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F r o m W i k i p e d i a , t h e f r e e e n c y c l o p e d i a
Anamirta cocculus Marathi : काकमारी ) is a Southeast Asian and Indian climbing plant . Its fruit is the source of picrotoxin , a poisonous compound with stimulant properties.
The plant is large-stemmed (up to 10 cm in diameter); the bark is "corky gray" with white wood. The "small, yellowish-white, sweet-scented" flowers vary between 6 and 10 millimeters across; the fruit produced is a drupe , "about 1 cm in diameter when dry".[2]
Chemical substances [ edit ]
Newly harvested fruits Dried fruits Dried fruit: Longitudinal section
The stem and the roots contain quaternary alkaloids , such as berberine , palmatine , magnoflorine and columbamine .[3] picrotoxin , a sesquiterpene , while the seed shells contain the tertiary alkaloids menispermine and paramenispermine .[3] [4]
Its crushed seeds are an effective pediculicide (anti-lice ) and are also traditionally used to stun fish or as a pesticide .[2] [5] In pharmacology , it is known as Cocculus Indicus .
Although poisonous, hard multum is a preparation made from Cocculus Indicus , etc., once used (by 19th century brewers)[6] beer than provided by the alcoholic content alone.[7] [8] Charles Dickens referred to those engaging in such practices as "brewers and beer-sellers
of low degree,... who do not understand the wholesome policy of
selling wholesome beverage."[9] homeopathic volumes and at least two brewers' guides, the use of such preparations was outlawed in England, during the mid-19th century, with fines of £500 for sale and £200 for use of the drug.[8]
The wood of the plant is used for fuel and carving .[2]
Common names [ edit ]
The English common names are Indian berry ,[6] fishberry , or Levant nut [10] dried fruit, and to the plant by synecdoche ) and coca de Levante in Spanish ; it is variously known as ligtang , aria (Mindanao ), bayati (Tagalog ), and variations thereof throughout its natural distribution (the Philippines , East India , Malaysia , and New Guinea ).
The name "fishberry" comes from the use of the dried fruit as a method of fishing , in which the fish is "stupified and captured"; this method, however, is considered "unsportsmanlike".[11]
References [ edit ]
^ a b R.Verpoorte; et al. (March 1981). "Studies on Indonesian Medicinal Plants V. The Alkaloids of Anamirta cocculus ". Journal of Natural Products . 44 2 ): 221–224. doi :10.1021/np50014a013 .
^ Alfred H. Allen (1896). "Bitters of Cocculus Indicus" . Commercial Organic Analysis - Vol.III Part III (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: P.Blakiston, Son & Co. p. 167. OCLC 64367571 . Retrieved June 9, 2012 .
^ James A. Duke (September 26, 1995). "Ethnobotanical uses" . Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases . USDA . Retrieved June 9, 2012 .
^ a b E. Harris Ruddock (1874). Text Book of Modern Medicine and Surgery on Homœopathic Principles 833 . OCLC 14853471 . Retrieved June 9, 2012 .
^ Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary the original on June 27, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2012 .
^ a b Henry Morley, LL.D. (1891). "Appendix (1841-1848): Management of the Food" . Early Papers and Some Memories . London: Geo. Routledge & Sons, LTD. p. 373. OCLC 10078708 . Retrieved June 9, 2012 .
^ Charles Dickens (1852). "Constitutional Trials" . Household Words - Volume XIV . Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz Jun . p. 299. OCLC 634265325 . Retrieved June 9, 2012 .
^ "Anamirta cocculus " . Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved June 9, 2012 .
^ Lucius E. Sayre; B.S. (1907). "MENISPERMACEÆ - Moonseed Family: 25. Cocculus." . A Manual of Organic Materia Medica and Pharmacognosy (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: P.Blakinston's Son & Co. p. 100. OCLC 5302717 . Retrieved June 9, 2012 .
Anamirta cocculus
Menispermum cocculus
R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anamirta_cocculus&oldid=1146547290 " C a t e g o r i e s : ● T r o p i c a l f l o r a ● M e d i c i n a l p l a n t s o f A s i a ● H e r b a l a n d f u n g a l s t i m u l a n t s ● M e n i s p e r m a c e a e H i d d e n c a t e g o r i e s : ● A l l a r t i c l e s w i t h d e a d e x t e r n a l l i n k s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h d e a d e x t e r n a l l i n k s f r o m J u l y 2 0 1 7 ● A r t i c l e s w i t h p e r m a n e n t l y d e a d e x t e r n a l l i n k s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n ● S h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n m a t c h e s W i k i d a t a ● A r t i c l e s w i t h ' s p e c i e s ' m i c r o f o r m a t s ● A r t i c l e s c o n t a i n i n g M a r a t h i - l a n g u a g e t e x t ● T a x o n b a r s w i t h a u t o m a t i c a l l y a d d e d b a s i o n y m s
● T h i s p a g e w a s l a s t e d i t e d o n 2 5 M a r c h 2 0 2 3 , a t 1 5 : 1 4 ( U T C ) . ● T e x t i s a v a i l a b l e u n d e r t h e C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - S h a r e A l i k e L i c e n s e 4 . 0 ;
a d d i t i o n a l t e r m s m a y a p p l y . B y u s i n g t h i s s i t e , y o u a g r e e t o t h e T e r m s o f U s e a n d P r i v a c y P o l i c y . W i k i p e d i a ® i s a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k o f t h e W i k i m e d i a F o u n d a t i o n , I n c . , a n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n . ● P r i v a c y p o l i c y ● A b o u t W i k i p e d i a ● D i s c l a i m e r s ● C o n t a c t W i k i p e d i a ● C o d e o f C o n d u c t ● D e v e l o p e r s ● S t a t i s t i c s ● C o o k i e s t a t e m e n t ● M o b i l e v i e w
