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1921

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1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1921st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 921st year of the 2nd millennium, the 21st year of the 20th century, and the 2nd year of the 1920s decade. As of the start of 1921, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events[edit]

January[edit]

• January 2
  • The Association football club Cruzeiro Esporte Clube, from Belo Horizonte, is founded as the multi-sports club Palestra Italia by Italian expatriates in Brazil.^[1]
  • The Spanish liner Santa Isabel breaks in two and sinks off Villa Garcia, Mexico, with the loss of 244 of the 300 people on board.^[2]
• January 16 – The Marxist Left in Slovakia and the Transcarpathian Ukraine holds its founding congress in Ľubochňa.^[3]
• January 17 – The first recorded public performance of the illusion of "sawing a woman in half" is given by English stage magician P. T. Selbit at the Finsbury Park Empire variety theatre in London.^[4]
• January 20 – British K-class submarine HMS K5 sinks in the English Channel; all 57 on board are lost.^[5]
• January 21 – The full-length silent comedy drama film The Kid, written, produced, directed by and starring Charlie Chaplin (in his Tramp character), with Jackie Coogan, is released in the United States.
• January 25 – Italian battleship Leonardo da Vinci is righted in Taranto Harbour.

February[edit]

• February 12 – Red Army invasion of Georgia: The Democratic Republic of Georgia is invaded by forces of Bolshevist Russia.^[6]
• February 19 – The French Third Republic and Second Polish Republic form a defensive alliance.^[7]
• February 20 – The Young Communist League of Czechoslovakia is founded.^[8]
• February 21
  • 1921 Persian coup d'état: Rezā Khan and Zia'eddin Tabatabaee stage a coup d'étatinQajar dynasty Iran.^[9]
  • Conference of London of 1921–1922 convenes in an attempt to resolve problems arising from the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.
• February 23 – The moderately conservative public official Oscar von Sydow takes over the Swedish premiership from Baron Louis De Geer the Younger.^[10]
• February 25 – Red Army invasion of Georgia: The Red Army enters the Georgian capital Tbilisi and occupies the country, installing a new government and proclaiming the Georgian Soviet Republic.^[11]
• February 27 – A Socialist congress at Vienna ends with the International Working Union of Socialist Parties founded.^[12]
• February 28 – The Kronstadt rebellion is initiated by sailors of the Soviet Navy's Baltic Fleet.^[13]

March[edit]

• March – The Group Settlement SchemeinWestern Australia begins.^[14]
• March 1
  • The city of Kiryū, located in Gunma Prefecture, Japan, is founded.
  • The Australia national cricket team, led by Warwick Armstrong, becomes the first to complete a whitewash of the touring England team in The Ashes, something that will not be repeated for 86 years.
• March 4 – Inauguration of Warren G. Harding as 29th President of the United States.^[15]
• March 5 – Irish War of Independence: Clonbanin ambush: A force of about 100 Irish Republican Army members attacks a British Army convoy of 40 soldiers, killing several, including Brigadier General Cumming.^[16]
• March 8
  • Spanish Premier Eduardo Dato e Iradier is assassinated while exiting the parliament building in Madrid.
  • Allied forces occupy Düsseldorf, Ruhrort and Duisburg.
• March 9 – Cilicia Peace Treaty is signed between the French Third Republic and the Turkish National Movement in an attempt to end the Franco-Turkish War.^[17]
• March 12 – The İstiklâl Marşı (Independence March), the Turkish national anthem, is officially adopted.
• March 13 – Occupation of Mongolia: The Russian White Army captures Mongolia from China; Roman von Ungern-Sternberg declares himself ruler.
• March 14 – Armenian Soghomon Tehlirian assassinates Mehmed Talaat, former Interior Minister of the Ottoman Empire, in Charlottenburg, Berlin.
• March 16
  • Treaty of Moscow establishes friendly relations between the Government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic.
  • Six Irish Republican Army men of the Forgotten Ten are hanged in Mountjoy Prison, Dublin.^[18]
• March 17
  • The Red Army crushes the Kronstadt rebellion, and a number of sailors flee to Finland.^[19]
  • Marie Stopes opens the first birth control clinic in the British Empire in London, UK.^[20]
  • The Second Polish Republic adopts the March Constitution.
• March 18 – The second Peace of Riga ends the Polish–Soviet War. A permanent border is established between the Polish and Soviet states.
• March 20 – Upper Silesia votes for re-annexation to Germany.^[21]
• March 21
  • The New Economic Policy starts in Soviet Russia.
  • Irish War of Independence: Headford Ambush – The Irish Republican Army kills at least 9 British Army troops.
• March 24 – The 1921 Women's Olympiad (the first international women's sports event) begins in Monte Carlo.
• March 31
  • Abkhazia becomes the Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia.
  • The British government formally returns the coal mines from wartime control to their private owners, who demand wage cuts; in response, the Miners' Federation of Great Britain calls on its partner trade unions in the Triple Alliance to join it in strike action,^[22] leading in turn to the government declaring a state of emergency for the first time under the Emergency Powers Act 1920. On April 1, a lockout of striking coal miners begins.^[23]

April[edit]

• April 11 – The Emirate of Transjordan is created under British Mandate, with Abdullah I as emir.^[24]
• April 15 – "Black Friday" in Britain: transport union members of the 'Triple Alliance' refuse to support national strike action by coal miners.^[25]
• April 20 – Ferenc Molnár's play Liliom is first produced in English on Broadway.^[26] The play would later be adapted as the musical Carousel.

May[edit]

• May 1–7 – Jaffa riots: Riots at Jaffa, Mandatory Palestine result in 47 Jewish and 48 Arab deaths.
• May 2–July 5 – Third Silesian Uprising: Poles in Upper Silesia rise against the Germans.
• May 3 – The province of Northern Ireland is created within the United Kingdom.^[27]
• May 5
  • London Schedule of Payments sets out the World War I reparations payable by the German Weimar Republic and other countries considered successors to the Central Powers – 132 billion gold marks ($33 trillion), in annual installments of 2.5 billion.
  • Chanel No. 5 perfume launched by Coco Chanel.^[28]
  • Only 13 paying spectators attend the football match between Leicester City and Stockport County F.C. in England, the lowest attendance in The Football League's history.^[29]
• May 6 – The German-Soviet Provisional Agreement is signed: Germany recognises the Soviet government in the RSFSR.
• May 14–15 – The major May 1921 geomagnetic storm occurs.
• May 14–17 – Violent anti-European riots occur in Cairo and Alexandria, Egypt.
• May 16 – The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia is founded.
• May 19 – The Emergency Quota Act is passed by the United States Congress, establishing national quotas on immigration. Because this drastically limits immigration from Eastern Europe, Jews emigrating from there begin to prefer Palestine as a destination rather than the U.S.
• May 22 – In the first golf international between the two countries, the United States beats the United Kingdom 9 rounds to 3.
• May 23–July 16 – The Leipzig War Crimes Trials are held in Germany.
• May 24 – 1921 Irish elections: In the first Northern Ireland general election for the new Parliament of Northern Ireland, Ulster Unionists win 40 out of 52 seats. The dominant-party system here will last for fifty years.
• May 25 – Irish War of Independence: The Irish Republican Army occupies and burns The Custom HouseinDublin, the centre of local government in Ireland. Five IRA men are killed, and over 80 are captured by the British Army which surrounds the building.^[30]
• May 26 – A general strike begins in Norway.
• May 31–June 1 – Tulsa Race Massacre (Greenwood Massacre): Mobs of white residents attack black residents and businesses in Greenwood District, Tulsa, Oklahoma. The official death toll is 36, but later investigations suggest an actual figure between 100 and 300. 1,250 homes are destroyed and roughly 6,000 African Americans imprisoned in one of the worst incidents of mass racial violence in the United States.

June[edit]

• June 3 – The death penalty is abolished in Sweden.^[31]
• June 10 – Paris declaration: Representatives of the three states of Transcaucasia and the North Caucasus (the Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian Socialist Soviet Republics) proclaim their independence, establishing a customs union and military alliance, not internationally recognized.^[32]
• June 15
  • Compagnie Générale Transatlantique's liner SS Paris (1916) makes her maiden voyage from Le HavretoNew York.^[33]
  • 29-year-old African American Bessie Coleman obtains her pilot's licence in France and becomes the first black woman to have a pilot's licence.^[34]
• June 21 – The International Hydrographic Bureau (IHB) is established as an agency of the League of Nations; it continues in this form until April 19, 1946.
• June 22–July 12 – The Third Congress of the Communist International takes place.
• June 27 – The first signings of Treaty 11, an agreement between George V, King of Canada, and various Canadian First Nations, are conducted at Fort Providence.
• June 28
  • The Constitutional Assembly of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes passes the Vidovdan Constitution, despite a boycott of the vote by the communists, and Croat and Slovene parties.
  • The coal strike in the United Kingdom ends with the Miners' Federation of Great Britain obliged to accept pay cuts.^[23]

July[edit]

• July 1
  • The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is founded.
  • The first BCG vaccination against tuberculosis is given, in Paris, France; the recipient is a newborn child.^[35]
• July 2 – U.S. President Warren Harding signs a joint congressional resolution, declaring an end to America's state of war with Germany, Austria and Hungary.^[36]
• July 4 – A new conservative government is formed in Italy by Ivanoe Bonomi.
• July 11
  • The Irish War of Independence ends under the terms of the truce (signed on 9 July) which becomes effective at noon between the British Army and the Irish Republican Army.
  • The Red Army captures Mongolia from the White Army and establishes the Mongolian People's Republic.
• July 14 – A Massachusetts jury finds Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti guilty of first degree murder following a widely publicized trial whose verdict will spark protests around the world.
• July 17 – The Republic of Mirdita is proclaimed near the Albanian-Serbian border, with Yugoslav support.
• July 21
  • Rif War: Battle of Annual – Spanish troops are dealt a crushing defeat at the hands of Abd el-Krim in Morocco.
  • Edward Harper, the "father of broadcasting" in Ceylon, arrives in Colombo to take up his post as Chief Engineer of the Ceylon Telegraph Department.^[37]
• July 23 – 1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party opens in Shanghai.
• July 26 – U.S. President Warren G. Harding receives Princess Fatima of Afghanistan who is escorted by imposter Stanley Clifford Weyman.
• July 27 – Researchers at the University of Toronto, led by biochemist Frederick Banting, announce the discovery of the hormone insulin.
• July 29 – Adolf Hitler becomes Führer of the Nazi Party in Germany.

August[edit]

• August 5 – The first radio baseball game is broadcast: Harold Arlin announces the Pirates-Phillies game from Forbes Field over Westinghouse KDKA in Pittsburgh.
• August 11
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralytic illness strikes while he is vacationing; on August 25 he is diagnosed with polio and aged 39 becomes permanently disabled.^[38]
  • The temperature reaches 39 degrees Celsius in Breslau; the heat wave continues elsewhere in Europe as well.
• August 23 – King Faisal I of Iraq is crowned in Baghdad.
• August 24 – R38-class airship ZR-2 explodes on her fourth test flight near Kingston upon Hull, England, killing 44 of the 49 Anglo-American crew on board.^[39]
• August 25 – The Battle of Blair Mountain, the largest labor uprising in United States history and the country's largest peacetime armed uprising, begins in Logan County, West Virginia as part of the Coal Wars, continuing until September 2.^[40]
• August 26
  • Rising prices cause major riots in Munich.
  • Following the assassination of former Finance Minister Matthias Erzberger by right-wing terrorists, the German government declares martial law.

September[edit]

• September 1 – Poplar Rates Rebellion: Nine members of the borough councilofPoplar, London, are arrested.
• September 8 – Margaret Gorman, 16, wins the Golden Mermaid trophy at a beauty pageant in Atlantic City, New Jersey; officials later dub her the first Miss America.
• September 13 – White Castle hamburger restaurant opens in Wichita, Kansas,^[41] foundation of the world's first fast food chain.
• September 21 – The Oppau explosion occurs at BASF's nitrate factory in Oppau, Germany; 500–600 are killed.
• September 28 – Sauerländer Heimatbund is founded in Meschede, Germany.^[42]

October[edit]

• October 5
  • The World Series baseball game in North America is first broadcast on the radio, by Newark, New Jersey, station WJZ, Pittsburgh station KDKA, and a group of other commercial and amateur stations throughout the eastern United States.
  • Constitution of Liechtenstein granted by Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein, making the country a constitutional monarchy.^[43]
• October 8 – The first Sweetest Day is staged in Cleveland, Ohio.
• October 10 – Teaching at the University of Szeged begins, in the Kingdom of Hungary.
• October 11 – The Irish Treaty Conference opens in London.^[44]
• October 13
  • The Treaty of Kars is signed between the Government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and the Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian Socialist Soviet RepublicsinTranscaucasia, establishing common boundaries.^[45]
  • Swedish Social Democratic party leader Hjalmar Branting becomes yet again Prime Minister, after strong general election gains for his party.
• October 19 – 'Bloody Night' (Noite Sangrenta): A massacre in Lisbon claims the lives of Portuguese Prime-Minister António Granjo and other politicians.
• October 20 – Treaty of Ankara signed between the French Third Republic and the Government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, ending the Franco-Turkish War.
• October 21 – George Melford's wildly successful silent film The Sheik, which will propel its leading actor Rudolph Valentino to international stardom, premieres in Los Angeles.
• October 24 – In the continuing Rif War, the Spanish Army defeats rifkabyl rebels in Morocco.
• October 29 – In the United States:
  • Construction of the Link River Dam, a part of the Klamath ProjectinOregon, is completed.^[46]
  • Centre College's American football team, led by quarterback Bo McMillin, defeats Harvard University 6–0, to break Harvard's five-year winning streak. For decades afterward, this is called "football's upset of the century."

November[edit]

• November 4 – After a speech by Adolf Hitler in the HofbräuhausinMunich (Germany), members of the Sturmabteilung ("brownshirts") physically assault his opposition.^[47]
• November 9 – The National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista or PNF) is founded in Italy.
• November 11 – During an Armistice Day ceremony at Arlington National Cemetery, the Tomb of the Unknowns is dedicated by Warren G. Harding, President of the United States.^[48]
• November 14 – The Spanish Communist Party is founded.^[49]
• November 23 – In the United States, the Sheppard–Towner Act is signed by President Harding, providing federal funding for maternity and child care.^[50]
• November – Hyperinflation is rampant in Germany, where 263 marks are now needed to buy a single American dollar, more than 20 times greater than the 12 marks needed in April 1919.^[51]

December[edit]

• December 1 – Rising prices cause riots in Vienna.
• December 6
  • The Anglo-Irish Treaty establishing the Irish Free State, an independent nation incorporating 26 of Ireland's 32 counties, is signed in London.
  • Agnes Macphail becomes the first woman to be elected to the Canadian Parliament.
• December 13 – In the Four-Power Treaty on Insular Possessions, the Empire of Japan, United States, United Kingdom, and French Third Republic agree to recognize the status quo in the Pacific.
• December 23 – Visva-Bharati College is founded by Rabindranath TagoreinSantiniketan, Bengal Presidency, British India.
• December 29 – William Lyon Mackenzie King becomes Canada's tenth prime minister; he will serve for three non-consecutive terms until 1948.

Date unknown[edit]

• Spring – Russian famine of 1921–22 begins;^[52] roughly 5,000,000 die.
• Luxury goods brand Gucci is founded in Florence, Italy.^[53]

Births[edit]

January[edit]

• January 1
  • César Baldaccini, French sculptor (d. 1998)^[54]
  • Cliff Bourland, American athlete (d. 2018)^[55]
  • Hossein Wahid Khorasani, Iranian ayatollah
• January 3
  • Bob Dawson, Australian rules footballer (d. 2023)
  • Jean-Louis Koszul, French mathematician (d. 2018)^[56]
  • John Russell, American actor (d. 1991)
  • Cecil Souders, American football player (d. 2021)
• January 4 – Pedro Richter Prada, 115th Prime Minister of Peru (d. 2017)
• January 5
  • Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Swiss writer (d. 1990)^[57]
  • Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (d. 2019)^[58]
• January 9 – Ágnes Keleti, Hungarian artistic gymnast^[59]
• January 10 – T. M. Kaliannan, Indian politician (d. 2021)
• January 11 – Juanita M. Kreps, American government official and businesswoman (d. 2010)^[60]
• January 12 – Muriel Phillips, American nurse and author (d. 2022)
• January 14 – Murray Bookchin, American libertarian socialist (d. 2006)^[61]
• January 16
  • Henry Sayler, American politician (d. 2021)
  • George Thomson, Baron Thomson of Monifieth, British politician and journalist (d. 2008)
  • Shmuel Toledano, Israeli politician (d. 2022)
• January 17
  • Asghar Khan, Pakistani politician, military officer (d. 2018)^[62]
  • Epaminondas Stassinopoulos, Greek astrophysicist (d. 2022)
  • Dan Tolkowsky, Israeli Air Force commander
• January 18 – Yoichiro Nambu, Japanese-American Nobel physicist (d. 2015)^[63]
• January 19
  • William 'Billy Batts' Devino, New York mobster with the Gambino crime family (d. 1970)
  • Rachel Dror, German teacher and Holocaust survivor
  • Patricia Highsmith, American author (d. 1995)^[64]
• January 20 – John Bai Ningxian, Chinese Roman Catholic bishop (d. unknown)
• January 21
  • Jaswant Singh Marwah, Indian soldier, journalist and author
  • Howard Unruh, American spree killer (d. 2009)^[65]
• January 22 – Eleanor Owen, American playwright, actress, professor and mental health advocate (d. 2022)
• January 23
  • Hermann Baumann, Swiss Olympic freestyle wrestler
  • Marija Gimbutas, Lithuanian archaeologist (d. 1994)^[66]
  • Justus Rosenberg, Polish academic (d. 2021)
• January 24 – Beatrice Mintz, American biologist^[67] (d. 2022)
• January 25 – Josef Holeček, Czechoslovakian canoeist (d. 2005)
• January 26
  • Elisabeth Kirkby, English-born Australian actress, politician and radio broadcaster
  • Akio Morita, Japanese businessman, co-founder of Sony (d. 1999)
  • Veikko Uusimäki, Finnish actor and theater councilor (d. 2008)^[68]
• January 27
  • Raymond E. Peet, American admiral (d. 2021)
  • Donna Reed, American actress (d. 1986)^[69]
• January 29 – Mustafa Ben Halim, Former Prime Minister of Libya (d. 2021)^[70]
• January 31
  • Carol Channing, American actress (d. 2019)
  • Abu Sayeed Chowdhury, 2nd President of Bangladesh (d. 1987)
  • Mario Lanza, American operatic tenor and actor (d. 1959)^[71]

February[edit]

• February 1
  • Dino De Martin, Italian bobsledder (d. 1960)
  • Francisco Raúl Villalobos Padilla, Mexican Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2022)
  • Peter Sallis, English actor (d. 2017)
• February 4 – Betty Friedan, American feminist (d. 2006)^[72]
• February 5
  • Zbigniew Czajkowski, Polish fencer (d. 2019)
  • Lise Thiry, Belgian scientist and politician (d. 2024)
• February 7
  • Dean S. Laird, American naval aviator and flying ace (d. 2022)
  • Trude Malcorps, Dutch swimmer
• February 8
  • Hans Albert, German philosopher (d. 2023)
  • Nexhmije Hoxha, widow of Albanian communist leader Enver Hoxha (d. 2020)
  • Betsy Jochum, American baseball player
  • Balram Singh Rai, Guyanese politician (d. 2022)
  • Lana Turner, American actress (d. 1995)^[73]
• February 11 – Lloyd Bentsen, American politician (d. 2006)^[74]
• February 13 – Renée Doria, French operatic soprano (d. 2021)
• February 14
  • Frank A. DeMarco, Italian-born Canadian educator and administrator (d. 2023)
  • Hazel McCallion, Canadian politician and businesswoman (d. 2023)^[75]
• February 16
  • John Galbraith Graham, crossword compiler (pseudonyms 'Arucaria' and 'Cinephile') and priest (d. 2013)
  • Hua Guofeng, Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, Premier of China (d. 2008)^[76]
  • Walter Thiele, German inventor
  • Vera-Ellen, American actress and dancer (d. 1981)^[77]
• February 17
  • Muriel Coben, Canadian professional baseball, curling player (d. 1979)
  • Herbert Köfer, German actor (d. 2021)
• February 18
  • Ken Casanega, American football player (d. 2021)
  • Brian Faulkner, 6th Prime Minister of Northern Ireland (d. 1977)^[78]
• February 20
  • "Nature Boy" Buddy Rogers, American professional wrestler (d. 1992)
  • Alex Thomson, Scottish rugby player (d. 2010)
• February 21
  • Leroy J. Manor, American Air Force general (d. 2021)
  • John Rawls, American liberal moral and political philosopher (d. 2002)
• February 22
  • Jean-Bédel Bokassa, 2nd President of the Central African Republic (1966–1976), Emperor of Central Africa (1976–1979) (d. 1996)^[79]
  • Wayne C. Booth, American literary critic (d. 2005)
  • Marshall Teague, American race car driver (d. 1959)
  • Giulietta Masina, Italian actress (d. 1994)
• February 24
  • Ingvar Lidholm, Swedish composer (d. 2017)
  • Dick Van Orden, American admiral (d. 2018)
  • Abe Vigoda, American actor (d. 2016)
• February 25 – Pierre Laporte, Canadian statesman (d. 1970)
• February 26 – Betty Hutton, American actress and singer (d. 2007)^[80]
• February 27 – Eka Tjipta Widjaja, Chinese-Indonesian billionaire and businessman (d. 2019)
• February 28
  • Pierre Clostermann, French World War II pilot (d. 2006)
  • Theodor Otto Diener, Swiss-born American plant pathologist (d. 2023)

March[edit]

• March 1
  • Jack Clayton, British film director (d. 1995)^[81]
  • Terence Cardinal Cooke, American Roman Catholic prelate (d. 1983)
  • Richard Wilbur, American poet (d. 2017)^[82]
• March 2 – Wilhelm Büsing, German equestrian (d. 2023)
• March 3
  • Diana Barrymore, American actress (d. 1960)^[83]
  • Robert Simpson, English composer (d. 1997)
• March 4 – Halim El-Dabh, Egyptian-born U.S. composer, performer, ethnomusicologist and educator (d. 2017)
• March 5 – Elmer Valo, Czechoslovakia-born Major League Baseball player (d. 1998)
• March 7 – Syed Nasir Ismail, Malaysian politician (d. 1982)
• March 8 – Alan Hale Jr., American actor (Gilligan's Island) (d. 1990)
• March 9 – Evelyn M. Witkin, American geneticist (d. 2023)
• March 10
  • George Elder, American baseball player (d. 2022)
  • Cec Linder, Polish-born Canadian actor (d. 1992)
  • Charlotte Zucker, American actress (d. 2007)
• March 11
  • Frank Harary, American mathematician (d. 2005)^[84]
  • Astor Piazzolla, Argentine tango composer, bandoneon player and arranger (d. 1992)
• March 12
  • Gianni Agnelli, Italian auto executive (d. 2003)^[85]
  • Gordon MacRae, American singer, actor (d. 1986)^[86]
• March 13 – Al Jaffee, American cartoonist (d. 2023)
• March 14
  • George Berci, Hungarian surgeon
  • Lis Hartel, Danish equestrian (d. 2009)^{[citation needed]}
• March 17 – Meir Amit, Israeli politician, general (d. 2009)^[87]
• March 18 – Betty Hall, American politician (d. 2018)
• March 20
  • Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow, Senegalese educator
  • Alfréd Rényi, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1970)
• March 21
  • Arthur Grumiaux, Belgian violinist (d. 1986)
  • Xu Zuyao, Chinese expert in materials science (d. 2017)
  • Vasily Stalin, Soviet general (d. 1962)^[88]
  • Abdul Salam Arif, President of Iraq (d. 1966)
• March 22 – Jean Bruce, French writer (d. 1963)
• March 24
  • Wilson Harris, Guyanese writer (d. 2018)
  • Vasily Smyslov, Soviet chess player (d. 2010)
  • Franciszek Blachnicki, Polish priest (d. 1987)^[89]
• March 25
  • Simone Signoret, French actress (d. 1985)^[90]
  • Alexandra of Yugoslavia (d. 1993)^[91]
• March 27 – Hélène Berr, French writer (d. 1945)
• March 28 – Dirk Bogarde, English actor and writer (d. 1999)^[92]
• March 29 – Elizabeth Kelly, English actress
• March 30 – Francesc Gras Salas, Catalan ophthalmologist (died 2022)
• March 31
  • Kurt Bertsch, Swiss footballer
  • Eduardo Cerqueira, Portuguese footballer
  • Roy Houghton, English footballer

April[edit]

• April 1
  • Arthur "Guitar Boogie" Smith, American musician and songwriter (d. 2014)^[93]
  • Abd-Al-Minaam Khaleel, Egyptian army general (d. 2022)
• April 3 – Darío Moreno, Turkish singer (d. 1968)^[94]
• April 6 – Wilbur Thompson, American Olympic champion shot putter (d. 2013)
• April 7
  • Robina Asti, WWII veteran, flight instructor, trans' rights activist, women's rights activist (d. 2021)^[95]
  • Bill Butler, American cinematographer (d. 2023)
• April 8
  • Giuseppe Albani, Italian footballer (d. 1989)
  • Franco Corelli, Italian opera singer (d. 2003)^[96]
  • Phyllis Latour, English-French Legion of Honour recipient (d. 2023)
• April 9
  • Jean-Marie Balestre, French sports executive (d. 2008)
  • Roger Bocquet, Swiss footballer (d. 1994)
  • Mary Jackson, African-American mathematician and engineer (d. 2005)^[97]
  • Yitzhak Navon, Israeli politician (d. 2015)
• April 10
  • Chuck Connors, American basketball and baseball player turned actor (d. 1992)^[98]
  • Elizabeth Innes, Scottish paediatric haematologist (d. 2015)
• April 11 – Maura McNiel, American feminist (d. 2020)
• April 12 – Enric Marco, Spanish imposter, fake Holocaust survivor (d. 2022)
• April 13
  • Dona Ivone Lara, Brazilian singer, composer (d. 2018)
  • Leo Mogus, American basketball player (d. 1971)
  • Louis Witten, American theoretical physicist
• April 14 – Thomas Schelling, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2016)
• April 15 – Georgy Beregovoy, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 1995)
• April 16
  • Peter Ustinov, English actor, director and writer (d. 2004)^[99]
  • Guy Warren, Australian painter (d. 2024)
• April 17 – Sergio Sollima, Italian director (d. 2015)
• April 18 – Xu Yuanchong, Chinese translator (d. 2021)
• April 19
  • Robert Maxwell, American songwriter and harpist (d. 2012)
  • Roberto Tucci, Italian cardinal, theologian (d. 2015)
• April 20 – Kenneth O. Chilstrom, American Air Force officer (d. 2022)
• April 22 – Vivian Dandridge, African-American actress (d. 1991)
• April 23 – Janet Blair, American actress (d. 2007)
• April 25 – Karel Appel, Dutch painter (d. 2006)^[100]
• April 26
  • Nelson Dalzell, New Zealand rugby union player (d. 1989)
  • Jimmy Giuffre, American jazz musician (d. 2008)
• April 27
  • Abdelmalek Benhabyles, Algerian politician (d. 2018)
  • Hans-Joachim Kulenkampff, German television host, entertainer (d. 1998)
• April 29
  • Cornelis de Jager, Dutch astronomer (d. 2021)
  • Pavel Vranský, Czech brigadier general and RAF radio operator (d. 2018)
• April 30
  • Dottie Green, American professional baseball player (d. 1992)
  • Tove Maës, Danish actress (d. 2010)

May[edit]

• May 2
  • B. B. Lal, Indian archaeologist (d. 2022)
  • Satyajit Ray, Indian filmmaker (d. 1992)
• May 3 – Sugar Ray Robinson, American boxer (d. 1989)^[101]
• May 4 – Harry Daghlian, American physicist (d. 1945)
• May 5
  • Jim Conacher, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2020)
  • Arthur Leonard Schawlow, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999)
  • Eric Tweedale, English-born Australian rugby union player (d. 2023)
• May 6 – Erich Fried, Austrian author (d. 1988)
• May 8 – Robert Hugh Ferrell, American historian (d. 2018)
• May 9 – Sophie Scholl, German student, anti-Nazi resistance fighter (executed) (d. 1943)
• May 11
  • Hildegard Hamm-Brücher, German politician (d. 2016)
  • Alec Mathieson, Australian rules footballer (d. 2022)
• May 12
  • Joseph Beuys, German artist (d. 1986)
  • Farley Mowat, Canadian writer, naturalist (d. 2014)
  • Lily Renée, Austrian-born American cartoonist (d. 2022)
• May 15 – Baron Vaea, Prime Minister of Tonga (d. 2009)
• May 16
  • Earl Ashby, Cuban baseball player
  • Harry Carey Jr., American actor (d. 2012)
• May 17 – Dennis Brain, English musician (d. 1957)^[102]
• May 18 – Michael A. Epstein, English pathologist and academic (d. 2024)
• May 19
  • Karel van het Reve, Dutch writer (d. 1999)
  • Yuri Kochiyama, Japanese-American civil rights activist (d. 2014)
• May 20 – Wolfgang Borchert, German writer (d. 1947)^[103]
• May 21
  • Andrei Sakharov, Soviet physicist, human rights activist, and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1989)^[104]
  • Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar, Indian philosopher, author of the socio-economic Progressive Utilization Theory (d. 1990)
• May 23
  • Beate Albrecht, German violinist and music educator (d. 2017)
  • James Blish, American science fiction author (d. 1975)^[105]
  • Laurin L. Henry, American researcher
  • Ray Lawler, Australian actor and director
  • Humphrey Lyttelton, British jazz musician, radio personality (d. 2008)
  • Georgy Natanson, Russian director, screenwriter and playwright (d. 2017)
• May 25
  • Hal David, American songwriter and lyricist (d. 2012)^[106]
  • Kitty Kallen, American singer (d. 2016)
  • Sadhu Ram Sharma, Indian politician
  • Jack Steinberger, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2020)
• May 26
  • Inge Borkh, German soprano (some sources say she was born 1917) (d. 2018)
  • Stan Mortensen, English footballer (d. 1991)^[107]
• May 28 – Heinz G. Konsalik, German author (d. 1999)^[108]
• May 29 – Norman Hetherington, Australian puppeteer and artist (d. 2010)
• May 30
  • Branko Mamula, Yugoslav politician (d. 2021)
  • Jamie Uys, South African actor, film director (d. 1996)^[109]

June[edit]

• June 1 – Nelson Riddle, American bandleader (d. 1985)^[110]
• June 3 – Forbes Carlile, Australian athlete (d. 2016)
• June 4 – Bobby Wanzer, American basketball player and coach (d. 2016)
• June 5
  • James Francis Edwards, Canadian fighter pilot (d. 2022)
  • P. K. Warrier, Indian Ayurveda practitioner (d. 2021)
• June 6 – Mikheil Tumanishvili, Georgian theater director, teacher (d. 1996)
• June 7
  • Myrtle Edwards, Australian cricketer, softball player (d. 2010)
  • Bernard Lown, American medical innovator, Nobel Peace Prize recipient (d. 2021)
  • Jakob Skarstein, Norwegian journalist and radio personality (d. 2021)
  • Brian Talboys, New Zealand politician, 7th Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 2012)
• June 8
  • Alexis Smith, Canadian-born American actress (d. 1993)
  • Suharto, President of Indonesia (d. 2008)^[111]
• June 9 – Margaret Danhauser, American professional baseball player (d. 1987)
• June 10
  • Oskar Gröning, German SS officer, war criminal (d. 2018)
  • Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Greek-born member of the British royal family as consort of Elizabeth II (d. 2021)^[112]
  • Sergio Arellano Stark, Chilean military officer (d. 2016)
  • Yakov Springer, Polish weightlifting judge (d. 1972)
• June 12
  • Luis García Berlanga, Spanish film director and screenwriter (d. 2010)
  • Johan Witteveen, Dutch politician, economist and 5th Managing Director of the IMF (d. 2019)^[113]
• June 13
  • Edmund W. Gordon, American psychologist
  • Nancy Warren, American professional baseball player (d. 2001)
• June 16 – Walter Barylli, Austrian violinist (d. 2022)
• June 17 – Aydın Boysan, Turkish architect (d. 2018)
• June 19
  • Richard M. Goody, English-born American atmospheric physicist and professor (d. 2023)
  • Doris Sands Johnson, Bahamian teacher, suffragette and politician (d. 1983)
  • Louis Jourdan, French actor (d. 2015)^[114]
• June 21
  • Gebhard Büchel, Liechtenstein decathlete
  • Hernando Hoyos, Colombian sports shooter (d. 2000)
  • Patricia Kenworthy Nuckols, American field hockey player and aviator (d. 2022)
  • Thomas Morrow Reavley, American judge (d. 2020)
  • Jane Russell, American actress (d. 2011)
• June 22
  • Ralph K. Hofer, American fighter pilot (d. 1942)
  • Růžena Krásná, Czech politician and human rights advocate (d. 2012)
  • Barbara Perry, American actress and singer (d. 2019)
• June 23
  • Paul Findley, American politician (d. 2019)
  • Marius Mora, French cross-country skier (d. 2006)
  • Colin Pinch, Australian cricketer (d. 2006)
• June 24 – Gerhard Sommer, German soldier (d. 2019)
• June 25 – Dennis Wilson, British war poet (d. 2022)
• June 26
  • Robert Everett, American computer scientist (d. 2018)
  • Violette Szabo, French World War II heroine (d. 1945)^[115]
• June 27
  • Muriel Pavlow, English actress (d. 2019)
  • Princess Vimolchatra of Thailand (d. 2009)
• June 28 – P. V. Narasimha Rao, Prime Minister of India (d. 2004)
• June 29
  • Bob Kennedy, American football player (d. 2010)
  • Jean Kent, English actress (d. 2013)
  • Reinhard Mohn, German businessman (d. 2009)
• June 30
  • Oswaldo López Arellano, 42nd and 44th President of Honduras (d. 2010)
  • Jules Amez-Droz, Swiss fencer (d. 2012)
  • Pierre Labric, French organist and composer

July[edit]

• July 1 – Seretse Khama, 1st President of Botswana (d. 1980)^[116]
• July 2 – Joseph Zhu Baoyu, Chinese Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2020)
• July 3
  • Flor María Chalbaud, former First Lady of Venezuela (d. 2013)
  • Levi Yitzchak Horowitz, American-born Hasidic rebbe (d. 2009)
• July 4
  • Gérard Debreu, French economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004)
  • Nasser Sharifi, Iranian sports shooter
  • Tibor Varga, Hungarian violinist, conductor (d. 2003)
• July 5
  • Clare Abbott, South African artist and illustrator
  • Zeynep Korkmaz, Turkish scholar and dialectologist
  • Nanos Valaoritis, Greek writer (d. 2019)
  • Patricia Wright, American actress
• July 6
  • Nancy Reagan, American actress, First Lady of the United States (d. 2016)^[117]
  • Allan MacEachen, Canadian politician (d. 2017)
• July 7 – Dragomir Felba, Serbian actor (d. 2006)
• July 8
  • John Money, New Zealand psychologist, sexologist and author (d. 2006)^[118]
  • Edgar Morin, French philosopher and sociologist
  • Frank Prihoda, Australian alpine skier (d. 2022)
• July 10
  • Ed Iskenderian, American hot rodder and entrepreneur
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver, daughter of American politician Joseph P. Kennedy (d. 2009)^[119]
  • John K. Singlaub, U.S. Army Major General (d. 2022)
• July 11
  • Claude Bonin-Pissarro, French painter and graphic designer (d. 2021)
  • Petter Hugsted, Norwegian Olympic ski jumper (d. 2000)^[120]
  • Ilse Werner, German actress (d. 2005)^[121]
• July 13
  • Lucette Finas, French author and essayist
  • Ernest Gold, Austrian-American composer (d. 1999)^[122]
  • Reinhard Sommer, German trade union leader
• July 14
  • Leon Garfield, English writer (d. 1996)^[123]
  • Armand Gaudreault, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2013)
  • Geoffrey Wilkinson, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996)^[124]
  • Sixto Durán Ballén, President of Ecuador (d. 2016)
• July 15
  • Robert Bruce Merrifield, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2006)
  • Carl Richardson, American football coach (d. 2023)
  • N. Sankaraiah, Indian communist politician (d. 2023)
• July 17
  • Acquanetta, American actress (d. 2004)
  • Pío Corcuera, Argentine football striker (d. 2011)
  • Hannah Szenes, Hungarian World War II heroine (d. 1944)
• July 18
  • Aaron T. Beck, American psychiatrist^[125] (d. 2021)
  • John Glenn, American astronaut, U.S. Senator (d. 2016)
  • Heinz Bennent, German actor (d. 2011)
  • Gerry Mays, Scottish football player, manager (d. 2006)
  • Richard Leacock, British-born documentary filmmaker, pioneer of Cinéma Vérité (d. 2011)
• July 19
  • Bertil Antonsson, Swedish heavyweight wrestler (d. 2006)
  • Rosalyn Sussman Yalow, American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2011)
• July 21 – Murad Ahmad, Malaysian politician
• July 26
  • Valmiki Choudhary, Indian politician (d. 1996)
  • Wang Xiji, Chinese aerospace engineer
• July 28
  • Melba Hernández, Cuban politician, diplomat (d. 2014)
  • Ella Tengbom-Velander, Swedish politician (d. 2022)
• July 29
  • Richard Egan, American actor (d. 1987)^[126]
  • Gustav Victor Rudolf Born, German-British pharmacologist (d. 2018)
• July 30 – Grant Johannesen, American concert pianist (d. 2005)
• July 31
  • Whitney Young, American civil rights leader (d. 1971)
  • Mel Hirsch, American basketball player (d. 1968)
  • Julieta Pinto, Costa Rican educator and writer (d. 2022)