Ended as Shots Fell Two of Guests," The Chicago Heights Star, August 10, 1926.
^"Identify Slain Feudist as a Pal of Gennas," Chicago Tribune, August 21, 1926.
^"Murdered Man Proves to Be Tony Spano - 'Cavaliero'," The Chicago Heights Star, August 24, 1926.
