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F r o m W i k i p e d i a , t h e f r e e e n c y c l o p e d i a
The Asclepiadoideae are a subfamily of plants in the family Apocynaceae . Formerly, it was treated as a separate family under the name Asclepiadaceae , e.g. by APG II , and known as the milkweed family.[2] [3]
They form a group of perennial herbs , twining shrubs , lianas or rarely trees but notably also contain a significant number of leafless stem succulents . The name comes from the type genus Asclepias
There are 348 genera, with about 2,900 species . They are mainly located in the tropics to subtropics,[4]
The florally-advanced tribe Stapelieae within this family contains several relatively familiar stem succulent genera, such as Orbea Huernia , Stapelia Hoodia pollination , independently parallel to the unrelated Orchidaceae , such as the grouping of their pollen into pollinia . The "fragrance" (or odor) of the flowers, often called "carrion flowers", attracts flies, the chief pollinators for these plants. Additionally, the color, appearance and texture of the flowers often is thought to resemble decaying flesh or raw meat to further entice pollination by flies.
Many new hybrids have been formed due to the unique fertilization method of the flowers.
Taxonomy
[ edit ]
Gilbert Thomas Burnett in 1835 is considered to be the first botanist to recognize a primary division of the family Apocynaceae using the name Asclepiadeae,[5] [6] A molecular phylogenetic study in 2019 confirmed the distinctness of the five tribes, which were related as shown in the following cladogram:[7]
Tribes and genera
[ edit ] Asclepias syriaca Microloma calycinum
The assignment of genera to tribes is based on Endress, Liede-Schumann and Meve (2014),[6] Plants of the World Online as of December 2023[update]
Asclepiadeae
[ edit ]
Asclepias L. , including Aidomene Stopp , Odontostelma Rendle , Trachycalymma (K.Schum.)
Aspidoglossum E.Mey.
Aspidonepsis Nicholas
Astephanus R.Br.
Barjonia Decne.
Blepharodon Decne.
Calciphila Liede
Calotropis R.Br.
Cordylogyne E.Mey.
Cynanchum L. , including Adelostemma Hook.f. , Glossonema Decne. , Metaplexis R.Br. , Pentarrhinum E.Mey. , Seshagiria Ansari , Sichuania M.G.Gilbert
Diplolepis R.Br.
Ditassa R.Br.
Fanninia Harv.
Fischeria DC.
Funastrum E.Fourn.
Glossostelma Schltr.
Gomphocarpus R.Br.
Gonolobus Michx.
Graphistemma (Champ.
Gyrostelma E.Fourn.
Hemipogon Decne.
Holostemma R.Br.
Hypolobus E.Fourn.
Ibatia Decne.
Jobinia E.Fourn.
Kanahia R.Br.
Lachnostoma Kunth
Macroscepis Kunth
Mahawoa Schltr.
Margaretta Oliv.
Matelea Aubl.
Metastelma R.Br.
Microloma R.Br.
Minaria T.U.P.Konno
Miraglossum Kupicha
Monsanima Liede
Morrenia Lindl.
Nautonia Decne.
Nephradenia Decne.
Odontanthera Wight
Oncinema Arn.
Orthosia Decne.
Oxypetalum R.Br.
Oxystelma R.Br.
Pachycarpus E.Mey.
Parapodium E.Mey.
Pentacyphus Schltr. , including Tetraphysa Schltr.
Pentastelma Tsiang
Pentatropis R.Br.
Peplonia Decne.
Pergularia L.
Petalostelma E.Fourn.
Phaeostemma E.Fourn.
Pherotrichis Decne.
Philibertia Kunth , including Mitostigma Decne.
Pseudolachnostoma Morillo
Raphistemma Wall.
Rhyssostelma Decne.
Rhytidostemma Morillo
Rojasia Malme
Schizoglossum E.Mey.
Schizostephanus Hochst.
Schubertia Mart.
Scyphostelma Baill.
Solenostemma Hayne
Stathmostelma K.Schum.
Stelmagonum Baill.
Stenostelma Schltr.
Tassadia Decne. , including Stenomeria Turcz.
Tweedia Hook.
Tylodontia Griseb.
Vincetoxicum Wolf , including Merrillanthus Chun , Oncostemma K.Schum. , Rhyncharrhena F.Muell.
Widgrenia Malme
Woodia Schltr.
Xysmalobium R.Br.
Ceropegieae
[ edit ] Ceropegia candelabrum Caralluma acutangula , Burkina FasoLeptadenia pyrotechnica Stapelia gigantea
Apteranthes J.C.Mikan
Australluma Plowes
Baynesia Bruyns
Boucerosia Wight
Brachystelma Sims
Caralluma R.Br.
Caudanthera Plowes
Ceropegia L.
Conomitra Fenzl
Desmidorchis Ehrenb.
Duvalia Haw.
Duvaliandra M.G.Gilbert
Echidnopsis Hook.f.
Edithcolea N.E.Br.
Emplectanthus N.E.Br.
Heterostemma Wight
Hoodia Sweet
Huernia R.Br.
Larryleachia Plowes
Lavrania Plowes
Leptadenia R.Br.
Monolluma Plowes
Neoschumannia Schltr.
Notechidnopsis Lavranos
Ophionella Bruyns
Orbea Haw. , including Orbeanthus L.C.Leach
Orthanthera Wight
Pectinaria Haw.
Pentasacme Wall.
Piaranthus R.Br.
Pseudolithos P.R.O.Bally , including Anomalluma Plowes
Quaqua N.E.Br.
Rhytidocaulon P.R.O.Bally
Richtersveldia Meve
Riocreuxia Decne.
Sisyranthus E.Mey.
Socotrella Bruyns
Stapelia L.
Stapelianthus Choux
Stapeliopsis Pillans
Tavaresia Welw.
Tridentea Haw.
Tromotriche Haw.
Whitesloanea Chiov.
Eustegieae
[ edit ]
Fockeeae
[ edit ]
Marsdenieae
[ edit ] Stephanotis floribunda
Anisopus N.E.Br.
Asterostemma Decne.
Campestigma Pierre
Cionura Griseb.
Cosmostigma Wight
Dischidia R.Br.
Dolichopetalum Tsiang
Gongronema (Endl.)
Gunnessia P.I.Forst.
Gymnema R.Br.
Heynella Backer
Hoya R.Br. , including Cathetostemma Blume , Clemensiella Schltr.
Jasminanthes Blume
Lygisma Hook.f.
Marsdenia R.Br.
Oreosparte Schltr.
Pycnorhachis Benth.
Rhyssolobium E.Mey.
Sarcolobus R.Br. , including Quisumbingia Merr.
Stephanotis Thouars , including Dregea E.Mey. , Wattakaka Hassk.
Stigmatorhynchus Schltr.
Telosma Coville
Treutlera Hook.f.
Other genera
[ edit ]
These genera are not accepted within Asclepiadoideae by Endress et al. (2014),[6] GRIN-Global , where given.
Dalzielia Turrill – Marsdenieae (possible synonym of Marsdenia )[8]
Decanema Decne. – Asclepiadeae (possible synonym of Cynanchum )[9]
Dischidanthus Tsiang – Marsdenieae (possible synonym of Marsdenia )[10]
Gymnemopsis Costantin – Marsdenieae (possible synonym of Marsdenia )[11]
Kerbera E.Fourn. – Asclepiadeae[12]
Leichhardtia R.Br.
Manothrix Miers
Periglossum Decne. – Asclepiadeae[13]
Polystemma Decne. , including Microdactylon [14] Matelea )[15]
Ptycanthera Decne. – Asclepiadeae (possible synonym of Matelea )[16]
Ruehssia H.Karst. ex Schltdl. – Marsdenieae (possible synonym of Marsdenia )[17]
Schistonema Schltr. – Asclepiadeae (possible synonym of Tweedia )[18]
Vailia Rusby – Asclepiadeae (possible synonym of Blepharodon )[19]
References
[ edit ]
^ Endress, M. E. and P. V. Bruyns (2000), "A revised classification of the Apocynaceae s.l." (PDF) , Botanical Review , 66 1 ): 1–56, Bibcode :2000BotRv..66....1E , doi :10.1007/BF02857781 , S2CID 31739212
^ Spellenberg, Richard (2001) [1979]. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region ISBN 978-0-375-40233-3
^ Reveal, James L. (2011). "Asclepiadoideae" . Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium . Retrieved 2023-11-30 .
^ a b c Endress, Mary E.; Liede-Schumann, Sigrid; Meve, Ulrich (February 2014). "An updated classification for Apocynaceae". Phytotaxa . 159 (3 ): 175–194. doi :10.11646/phytotaxa.159.3.2 . ISSN 1179-3163 .
^ Nazar, N.; Clarkson, J.J.; Goyder, D.; Kaky, E.; Mahmood, T. & Chase, M.W. (2019), "Phylogenetic relationships in Apocynaceae based on nuclear PHYA and plastid trnL-F sequences, with a focus on tribal relationships", Caryologia International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics , 72 1 ): 55–81, doi :10.13128/cayologia-251
^ "Gen. Dalzielia Turrill" . Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2023-12-01 .
^ "Gen. Decanema Decne" . Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2023-12-01 .
^ "Gen. Dischidanthus Tsiang" . Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2023-12-01 .
^ "Gen. Gymnemopsis Costantin" . Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2023-12-01 .
^ "Gen. Kerbera E.Fourn" . Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2023-12-01 .
^ "Gen. Periglossum Decne" . Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2023-12-01 .
^ "Polystemma cordatum (Brandegee) L.O.Alvarado" . Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 2023-11-30 .
^ "Gen. Polystemma Decne" . Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2023-12-01 .
^ "Gen. Ptycanthera Decne" . Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2023-12-01 .
^ "Gen. Ruehssia H. Karst. ex Schltdl" . Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2023-12-01 .
^ "Gen. Schistonema Schltr" . Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2023-12-01 .
^ "Gen. Vailia Rusby" . Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2023-12-01 .
External links
[ edit ]
Asclepiadoideae
Asclepiadaceae
R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asclepiadoideae&oldid=1231917963 " C a t e g o r i e s : ● A s c l e p i a d o i d e a e ● G e n t i a n a l e s s u b f a m i l i e s H i d d e n c a t e g o r i e s : ● A r t i c l e s w i t h s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n ● S h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n m a t c h e s W i k i d a t a ● A r t i c l e s w i t h ' s p e c i e s ' m i c r o f o r m a t s ● A r t i c l e s c o n t a i n i n g p o t e n t i a l l y d a t e d s t a t e m e n t s f r o m D e c e m b e r 2 0 2 3 ● A l l a r t i c l e s c o n t a i n i n g p o t e n t i a l l y d a t e d s t a t e m e n t s ● C o m m o n s c a t e g o r y l i n k i s o n W i k i d a t a ● T a x o n b a r s w i t h m u l t i p l e m a n u a l W i k i d a t a i t e m s
● T h i s p a g e w a s l a s t e d i t e d o n 1 J u l y 2 0 2 4 , a t 0 0 : 0 5 ( U T C ) . ● T e x t i s a v a i l a b l e u n d e r t h e C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - S h a r e A l i k e L i c e n s e 4 . 0 ;
a d d i t i o n a l t e r m s m a y a p p l y . B y u s i n g t h i s s i t e , y o u a g r e e t o t h e T e r m s o f U s e a n d P r i v a c y P o l i c y . W i k i p e d i a ® i s a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k o f t h e W i k i m e d i a F o u n d a t i o n , I n c . , a n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n . ● P r i v a c y p o l i c y ● A b o u t W i k i p e d i a ● D i s c l a i m e r s ● C o n t a c t W i k i p e d i a ● C o d e o f C o n d u c t ● D e v e l o p e r s ● S t a t i s t i c s ● C o o k i e s t a t e m e n t ● M o b i l e v i e w
