In the US, large glacial outburst floods have been researched since the 1920s.[1] In the 1980s, Russian geologists discovered large deposits created through similar catastrophic outburstsofPleistocene giant glacier-dammed lakes in inter-montane basins of the Altai Mountain range.[2] The largest of these lakes (the conjoined Chuya and Kuray) had a water volume of 600 cubic kilometers when it burst.[3]
Giant current ripples, (gravel wave trains, gravel dunes and antidunes) up to 18 meters high and 225 meters in wavelength were created in several locations along the lake bottom. They are best developed just east of the Tyetyo River in the eastern part of the Kuray Basin, but several other smaller fields of giant current ripples also occur there. They are made up of rounded pebble gravel.
Giant bars are found along the lower Chuya and the Katun rivers, rising as much as 300m above modern river levels, with lengths up to five kilometers. Well-developed on the Katun River below its confluence with the Chuya River, the bars appear to have formed as giant point bars on the inner bends of the river, paralleling the scoured bare bedrock walls of the cut bank on the outer bends. These bars diminish in height and thickness downstream to about 60 m near Gorno-Altaisk. Some of these giant point bars have formed lakes behind them where they block tributaries of the Katun river.
Diluvial bars in Central Altay Mountains, Katun River, Little Yaloman Village. July 2011Lake (left) formed behind a gravel bar (right) deposited during the flood. The floodway along the Katun river runs behind the bar, parallel to it
Much of the gravel deposited along the Katun valley lacks a stratigraphic structure, showing characteristics of a deposition directly after suspension in a turbulent flow.
Pleistocene lake sediments in the Chuya Basin, showing possible varves (annual cyclicity)
Towards the end of the last glacial period, 12,000 to 15,000 years ago, glaciers descending from the Altai mountains dammed the Chuya River, a large tributary of the Katun River, creating a large glacial lake including the Chuya and the Kurai basins.[4][5] As the lake grew larger and deeper, the ice dam eventually failed, causing a catastrophic flood that spilled along the Katun River. Its magnitude has been estimated to be similar to that of the Missoula floodinNorth America.
The precise timings of the several catastrophic flooding events are not tightly constrained. The mechanisms of lake filling and ice dam failure would suggest an early or late glacial time, whereas conditions at glacial maxima would seem to preclude such events. The catastrophic flood(s) occurred between 12000 BC and 9000 BC.
Most of the water discharge is thought to have occurred during one day, with peak discharges of 107m3/s (Herget, 2005). The maximum lake volume was 6x1011m3 (600 km3) with an area of 1.5x109m2. The ice dam was about 650 m high.
When the ice dam failed, floodwaters coursed down the Chuya River to the confluence with the Katun River, followed the Katun into the Ob River, and then into Lake Mansi, a large proglacial Pleistocene lake, ~600,000 km2 in area. The fast inflow raised its level by only ~12 m but some authors argue that, because the Turgay spillway of Lake Mansi was only 8 m above the lake level at the time, much of the floodwater continued into the Aral Sea. From there the flooding waters may have followed through the Uzboy spillway into the Caspian Sea, then through the Manych spillway into the Black Sea, and eventually into the Mediterranean Sea.[6][7]
^V.R. Baker. The Spokane Flood debates: historical background and philosophical perspective //Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2008; v. 301; p. 33-50.
^Baker, V. R., G. Benito, A. N. Rudoy, Paleohydrology of late Pleistocene Superflooding, Altay Mountains, Siberia, Science, 1993, Vol. 259, pp. 348-352
^Rudoy A.N. Mountain Ice-Dammed Lakes of Southern Siberia and their Influence on the Development and Regime of the Runoff Systems of North Asia in the Late Pleistocene. Chapter 16. (P. 215—234.) — Palaeohydrology and Environmental Change / Eds: G. Benito, V.R. Baker, K.J. Gregory. — Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 1998. 353 p.
^Grosswald, M.G., 1998, New approach to the ice age paleohydrology of northern Eurasia. Chapter 15. (P. 199-214)— Palaeohydrology and Environmental Change / Eds: G. Benito, V.R. Baker, K.J. Gregory. — Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 1998. 353 p.
