Vein skeleton of a Hydrangea leaf showing anastomoses of veins
Ananastomosis (/əˌnæstəˈmoʊsɪs/, pl.: anastomoses) is a connection or opening between two things (especially cavities or passages) that are normally diverging or branching, such as between blood vessels, leaf veins, or streams. Such a connection may be normal (such as the foramen ovale in a fetus' heart) or abnormal (such as the patent foramen ovale in an adult's heart); it may be acquired (such as an arteriovenous fistula) or innate (such as the arteriovenous shunt of a metarteriole); and it may be natural (such as the aforementioned examples) or artificial (such as a surgical anastomosis). The reestablishment of an anastomosis that had become blocked is called a reanastomosis. Anastomoses that are abnormal, whether congenital or acquired, are often called fistulas.
Anastomosis: medical or Modern Latin, from Greek ἀναστόμωσις, anastomosis, "outlet, opening", Gr ana- "up, on, upon", stoma "mouth", "to furnish with a mouth".[2] Thus the -stom- syllable is cognate with that of stoma in botanyorstoma in medicine.
An anastomosis is the connection of two normally divergent structures.[3] It refers to connections between blood vessels or between other tubular structures such as loops of intestine.
Surgical anastomosis occurs when segments of intestine, blood vessel, or any other structure are connected together surgically (anastomosed). Examples include arterial anastomosis in bypass surgery, intestinal anastomosis after a piece of intestine has been resected, Roux-en-Y anastomosis and ureteroureterostomy. Surgical anastomosis techniques include Linear Stapled Anastomosis,[4] Hand Sewn Anastomosis,[4] End-to-End Anastomosis (EEA).[5] Anastomosis can be performed by hand or with an anastomosis assist device.[6] Studies have been performed comparing various anastomosis approaches taking into account surgical "time and cost, postoperative anastomotic bleeding, leakage, and stricture".[7]
Inevolution, anastomosis is a recombination of evolutionary lineage. Conventional accounts of evolutionary lineage present themselves as the branching out of species into novel forms. Under anastomosis, species might recombine after initial branching out, such as in the case of recent research that shows that ancestral populations along human and chimpanzee lineages may have interbred after an initial branching event.[8] The concept of anastomosis also applies to the theory of symbiogenesis, in which new species emerge from the formation of novel symbiotic relationships.[citation needed]
Inmycology, anastomosis is the fusion between branches of the same or different hyphae.[9] Hence the bifurcating fungal hyphae can form true reticulating networks. By sharing materials in the form of dissolved ions, hormones, and nucleotides, the fungus maintains bidirectional communication with itself. The fungal network might begin from several origins; several spores (i.e. by means of conidial anastomosis tubes), several points of penetration, each a spreading circumference of absorption and assimilation. Once encountering the tip of another expanding, exploring self, the tips press against each other in pheromonal recognition or by an unknown recognition system, fusing to form a genetic singular clonal colony that can cover hectares called a genet or just microscopical areas.[10]
For fungi, anastomosis is also a component of reproduction. In some fungi, two different haploid mating types – if compatible – merge. Somatically, they form a morphologically similar mycelial wave front that continues to grow and explore. The significant difference is that each septated unit is binucleate, containing two unfused nuclei, i.e. one from each parent that eventually undergoes karyogamy and meiosis to complete the sexual cycle.[citation needed]
Also the term "anastomosing" is used for mushroom gills which interlink and separate to form a network.[11]
Braided streams show anastomosing channels around channel barsofalluvium.[18]
Anastomosing streams consist of multiple channels that divide and reconnect and are separated by semi-permanent banks formed of cohesive material, such that they are unlikely to migrate from one channel position to another. They can be confused with braided rivers based on their planforms alone, but braided rivers are much shallower and more dynamic than anastomosing rivers. Some definitions require that an anastomosing river be made up of interconnected channels that enclose floodbasins,[19] again in contrast with braided rivers. Rivers with anastomosed reaches include the Magdalena RiverinColombia,[20] the upper Columbia RiverinBritish Columbia, Canada,[21] the Drumheller Channels of the Channeled Scablands of the state of Washington, US, and the upper Narew RiverinPoland.[22] The term anabranch has been used for segments of anastomosing rivers.
^Akelina, Yelena (2014-03-31). "Microsurgical Technique for 1mm Vessel End to End Anastomosis". Journal of Medical Insight. 2014 (3). doi:10.24296/jomi/2. ISSN2373-6003.
^Kendrick, Bryce (2001), The Fifth Kingdom, Mycologue Publications
^Glass L.; Rasmussen C.; Roca M.G.; Read N. (2004). "Hyphal homing, fusion and mycelial interconnectedness". Trends in Microbiology. 12 (3): 135–141. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2004.01.007. PMID15001190.
^Marcel Bon (1987). The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North-Western Europe. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 14. ISBN978-0-340-39935-4.
^Kricher, John C. (2017). The New Neotropical Companion (Revised ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 52. ISBN978-1400885589. OCLC964359395.
^C.E. Dorado J.C. Molano (2018). "Microthermometry and Raman spectroscopy of fluid inclusions from El Vapor gold mineralizations, Colombia". Earth Sciences Research Journal. 22 (3): 151–158. doi:10.15446/esrj.v22n3.63442.
^Abbado, D., Slingerland, R.L., and Smith, N.D., 2005, The origin of anastomosis in the upper Columbia River, British Columbia, Canada: In Blum, M.D., Marriott, S., and Leclair. S. (eds.), Fluvial Sedimentology VII, Internat. Assoc. Sedim. Special Publ. 35.