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Abdur Rahman Kashgari

Allamah Abdur Rahman Kashgarhi Nadwi
ئابدۇرراھمان كاشغەرىي
Mawlana Abdur Rahman Kashgari
Personal
Born	15 September 1912 Tashmiliq, Kashgar, East Turkestan
Died	March 1971(1971-03-00) (aged 58) Dacca, East Pakistan
Religion	Islam
Denomination	Sunni
Jurisprudence	Hanafi
Main interest(s)	Linguistics
Alma mater	Nadwatul Ulama, Lucknow University of Lucknow
KhatibofBaitul Mukarram
In office 1963 – March 1971
Preceded by	Post established
Succeeded by	Amimul Ehsan Barkati
Head MawlanaofDhaka Alia Madrasa
In office 1969 – March 1971
Preceded by	Amimul Ehsan Barkati
Succeeded by	Ahmad Hossain Chowdhury
Arabic name
Personal (Ism)	ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān عبد الرحمن
Patronymic (Nasab)	ibn ʿAbd al-Hādī بن عبد الهادي
Teknonymic (Kunya)	Abū az-Zibriqān أبو الزبرقان
Epithet (Laqab)	al-Lughawī اللغوي
Toponymic (Nisba)	Dāmullā داملا al-Kāshgharī الكاشغري an-Nadwī الندوي
Muslim leader
Teacher	Abdul Hye Hasani
Students Muhammad Fakhruddin Muhiuddin Khan Karim Masumi Nurul Islam Hashemi Syed Fazlur Rahman
Influenced by Al-Suyuti Shah Waliullah Dehlawi

Abū az-Zibriqān ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān ibn ʿAbd al-Hādī Dāmullā al-Kāshgharī an-Nadwī (Arabic: أبو الزبرقان عبد الرحمن بن عبد الهادي داملا الكاشغري الندوي; 15 September 1912 – March 1971), or simply Abdur Rahman Kashgari (Uyghur: ئابدۇرراھمان كاشغەرىي, Bengali: আব্দুর রহমান কাশগরী), was one of the leading scholars of the Arabic language and literature in the Indian subcontinent.^[1]OfUyghur background, Kashgari migrated from East Turkestan to India at an early age, completing his studies in Lucknow where he became an accomplished Islamic scholar, linguist, poet and author.^[2] He then migrated to Bengal (present-day Bangladesh), where he eventually became the principal of Dhaka Alia Madrasa. Kashgari was also the first khatib of the Baitul Mukarram National Mosque, holding this role until his death.^[3][4]

Early life and education[edit]

Abdur Rahman was born in the village of TashmiliqinKashgar, East Turkestan (present-day Xinjiang, China). His father, Abdul Hadi Damolla,^{[note 1]} was a local Uyghur mullah popularly referred to as Beit-Akhunum.^[6] As a result of instability in their home region following the 1911 Revolution and the establishment of the Republic of China, his father, elder brother and two sisters were arrested by the new regime and the family property was taken away. His maternal uncle suggested to Abdur Rahman's mother that they join the Muslim refugee groups migrating to the subcontinent with the assistance of a guerrilla force. However, Abdur Rahman's mother hoped for her family to eventually be freed and so she remained in Kashgar though Abdur Rahman was keen on furthering his Islamic studies in India.^[7]

Abdur Rahman's initial education began under the local Islamic scholars in Kashgar. After leaving behind his family in Kashgar, eleven-year old Abdur Rahman joined the caravan towards India. They passed through Karakol and the Pamir Mountains, eventually reaching a place called Dukhan in Afghanistan. From there, they reached a place called Barik near Fayzabad, Badakhshan. From there, they reached Chitral via Zebak where they received assistance from Mehtar Amir ul-Mulk, and subsequently went to Dargai. After months of walking on foot, they finally went from Dargai to Amritsar via rail. The adviser there appeared in the services of Maulana Abdullah Minhas, in whose name the Mehtar of Chitral had kindly written a letter of recommendation. According to the Mehtar's instructions, he served Abdul Hye Hasani, principal of the Darul Uloom Nadwatul UlamainLucknow, British India. Finding refuge in the Nadwatul Ulama orphanage in 1922, he became a student at the same institute up-to higher level, gaining a strong grounding in the Islamic sciences such as Hadith studies, tafsir, Arabic literature and other subjects under Abdul Hye Hasani. He graduated from Nadwatul Ulama in 1347 AH (1929 CE). He then went on to study at the University of Lucknow where he received a Fazil-e-Adab degree.^[8] Kashgari received a certificate in the seven qira'at from the Madrasa-e-Furqania.^[9]

Career[edit]

After completing his studies, Kashgari became a teacher at his alma mater, the Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama.^[8] At the request of A. K. Fazlul Huq, the Prime Minister of Bengal, who visited him in Lucknow, Kashgari moved to Bengal where he became a teacher at the Calcutta Alia Madrasa in 1938.^[7] In Calcutta, he taught Islamic jurisprudence and its principles. After the Partition of Bengal in 1947, Kashgari moved to Dacca, East Bengal. He began teaching at the Dhaka Alia Madrasa where he also served as a hostel superintendent. In 1955, he was promoted to assistant head mawlana of the institution, and became the head mawlana (principal) from 1969 until his death.^[9] Among his students were Muhammad Fakhruddin (bn), Muhiuddin Khan,^[10] Nurul Islam Hashemi, Syed Fazlur Rahman and Abu Mahfuz Al-Karim Masumi.^[1] In 1963, he was appointed as the first khatib of the newly built Baitul Mukarram National Mosque and he served in this position until the end of his life. Kashgari was also a member of the Anjuman Mufidul Islam organisation.

Islam in Bangladesh
History Muslim conquest Islamic rule Bengal Sultanate Bengal Subah Anjuman-i-Ulama-i-Bangala
Culture Architecture Bangladeshi Bengali Indo-Islamic Indo-Saracenic Mughal Literature Arabic Bengali Dobhashi Jangnama Kissa Marsiya Puthi Persian Urdu Music Ghazal Hamd Nashid Naat Qawwali Zari Zikir
Major figures Bakhtiyar Khalji Shah Jalal Khan Jahan Ali Shah Makhdum Titumir Shariatullah Karamat Ali Jaunpuri Sher-e-Bangla Siraji Nazrul Bhashani
Communities Bengali Muslims Dhakaiyas Kan Mahifarash Mahimal Nashya Shaikh Shershabadia Sylhetis Rohingyas Bihari Muslims Pangals
Ideology/schools of thought Ahl-i Hadith Barelvi/Rezvi Deobandi/Qawmi Fultali Maizbhandari Shia
Educational organizations Alia Madrasah Qawmi Madrasah Islamic University, Bangladesh International Islamic University Chittagong
Political parties Bangladesh Khelafat Majlish Bangladesh Khilafat Andolan Islami Andolan Islami Front Islami Oikya Jote Jamaat-e-Islami Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Khelafat Majlish Muslim League Nizam-e-Islam Party Tariqat Federation
Influential bodies Anjuman Mufidul Islam Hefazat-e-Islam Islamic Foundation Bangladesh Tablighi Jamaat Tamaddun Majlish
Other topics Bishwa Ijtema Mosques in Bangladesh (Baitul Mukarram) Muslim nationalism in South Asia Muslim chronicles for Bangladeshi history Sufism in Bangladesh
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Works[edit]

Kashgari has written many works pertaining to Arabic language and has also composed Islamic poetry in Arabic. Among his books are:

• Dīwān az-Zahrāt (Lucknow, 1935)^[11]
• Al-Ḥadīqah (Incorporated into the dakhil grade curriculum for Alia madrasahs by the Madrasah Education Board)^[8]
• Al-Mufīd liman yastafīd (Dhaka, 1961; a two-volume trilingual dictionary of Arabic, Bengali and Urdu)
• Al-Miḥbar fi al-Mudhakkar wa al-Muannath
• Amthāl al-Lughatayn (Comparison of Arabic and Urdu proverbs)
• Maḥak an-Naqd (a commentary on Qudama ibn Ja'far's Naqd ash-Shiʿr)
• Commentary on Sher Ibn Muqbil al-ʿAdlānī
• Commentary on Niẓām al-Lasad fī Asmāʾ al-AsadbyAl-Suyuti
• AnArabic translation and commentary of Izālah al-Khafāʾ ʿan Khilāfah al-KhulafāʾbyShah Waliullah Dehlawi
• Extractions from Asmāʾ al-Asad and Asmāʾ adh-DhiʾbbyRadi ad-Din Hasan as-Saghani^[12]
• Dīwān al-ʿIbrāt (unpublished poetry)
• Dīwān ash-Shadhrāt (unpublished poetry)^[9]
• Farhang-e-Kāshgarī (unpublished poetry)^[8]

Personal life[edit]

Kashgarhi remained a bachelor for his entire life.^[8] He had pet kittens.^[7]

Death[edit]

Kashgarhi died towards the end of March 1971, in Dacca, East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh). He was buried in Azimpur Graveyard.^[7] One of his students, Abu Mahfuz Al-Karim Masumi, wrote a lengthy obituary for the fortnightly Al-RaidinLucknow.^{[citation needed]}

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Al-Azami, Abd al-Hadi (2017). عبد الرحمن الكاشغري حياته وآثاره [Abdur Rahman Kashgari, his life and his works] (in Arabic).