Neak Leung fell to Khmer Rouge insurgency, cutting off a critical supply line to the Cambodian capital of Phnom Penh. Cambodia's President Lon Nol left that nation forever, eventually settling in Hawaii. Senate President Saukam Khoy took over from Lon Nol as President of Cambodia, serving until April 12, when he was able to escape the approaching Khmer Rouge on the same helicopter as the American ambassador.[1]
The American "Freedom Train" began its tour of the United States in celebration of the United States Bicentennial, starting with a display in Wilmington, Delaware, and then proceeding westward. After reaching San Diego on January 14, the train began its return trip, stopping in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on July 4, 1976, and finishing its tour on December 31 in Miami. In all, 7,000,000 visitors would see the train and its exhibits.[2]
Died:George Parr, 74, Texas politician known as "The Duke of Duval", by suicide. His manipulation of election results in Duval County, Texas, helped future U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson become a U.S. Senator for Texas in 1948.
The CN Tower was topped off at 1,185.4 feet or 553.33 meters in height, as the last section was put into place by a helicopter, making the building the largest free-standing structure in the world. The Tower would open on June 26, 1976.[3]
A bus, carrying French pilgrims on its way back from Notre Dame de la Salette to Loiret, lost its brakes, then plunged 80 feet into a ravine near Vizille, killing 27 people.[4]
Bobby Fischer refused to play in a chess match against Anatoly Karpov in Manila, turning down a chance to receive at least $1,500,000 and becoming the first world chess champion to voluntarily give up his title. At Amsterdam, the FIDE voted to award Karpov the world chess championship title. Fischer had not defended the title since winning it in 1972, and Karpov became the new champ "without moving a pawn".[6]
At the request of John Gunther Dean, the American ambassador to Cambodia, U.S. President Ford ordered the evacuation of all Americans from Phnom Penh.[7]
Israel and South Africa signed SECMENT, a secret mutual defense agreement, following a meeting in Jerusalem between the defense ministers, P. W. Botha of South Africa and Shimon Peres of Israel.[8]
Born:
Koji Uehara, Japanese star baseball pitcher, Central League Rookie of the Year 1999; later a relief pitcher for MLB Orioles and Rangers, in Neyagawa; and
The first military Operation Babylift flight, C5A 80218, crashed 27 minutes after takeoff, killing 144 of the 305 people on board, including 78 of the 243 children. Two cargo doors blew off of the jet, largest in the world at the time, as it reached 23,000 feet during the evacuation of civilians in the closing days of the Vietnam War.[10]
For the first time since the 1973 War Powers Resolution had taken effect, an American President delivered the required report to Congress about military action. President Ford advised of his sending of U.S. Marines, ships, and helicopters to evacuate refugees from South Vietnam. As of 2009, there had been 127 reports made under the law.[12]
At least 20 people were killed and 80 injured in the Lithuanian SSR, in what is still the worst rail disaster in Lithuania. At 5:35 in the evening local time, near the village of Žasliai, passenger Train 513 on the Vilnius–Kaunas Railway hit a cargo train from behind, rupturing a tank car which had not fully been pulled off the main track. The locomotive and the first passenger car of Train 513 derailed, but the third car and its passengers slid into the fire, which spread to two other passenger cars.[13]
Died:Pierre Galopin, 43, French Army Commandant and negotiator who had been kidnapped on August 4 by rebels while in Chad, was hanged after the a trial by the rebels.[14]
The Soviet manned space mission Soyuz 18a ended in failure during its ascent into orbit when a critical malfunction occurred when the third stage of the booster rocket failed to separate. The spacecraft and cosmonauts, Vasily Lazarev and Oleg Makarov, landed in Mongolia and their Soyuz spacecraft having to be ripped free from the vehicle.[15]
Cambodia's Prime Minister Long Boret met with representatives of the Khmer Rouge while in Bangkok, Thailand. He returned to Cambodia the next day, refused to leave when officials were offered a chance to escape, and was executed nine days later by the new regime.[19]
Beverly Sills, the most famous of American opera singers of her day, made her first appearance at "The Met".[20]
Born:
Ronde Barber, American NFL cornerback for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and
Frank Robinson became the first African-American to manage a Major League Baseball team. Robinson, who was both manager and a player for the Cleveland Indians, placed himself into the lineup as a designated hitter, and hit a home run in his first at-bat, to help the Indians beat the Yankees 5–3.[21]
In an interview on the CBS Morning News, U.S. Senator Barry Goldwater said that the Vietnam War "would have been over in a month" if he had been elected president in 1964.[23]
Josephine Baker danced before a crowd of celebrities at the Bobino Theatre in Paris. Days later, the African-American dancer who had become a beloved citizen of France, had a cerebral hemorrhage and died on April 12 at the age of 68.
The Philippine Basketball Association, Asia's first professional basketball league, played its first game before a crowd of 18,000 at the Araneta ColiseuminQuezon City, with the Mariwasa-Noritake Porcelain Makers defeating the Concepcion Carriers, 101 to 98 in the opener of a doubleheader, followed by the Toyota Comets' 105–101 defeat of the Universal Textile Weavers. Gregorio Dionisio of the Carriers scored the first basket.[24]
The Battle of Xuân Lộc, the last major battle of the Vietnam War, began. South Vietnamese forces held out against superior North Vietnamese forces before finally withdrawing on April 19.
Troops from the Indian Army invaded the Kingdom of Sikkim in response to an appeal by the Himalayan kingdom's prime minister and disarmed the 400 guards of the King of Sikkim at his palace in Gangtok. The King (Chogyal) Palden Thondup Namgyal was confined to the royal palace under house arrest.[27]
The legislature for the Kingdom of Sikkim, located in the Himalayan Mountains, voted to abolish the monarchy and to make the nation one of the states of India.[29]
Lee Elder became the first African-American golfer to play in the Masters' Tournament [30]
North Vietnam took control of six of the Spratly Islands which had been under the control of South Vietnam, but had also been claimed by the People's Republic of China. The dispute between the two Communist nations over ownership of the tiny islands would be one of several factors in the war between China and Vietnam in 1979.[32]
Operation Eagle Pull started as the United States closed its embassy in Cambodia, and began the evacuation of all American citizens. American military helicopters from the aircraft carrier USS Hancock, and 180 U.S. Marines from the amphibious assault ship USS Okinawa, arrived at Phnom Penh. There was no interference from the Khmer Rouge during the rescue.[33]
ARVN General Staff sends numbers of South Vietnamese fighter-bombers to slow down or halt PAVN units to attempt major ambushes and attacks at the highway and at Xuan Loc. South Vietnamese fighter bombers uses 80-120 sorties per day to stiff strong resistance.
Died:Josephine Baker, 68, African-American dancer who attained fame in France and then worldwide
InLebanon, snipers of the Christian Phalangist Kataeb militia attacked a bus carrying Muslim Palestinians to the inauguration of a new mosque in the Beirut suburb of Ain El Remmeneh, killing 27 and wounding 18.[34] The attack, which came soon after an assassination attempt against Phalangist leader Pierre Gemayel that killed four of his bodyguards, triggered a new civil war that would last for more than 15 years.[35]
The first victim of the Trash Bag Murders was found in California near San Juan Capistrano, and identified as 21-year-old Albert Rivera. The murders would continue until March 13, 1977, when a 17-year-old boy disappeared after meeting a friend identified as David Hill. Hill and his roommate, Patrick Kearney, would turn themselves into the Riverside County Sheriff on July 1, 1977. Kearney would confess to 28 murders, dating back to 1968, while Hill would plead guilty to three.[36]
Born:Bruce Dyer, English footballer who became the first『£1 million-teenager』in 1994, for Crystal Palace; in Ilford
Died:Larry Parks, 60, American film actor nominated for an Oscar in 1946, and blacklisted in 1951
"No-frills service" began for airline passengers in the United States, as National Airlines began offering a 35 percent discount off the air fare for passengers who were willing to give up airline food and drink service. Four other airlines-- American, Continental, Eastern and Delta began offering discount service the same day. All five had obtained permission from the Civil Aeronautics Board.[37]
The Federal Election Commission, created on October 15, 1974, began operations with the swearing in of six commissioners by U.S. President Ford.[38]
Voters in the ancient Himalayan kingdom of Sikkim overwhelmingly approved abolishing that nation's monarchy and merging with neighboring India. The final result was 59,637 in favor and only 1,496 against.[39]
A Chorus Line, which would go on to become a long running Broadway musical, was first performed, at the New York Shakespeare Festival.[40]
Karen Ann Quinlan, 21, collapsed after drinking several gin and tonics in addition to having already taken the tranquilizers Valium and Darvon.[41] She would become the subject of a landmark case in the "right to die" movement, In re Quinlan. After a Massachusetts court ruled that a person could be taken off life support in cases where there was no prospect of recovery, she would be removed from the respirator on May 22, 1976. To the surprise of most people, Quinlan was able to breathe on her own, and would live, comatose, for another nine years. She would die on June 11, 1985, at the age of 31.[42]
The leftist government of Portugal nationalized most of that nation's basic industries and began a land reform program.[43]
Former U.S. Treasury Secretary John B. Connally was acquitted of all charges by a federal jury in a bribery trial in Washington. Connally, who had been wounded during the assassination of President Kennedy in 1963, then later switched from the Democrats to the Republicans, had been under consideration by Richard M. Nixon as successor to Vice-president Agnew in 1973, but was bypassed in favor of Gerald Ford, who became president upon Nixon's resignation.[48]
The first acidophilus milk was introduced at a luncheon at North Carolina State University. "Sweet Acidophilus", a dairy product for people with a lactose intolerance, had been made through the co-operation of the university, the North Carolina Dairy Foundation, and Miles Laboratories, with Miles producing the lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria cultures that aided in the breakdown of lactose sugar.[49]
The Cambodian genocide began two days after the fall of Phnom Penh, as the new Khmer Rouge regime announced that all former government employees, including soldiers, military officers, and policemen, would be required to register with the new local authorities. Those who complied with the order were told that they would be sent for "reeducation" at a camp in Battambang on April 28.[52]
Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, a 250-acre cultural theme park that was envisioned by First Lady Ibu Tien as "Indonesia on a miniature scale", was opened at East Jakarta, to illustrate the many cultures of the nation of more than 200,000,000 people.[54]
South Vietnam's President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu resigns and flees the country to Taiwan five days later. After going to Thailand, Thiệu, who was succeeded by Vice-president Trần Văn Hương, moved to London. He would pass away in Newton, Massachusetts, on September 29, 2001.[56]
The CBU-55, that at the time, was described as "the most powerful non-nuclear weapon in the U.S. arsenal", was used in combat for the first and only time. A Republic of Vietnam Air Force C-130 dropped the fuel bomb, which consumed all oxygen within a radius of 70 meters, killing 250 North Vietnamese troops near Xuân Lộc, capital of Bình Tuy Province. Despite a stiff resistance by the south, the province would fall later in the day.[57]
Members of the Symbiomese Liberation Army, which had kidnapped newspaper heiress Patty Hearst on February 4, 1974, robbed a branch of the Crocker National BankinCarmichael, California. Unlike previous bank robberies by the SLA, the group killed a bystander. Myrna Opsahl, a 42-year-old mother of four, who had been at the bank depositing money collected by her church from the previous day's services.[58] Hearst was identified later as the driver of the getaway car.[59]
Died:Sisowath Sirik Matak, 61, former Prime Minister of Cambodia and Long Boret, 42, Prime Minister of Cambodia, two of the seven "supertraitors" designated by the Khmer Rouge for trial and execution, were executed on or about this date after choosing to remain in Cambodia rather than to evacuate.
Oswaldo López Arellano was removed from office as President of Honduras by order of the Central American nation's high military council. López was presumed to have been the unidentified "official in Honduras" who had been referred to in the April 9 Wall Street Journal[60] as recipient of a $1,250,000 bribe from the United Brands Company in return for cutting a Honduran export tax on bananas, and was replaced by General Juan Alberto Melgar Castro.[61]
Speaking to an audience of students at Tulane UniversityinNew Orleans, U.S. President Ford announced that "Today, America can regain the sense of pride that existed before Vietnam. But it cannot be achieved by refighting a war that is finished as far as America is concerned." [62] Earlier in the day, the U.S. Senate had voted 75–17 to approve $250 million in humanitarian aid and use of U.S. troops to evacuate South Vietnam, but declined to take up Ford's request for any further military aid.[63]
Six terrorists of the Baader-Meinhof Gang (officially the "Red Army Faction") terrorists took over the West German embassy in Sweden, took 11 hostages, and demanded the release of 26 of the group's jailed members (including Andreas Baader and Ulrike Meinhof). Reversing prior West German policy, Chancellor Helmut Schmidt's government refused to give in to terrorist demands, offering nothing but an opportunity for the group to get away. In response, the group murdered two embassy employees, military attaché Andreas von Mirbach and Heinz Hillegaard. As Swedish commandos were preparing to storm the building, a terrorist bomb detonated, apparently accidentally, destroying the structure and allowing the hostages to escape after the 12-hour siege. Two of the six terrorists were fatally injured by their own bomb, and the others were captured while trying to leave. The event marked the beginning of the decline of domestic terrorism in West Germany.[65]
Colorado Attorney General Joyce Murdoch invalidated all six marriage licenses for same-sex marriage that had been issued by Boulder County Clerk Clela Rorex since March 26. Rorex had issued the first license to two men after being advised by the District Attorney that nothing in Colorado law prohibited a marriage between two people of the same gender.[66]
Polish Army Major Jerzy Pawlowski, who had won a gold medal in fencing representing Poland at the 1968 Summer Olympics, was arrested on charges of espionageinWarsaw. Pawlowski, who had worked for Poland's intelligence service since 1950, had been working since 1964 as an agent for the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). He would be sentenced to 25 years imprisonment after a court-martial and released after the fall of the Communist government in 1989.[67]
Died:Pete Ham, 27, Welsh musician who led the group Badfinger, hanged himself.
Eight policemen, two bystanders and a bank teller were killed in Mexico City by members of the Liga Comunista 23 de Septiembre who raided a branch of the Banco de Comercio at Villa Coapa. As soon as the bank opened for the day, a dozen guerillas entered, killed six police who were guarding the bank. Unable to open the vault, the group took approximately US$16,000 from the tellers' drawers, then shot other people as they drove away.[69]
Died:Mike Brant (stage name for Moshe Michael Brand), popular Israeli singer and songwriter who attained fame in France, with seven number one hit records, committed suicide by jumping from the sixth floor of an apartment in Paris.[70] Earlier in the day, the Sonopresse studio had released his latest album, Album souvenir.
Boxer George Foreman, in his first ring appearance since losing the world heavyweight championship to Muhammad Ali (and 19 years away from winning the world title again), fought five different challengers in Toronto as part of a televised exhibition promoted by Don King as "Foreman versus Five".[71] Rather than facing one challenger for 15 rounds, went up to 3 rounds with each fighter. The "Fearsome Fivesome" consisted of Alonzo Johnson, Jerry Judge, Terry Daniels, Charlie Polite, and Boone Kirkman, and each received $7,500 for appearing.[72]
Duong Van Minh was unanimously (134-0) elected as President of South Vietnam by the National Assembly, and authorized to negotiate a peace agreement with the Viet Cong and with North Vietnam. "Big Minh" replaced Tran Van Huong, who had refused to step aside after a week as president, the next day.[73][74]
David Prosser, the lone security guard at Israel's consulate in Johannesburg, South Africa, killed three consulate employees, held another 21 people hostage, and wounded 37 people. Although police initially estimated that six terrorists had seized the consulate,[75] Prosser later revealed that he had fired weapons from different windows on the fifth floor, and had spoken to them by radio using different accents.[76] South African police rushed the building after Prosser began firing from the window at crowds outside the building. Prosser, a South African Jew who had fought for Israel in the 1973 Yom Kippur, said that he had seized the consulate because he was dissatisfied with the government of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin. Prosser was captured alive, and later sentenced to 25 years in prison.[77]
At 11:08am ICT in Saigon (4:08amGMT), the order to carry out Operation Frequent Wind was received, commencing the evacuation of all Americans from South Vietnam, as well as South Vietnamese nationals who might face retaliation. The first wave of helicopters was dispatched from the aircraft carrier USS Hancock landed by 3:00pm on the grounds of the U.S. Defense Attaché Office compound next to Tan Son Nhut Airport.[80] In all, American helicopters evacuated 1,373 Americans, 5,595 South Vietnamese and 815 foreign nationals in a span of 18 hours.[81]
Two U.S. Marine Security Guards - Corporal Charles McMahon and Lance Corporal Darwin L. Judge - became the last American servicemen to be killed in Vietnam, the victims of North Vietnamese shelling of the airport. Their remains were inadvertently left behind, and would be buried by North Vietnamese at a Saigon cemetery. On February 22, 1976, the bodies of the two servicemen would be released back to American custody.[82]
The Fall of Saigon took place, effectively ending the Vietnam War as a victory for the Communists, at 10:24am local time (0324 UTC) when South Vietnamese President Duong Van Minh announced the surrender of the nation to North Vietnamese invaders. "I believe firmly in reconciliation among Vietnamese to avoid unnecessary shedding of the blood of Vietnamese", said Minh. "For this reason, I ask the soldiers of the Republic of Vietnam to cease hostilities in calm and to stay where they are." Shortly after Minh called for ceasefire, North Vietnamese tanks knocked down the Independence Palace gate. The Viet Cong flag was raised over the presidential palace at 12:15p.m.[83] Minh was taken to a radio station to announce the government's unconditional surrender. Throughout the day in Saigon, ARVN soldiers discarded their military uniforms. PAVN soldiers and VC soldiers occupied all of Saigon, without resistance, by 11:00 in the morning. Earlier in the day, U.S. Ambassador Graham Martin was the last American diplomat to leave Saigon, lifting off of the U.S. Embassy roof at 4:58am, and at 7:53am USMC Colonel James Kean and ten U.S. Marines left on an American helicopter, ending the U.S. presence in Vietnam.[84] Saigon was renamed "Ho Chi Minh City". Huỳnh Tấn Phát of North Vietnam would administer the "Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam" as president until July 2, 1976, when the area would be formally incorporated by the North as part of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.[85]
According to a Giai Phong Press Agency radio broadcast, several Mekong provinces, including Cần Thơ, the capital of IV Corps, had not surrendered in accordance with Minh's unconditional surrender. It was reported that VC soldiers started the final drive to take over the weakened Mekong provincial capitals. The next day, all of the ARVN regiments and divisions in the Mekong Delta either dissolved or surrendered to outnumbered VC soldiers.[86]
^Frank Brady, Endgame: Bobby Fischer's Remarkable Rise and Fall - from America's Brightest Prodigy to the Edge of Madness (Random House, 2012) p219; "Bobby Fischer Loses Crown by Default", Milwaukee Sentinel, April 3, 1975, p2
^James S. Olson and Randy W. Roberts, Where the Domino Fell: America and Vietnam 1945-1995 (John Wiley & Sons, 2008)
^Sasha Polakow-Suransky, The unspoken alliance: Israel's secret relationship with apartheid South Africa (Random House Digital, 2010) pp. 82–83
^Nicholas Khoo, Collateral Damage: Sino-Soviet Rivalry and the Termination of the Sino-Vietnamese Alliance (Columbia University Press, 2011) p97
^"Evacuate Yanks From Pnompenh", Milwaukee Sentinel, April 12, 1975, p. 1
^"29 Die in Guerilla, Lebanese Clash", Milwaukee Sentinel, April 12, 1975, p. 1
^Thomas Collelo, Lebanon: A Country Study (Federal Research Division, 1990, reprinted by Kessinger Publishing, 2004) pp. 55–56
^Michael Newton, The Encyclopedia of Serial Killers (Infobase Publishing, 2006) pp. 142–143
^"4 Airlines Get No-Frill Fare OK", Milwaukee Sentinel, April 10, 1975, p. 3
^Andrew Downer Crain, The Ford presidency: a history (McFarland, 2009) p84
^"Sikkim approves India tie", Windsor (ON) Star, April 16, 1975, p. 32
^Boze Hadleigh, Broadway Babylon: Glamour, Glitz, and Gossip on the Great White Way (Random House Digital, 2007) p201
^Michael S. Lief and Harry M. Caldwell, And the Walls Came Tumbling Down: Closing Arguments that Changed the Way We Live, from Protecting Free Speech to Winning Women's Suffrage to Defending the Right to Die (Simon and Schuster, 2004) p5; Joseph and Julia Quinlan, with Phyllis Battelle, Karen Ann: The Quinlans Tell Their Story (Doubleday, 1977)
^"FIND CONALLY NOT GUILTY", Milwaukee Sentinel, April 18, 1975, p. 1
^Klinton W. Alexander and Kern Alexander, Higher Education Law: Policy and Perspectives (Taylor & Francis, 2010) p679
^Alex R. Goldfeld, The North End: A Brief History of Boston's Oldest Neighborhood (The History Press, 2009) p162
^"Satellites and Space Application", by C.N. Ghosh, in Indian Defence Review (Volume 24) (Lancer Publishers, 2009) p. 70
^Howard J. De Nike, et al., eds., Genocide in Cambodia: Documents from the Trial of Pol Pot and Ieng Sary (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000) pp. 426–428
^Veith, George (2012). Black April The Fall of South Vietnam 1973–75. Encounter Books. p. 465. ISBN9781594035722.
^Retnowati Abdulgani-Knapp, Soeharto: The Life and Legacy of Indonesia's Second President (Marshall Cavendish, 2007) p274
^Charles R. Brooks, The Hare Krishnas in India (Motilal Banarsidass Publishing, 1989)
^Justin Corfield, The History of Vietnam (ABC–CLIO, 2008) p134; "Thieu Resigns In South Vietnam", Ocala Star-Banner, April 21, 1975, p1
^Spencer Tucker, Vietnam (University Press of Kentucky, 1999) p. 185
^"Bank Robbers Kill Woman Depositing Church Collection Funds; No Reason", Warsaw (IN) Times-Union, April 22, 1975, p. 12
^Gus Martin, The Sage Encyclopedia of Terrorism (SAGE, 2011) p. 569; "Patty A Key Suspect In Robbery-Murder", Pittsburgh Press, September 25, 1975, p. 4
^"United Brands Paid Bribe of $l.25 Million To Honduran Official", The Wall Street Journal, April 9, 1975
^"Chief Of State Ousted In Coup In Honduras", Toledo Blade, April 22, 1975, p. 1
^"WAR OVER FOR U.S. — FORD", Milwaukee Sentinel, April 24, 1975, p1
^"Ford Given Authority To Use U.S. Troops In Evacuation of Americans And Vietnamese", Lewiston (ME) Evening Journal, April 24, 1975, p. 1
^Haing Ngor and Roger Warner, Survival in the Killing Fields (Basic Books, 2003) pp. 430–431
^"Terrorists' bid ends with blast; 3 dead", Calgary Herald, April 25, 1975, p. 1; Heinrich August Winkler, Germany: The Long Road West: Volume 2: 1933-1990 (Oxford University Press, 2007) p308
^Deb Price, Courting Justice: Gay Men and Lesbians v. The Supreme Court (Basic Books, 2002) p220
^"Bank Bandits Kill 11 In Mexico", Pittsburgh Press, April 26, 1975, p. 1
^"Mike Brant (1947-1975)", by Arlette Daniel, in An Anthology of French and Francophone Singers from A to Z: "Singin’ in French: (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2018) p.98
^"Foreman Handles Foes", Pittsburgh Press, April 27, 1975, pD-7; James B. Roberts and Alexander Skutt, The Boxing Register: International Boxing Hall of Fame Official Record Book (McBooks Press, 2006) pp. 380–385
^Edward J. Marolda, By Sea, Air, and Land: An Illustrated History of the U. S. Navy and the War in Southeast Asia (Naval Historical Center, 1994) pp. 367–68
^Robert M. Collins, Transforming America: Politics and Culture in the Reagan Years (Columbia University Press, 2007) p13
^Paul D. Mather, M.I.A.: Accounting for the Missing in Southeast Asia (National Defense University Press, 1994) p33
^Edward F. Murphy, Semper Fi: Vietnam (Random House Digital, 2003) p 381; "Evacuation From Saigon Tumultuous at the End", The New York Times, April 30, 1975, p 1
^"Who's running Vietnam", Anchorage Daily News, May 1, 1975, p. 1; "North, South Vietnam Are United", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, July 3, 1976, p. 1
