Jump to content
 







Main menu
   


Navigation  



Main page
Contents
Current events
Random article
About Wikipedia
Contact us
Donate
 




Contribute  



Help
Learn to edit
Community portal
Recent changes
Upload file
 








Search  

































Create account

Log in
 









Create account
 Log in
 




Pages for logged out editors learn more  



Contributions
Talk
 



















Contents

   



(Top)
 


1 Winners and nominees  



1.1  Programs  





1.2  Acting  



1.2.1  Lead performances  





1.2.2  Supporting performances  







1.3  Directing  





1.4  Writing  







2 Most major nominations  





3 Most major awards  





4 Presenters  





5 In Memoriam  





6 Memorable moments  



6.1  Opening number  





6.2  Emmytones  





6.3  Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series  





6.4  Criticism about the orchestra  







7 References  





8 External links  














63rd Primetime Emmy Awards






 / Bân-lâm-gú
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français

Italiano
Nederlands

Polski
Português
Русский

 

Edit links
 









Article
Talk
 

















Read
Edit
View history
 








Tools
   


Actions  



Read
Edit
View history
 




General  



What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Cite this page
Get shortened URL
Download QR code
Wikidata item
 




Print/export  



Download as PDF
Printable version
 




In other projects  



Wikimedia Commons
 
















Appearance
   

 






From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 


63rd Primetime Emmy Awards
Promotional poster
Date
  • September 18, 2011 (Ceremony)
  • September 10, 2011[1] (Creative Arts Awards)
  • Location
  • Los Angeles, California
  • Presented byAcademy of Television Arts and Sciences
    Hosted byJane Lynch[2]
    Highlights
    Most awardsModern Family (5)
    Most nominationsModern Family (11)
    Comedy SeriesModern Family
    Drama SeriesMad Men
    Miniseries or MovieDownton Abbey
    Reality-Competition ProgramThe Amazing Race
    Variety, Music or Comedy SeriesThe Daily Show with Jon Stewart
    Television/radio coverage
    NetworkFox
    Produced by
  • Audrey Morrisey[3]
  • Directed byJoe DeMaio[4]
    ← 62nd · Primetime Emmy Awards · 64th →

    The 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards, honoring the best in prime time television programming from June 1, 2010, until May 31, 2011, were held on Sunday, September 18, 2011, at the Nokia TheatreinDowntown Los Angeles, California.[5] Fox televised the ceremony within the United States. Jane Lynch hosted the Emmys for the first time.[2] The Creative Arts Emmy Awards ceremony was held on September 10.[1]

    The nominations were announced live on Thursday, July 14, 2011, at 5:40 a.m. PDT (12:40 UTC) at the Leonard H. Goldenson Theatre in North Hollywood, Los Angeles. The nominations were announced by Melissa McCarthyofMike & Molly and Joshua JacksonofFringe.

    The biggest winner of the night was ABC's Modern Family. The series ended the event with five wins, including Outstanding Comedy Series for the second consecutive year. For the fourth time in history, the Outstanding Drama Series category was won for a fourth time, by AMC's Mad Men. It is also the third series to win four times consecutively in that category. Downton Abbey walked away with the award for Outstanding Miniseries or Movie, with four wins overall.

    This year's ceremony was watched by 12.4 million people, down 8% from last year's show.[6] The ceremony received mixed reviews from critics, with many praising the performance of Lynch as the host but criticizing the overall quality of the production, particularly the presenters and the orchestra.[7][8]

    Beginning this year, the Outstanding Miniseries and Outstanding Television Movie categories were merged. This was due to the continuing decline in the number of miniseries being produced; the previous two ceremonies only had two miniseries nominated. The merge was short-lived however when the separate categories returned, beginning in 2014.

    Winners and nominees[edit]

    Winners are listed first and highlighted in bold:[9][10]

    Jim Parsons, Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series winner
    Melissa McCarthy, Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series winner
    Kyle Chandler, Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series winner
    Julianna Margulies, Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series winner
    Barry Pepper, Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie winner
    Kate Winslet, Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie winner
    Ty Burrell, Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series winner
    Julie Bowen, Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series winner
    Peter Dinklage, Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series winner
    Margo Martindale, Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series winner
    Guy Pearce, Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie winner
    Maggie Smith, Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie winner

    Programs[edit]

    Programs

    Outstanding Comedy Series

    Outstanding Drama Series

    Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Series

    Outstanding Miniseries or Movie

    Outstanding Reality-Competition Program

    Acting[edit]

    Lead performances[edit]

    Lead performances

    Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series

    Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series

    Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series

    Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series

    Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie

    Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie

    Supporting performances[edit]

    Supporting performances

    Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series

    Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series

    Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series

    Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series

    Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie

    Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie


    Directing[edit]

    Directing

    Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series

    Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series

    Outstanding Directing for a Variety, Music or Comedy Series

    Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or Dramatic Special

    Writing[edit]

    Writing

    Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series

    Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series

    Outstanding Writing for a Variety, Music or Comedy Series

    Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries, Movie or Dramatic Special

    Most major nominations[edit]

    Networks with multiple major nominations[note 1]
    Network No. of
    Nominations
    HBO 29
    NBC 19
    CBS 14
    ABC 12
    AMC 11
    Fox 8
    Showtime 7
    Programs with multiple major nominations
    Program Category Network No. of
    Nominations
    Modern Family Comedy ABC 11
    Mildred Pierce Miniseries HBO 9
    Mad Men Drama AMC 7
    30 Rock Comedy NBC 6
    The Good Wife Drama CBS
    Too Big to Fail Movie HBO
    Boardwalk Empire Drama 5
    Downton Abbey Miniseries PBS
    Friday Night Lights Drama DirecTV 4
    Game of Thrones HBO
    The Kennedys Miniseries ReelzChannel
    The Killing Drama AMC
    Saturday Night Live Variety NBC
    The Big Bang Theory Comedy CBS 3
    Cinema Verite Movie HBO
    The Colbert Report Variety Comedy Central
    The Daily Show with Jon Stewart
    Glee Comedy Fox
    Justified Drama FX
    The Office Comedy NBC
    Upstairs Downstairs Miniseries PBS
    American Idol Competition Fox 2
    Carlos Miniseries Sundance Channel
    Conan Variety TBS
    Dexter Drama Showtime
    Episodes Comedy
    Late Night with Jimmy Fallon Variety NBC
    Louie Comedy FX
    Parks and Recreation NBC

    Most major awards[edit]

    Networks with multiple major awards[note 1]
    Network No. of
    Awards
    ABC 5
    CBS 4
    HBO
    PBS
    NBC 2
    Comedy Central
    Programs with multiple major awards
    Program Category Network No. of
    Awards
    Modern Family Comedy ABC 5
    Downton Abbey Miniseries PBS 4
    The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Variety Comedy Central 2
    Friday Night Lights Drama DirecTV
    Mildred Pierce Miniseries HBO
    Notes
    1. ^ a b "Major" constitutes the categories listed above: Program, Acting, Directing, and Writing. Does not include the technical categories.

    Presenters[edit]

    The awards were presented by the following:[11][12][13][14][15]

    Name(s) Role
    Jimmy Fallon
    Jimmy Kimmel
    Presented the award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series[16]
    Julianna Margulies Presented the award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series[17]
    Ricky Gervais
    Jane Lynch
    Presented the award for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series[18][19]
    Will Arnett
    Zooey Deschanel
    Presented the award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series[20]
    Charlie Sheen Presented the award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series[21]
    Rob Lowe
    Sofía Vergara
    Presented the award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series[22][23]
    Kaley Cuoco
    David Spade
    Presented the awards for Outstanding Reality-Competition Program and Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series[24][25]
    Lea Michele
    Ian Somerhalder
    Presented the award for Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series[26]
    Scott Caan
    Anna Paquin
    Presented the award for Outstanding Variety Series[27]
    Jon Cryer
    Ashton Kutcher
    Presented the awards for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series and Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series[28][29]
    Loretta Devine
    Paul McCrane
    Presented the award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series[30]
    Jason O'Mara
    Kerry Washington
    Presented the award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series[31]
    Bryan Cranston
    Katie Holmes
    Presented the award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series[32]
    Drew Barrymore
    Annie Ilonzeh
    Minka Kelly
    Rachael Taylor
    Presented the award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series[33]
    Kevin Connolly
    Kevin Dillon
    Jerry Ferrara
    Adrien Grenier
    Jeremy Piven
    Presented the awards for Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries, Movie or Dramatic Special and Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie[34][35]
    Melissa McCarthy
    Amy Poehler
    Presented the awards for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie and Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or Dramatic Special[36][37]
    John Shaffner Presented the In Memoriam segment[38]
    David Boreanaz
    Anna Torv
    Presented the award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie[39]
    Claire Danes
    Hugh Laurie
    Presented the award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie[40]
    Don Cheadle Presented the award for Outstanding Miniseries or Movie[41]
    Maria Bello
    William H. Macy
    Presented the award for Outstanding Drama Series[42]
    Gwyneth Paltrow Presented the award for Outstanding Comedy Series[43]

    In Memoriam[edit]

    The annual In Memoriam segment was presented by John Shaffner and featured the Canadian Tenors performing the song "Hallelujah".[44][45] The segment was extended for this ceremony, as executive producer Mark Burnett stated that "it [didn't] need to be a bummer... It can be a celebration".[46][47]

  • Elizabeth Taylor – performer
  • Anne Francis – performer
  • James MacArthur – performer
  • Peter Falk – performer
  • Harold Gould – performer
  • Stanley Frazen – editor
  • James Arness – performer
  • Janet MacLachlan – performer
  • Madelyn Pugh Davis – writer
  • Steve Landesberg – performer
  • Blake Edwards – creator, producer
  • Betty Garrett – performer
  • John Cossette – producer
  • Bill Erwin – performer
  • Barbara Billingsley – performer
  • Leslie Nielsen – performer
  • Tom Bosley – performer
  • Reza Badiyi – director
  • Leonard Stern – director, producer, writer
  • Ryan Dunn – performer
  • Denise Cramsey – producer
  • Frank Potenza – performer
  • Bob Banner – director, producer
  • Andy Whitfield – performer
  • Fred Steiner – composer
  • Jill Clayburgh – performer
  • John Dye – performer
  • Jack LaLanne – performer
  • Al Masini – producer, creator
  • Sada Thompson – performer
  • Laura Ziskin – producer
  • Don Meredith – performer
  • Sherwood Schwartz – creator, writer
  • Bubba Smith – performer
  • Stephen J. Cannell – performer
  • Memorable moments[edit]

    Opening number[edit]

    The show opened with Jane Lynch performing a pre-taped opening number which showed the TV world as being contained inside of a large building, parodying Rear Window. Lynch walked through the building and entered the universe of shows including The Big Bang Theory, Mad Men, Parks and Recreation, MythBusters and Glee (the show of which Lynch is a cast member) among others. Lynch's lyrics satirized elements of each show and television in general. The ceremony culminated with Lynch entering the theatre and performing a short dance number, which ended with a fireworks show. The opening number received a standing ovation.

    Emmytones[edit]

    Throughout the night, the "Emmytones" introduced each genre in the form of a short jingle. They consisted of Zachary Levi ("Chuck"), Cobie Smulders ("How I Met Your Mother"), Kate Flannery ("The Office"), Wilmer Valderrama ("Royal Pains"), Joel McHale ("Community") and nominee Taraji P. Henson ("Person of Interest"). The Emmytones received mixed to negative reviews, with many critics citing them as unimportant and others calling them "time fillers."[48]

    Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series[edit]

    For the presentation of the award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, each of the nominees went up to the stage in the style of a beauty pageant. The orchestra played music similar to that of a pageant as the nominees went to the stage. The winner ended up being Melissa McCarthy, who mentioned that this was "her first and best pageant ever." Both the producers and the nominees in the category gave nominee Amy Poehler credit for conceiving the idea. Nominee Martha Plimpton was also credited.

    The presentation was well received critically with many critics regarding it to be the best part of the night. Once all the nominees reached the stage, they received a standing ovation.[49] The pairing of Rob Lowe and Sofía Vergara, who presented the category, was also praised critically.

    Criticism about the orchestra[edit]

    For the 2011 ceremony, the producers enlisted Hype Music to provide the orchestrations.[50] These orchestrations were universally hated by reviewers. The band played music from the Hype Music roster of artists as the winners walked to the stage, breaking the tradition of their respective program's theme song being played as they accepted their awards. The decision to do this received an overwhelmingly negative response from critics and enraged Emmy Award enthusiasts, many of whom felt as though a tradition observed since the 1st Primetime Emmy Awards had been broken.[51] One reviewer even called this decision "one of the biggest mistakes in the ceremony's history."[52]

    References[edit]

    1. ^ a b "Official 2011 Primetime Creative Emmy Awards Winners" (PDF). ATAS. September 10, 2011. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
  • ^ a b "Jane Lynch to host 2011 Emmys". MTV. June 2, 2011. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
  • ^ Pond, Steve (July 28, 2011). "Mark Burnett Picks MTV, People's Choice Vets for Emmy Production Team". Reuters. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  • ^ Wallenstein, Andrew (September 18, 2011). "63rd Primetime Emmy Awards". Variety. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  • ^ "2011 Primetime Emmy Awards Calendar" (PDF). ATAS. January 26, 2011. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
  • ^ Emmy telecast down in overall ratings but up in key demos. Goldderby.com (2011-09-19). Retrieved on 2012-04-10.
  • ^ Critics give mixed reviews to the Emmy telecast. Goldderby.com (2011-09-19). Retrieved on 2012-04-10.
  • ^ "Emmy Awards show felt like a rerun". MSNBC. September 18, 2011. Archived from the original on September 26, 2011. Retrieved September 21, 2011.
  • ^ "63rd Primetime Emmy Awards Winners" (PDF). Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 18, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  • ^ "2011 Primetime Emmy Nominations" (PDF). Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  • ^ "Kutcher, Vergara, Arnett among Emmy presenters". USA Today. Associated Press. September 6, 2011. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
  • ^ "More Presenters for 63rd Primetime Emmys Announced – Drew Barrymore, Jimmy Fallon, Gwyneth Paltrow and Many More". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 15, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
  • ^ "Scott Caan, Bryan Cranston, Jon Cryer, Claire Danes, Jason O'Mara, and Kerry Washington to Present at 63rd Primetime Emmys". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 13, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
  • ^ "Emmy presenters: Lea Michele, Ian Somerhalder, Kaley Cuoco in second wave". Entertainment Weekly. September 12, 2011. Archived from the original on November 22, 2011. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
  • ^ "Emmys: Order of category presentations". Los Angeles Times. September 16, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  • ^ "Julie Bowen: Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 18, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  • ^ "Ty Burrell: Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 18, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2023 – via YouTube.
  • ^ Fowler, Tara (September 19, 2011). "Primetime Emmys 2011: Ricky Gervais jokes that he is 'not allowed on American soil' in pre-taped segment". Digital Spy. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  • ^ "Michael Alan Spiller: Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 18, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2023 – via YouTube.
  • ^ "Steve Levitan and Jeffrey Richman: Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 18, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2023 – via YouTube.
  • ^ "Jim Parsons: Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 18, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2023 – via YouTube.
  • ^ Rice, Lynette (September 20, 2019). "The untold story of Emmy's 2011 comedy actress 'pageant'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  • ^ "Melissa McCarthy: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved March 19, 2023 – via YouTube.
  • ^ "The Amazing Race: Outstanding Reality-Competition Program". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 18, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2023 – via YouTube.
  • ^ "The Daily Show: Outstanding Writing for a Variety, Music or Comedy Series". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 18, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2023 – via YouTube.
  • ^ "Don Roy King: Outstanding Directing for a Variety, Music or Comedy Series". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 18, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2023 – via YouTube.
  • ^ "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart: Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Series". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 18, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2023 – via YouTube.
  • ^ "Jason Katims, Friday Night Lights: Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 18, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2023 – via YouTube.
  • ^ "Margo Martindale, Justified: Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 18, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2023 – via YouTube.
  • ^ "Martin Scorsese, Boardwalk Empire: Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 18, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2023 – via YouTube.
  • ^ "Peter Dinklage: Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 19, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2023 – via YouTube.
  • ^ "Julianna Margulies: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 18, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2023 – via YouTube.
  • ^ "Kyle Chandler: Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 18, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2023 – via YouTube.
  • ^ "Julian Fellowes: Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries, Movie or Dramatic Special". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 18, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2023 – via YouTube.
  • ^ "Maggie Smith: Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 18, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2023 – via YouTube.
  • ^ "Barry Pepper: Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 18, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2023 – via YouTube.
  • ^ "Brian Percival: Oustanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Dramatic Special". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 18, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  • ^ "In Memoriam". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 19, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2023 – via YouTube.
  • ^ "Guy Pearce: Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 19, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2023 – via YouTube.
  • ^ "Kate Winslet: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 19, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2023 – via YouTube.
  • ^ "Downton Abbey: Outstanding Miniseries Or Movie". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 19, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2023 – via YouTube.
  • ^ "Mad Men: Outstanding Drama Series". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 18, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  • ^ "Modern Family: Outstanding Comedy Series". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 19, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2023 – via YouTube.
  • ^ "In Memoriam: Primetime Emmys 2011 Season". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 19, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  • ^ Dobbins, Amanda (September 19, 2011). "Who Were Those Guys Singing 'Hallelujah' at the Emmys?". Vulture. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  • ^ Bryant, Adam (August 5, 2011). "Jane Lynch on Hosting the Emmys: We're Leaving Sue Sylvester's Tracksuit at Home". TV Guide. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  • ^ Hibberd, James (September 18, 2011). "Emmy death reel: Was it not 'a bummer'?". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  • ^ Labrecque, Jeff (October 11, 2011). "Emmys 2011: 14 Memorable Moments". Entertainment Weekly.
  • ^ Stanley, T.L. (September 19, 2011). "Emmys 2011: Comedy actress nominees group hug". Los Angeles Times.
  • ^ 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards Enlists Hype Music to Bring an Adventurous New... – LOS ANGELES, Sept. 14, 2011 /PRNewswire/. Prnewswire.com. Retrieved on 2012-04-10.
  • ^ Weaver, Joshua R. (2011-09-19) Emmy Awards 2011 Recap: No Surprises Archived September 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Theroot.com. Retrieved on 2012-04-10.
  • ^ 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards: Winners and Reactions. Metacritic. Retrieved on 2012-04-10.
  • External links[edit]


    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=63rd_Primetime_Emmy_Awards&oldid=1210895453"

    Categories: 
    Primetime Emmy Award ceremonies
    2011 television awards
    2011 in American television
    2011 in Los Angeles
    2011 awards in the United States
    September 2011 events in the United States
    Hidden categories: 
    Webarchive template wayback links
    Articles with short description
    Short description matches Wikidata
    Use mdy dates from March 2012
    Articles with hCards
     



    This page was last edited on 28 February 2024, at 21:39 (UTC).

    Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.



    Privacy policy

    About Wikipedia

    Disclaimers

    Contact Wikipedia

    Code of Conduct

    Developers

    Statistics

    Cookie statement

    Mobile view



    Wikimedia Foundation
    Powered by MediaWiki