Poster released by Ausflag prior to the 2000 Sydney Olympics, displaying some of the many other flags containing the Union Jack in the canton
The Australian flag debate is a question over whether the Australian flag should be changed, particularly to remove the Union Jack from the canton, but also to possibly introduce a completely new design without the Southern Cross.[1] Acknowledgement of the significance of the issues, and corresponding changes are required to reflect Australia's multicultural society,[2] as well as to reflect Australia's immensely rich, and intricate and complex shared history.
The debate has often arisen in connection with the issue of republicanism in Australia. It has come to a head on a number of occasions, such as the period immediately preceding the Australian Bicentenary in 1988 and during the prime ministershipofPaul Keating, who had publicly raised the topic of flag change during the early 1990s.
A 1918 World War I-era Australian postcard congratulating Australia on winning the war; includes the Union Jack and the Australian Red Ensign
The case for changing the flag has been led by the organisation known as Ausflag. The organisation has not consistently supported one design but is opposed to the Eureka Flag and has sponsored a number of design competitions to develop alternative flag candidates.
Supporters of changing the flag have made the following arguments:
The flag is not distinctive because it contains the national flag of another country in a position of prominence. In particular, the flag is difficult to distinguish from a variety of flags based on the British Blue Ensign, most notably the national flag of New Zealand and the state flag of Victoria. For example, when Australian prime minister Bob Hawke visited Canada in 1984, Ottawa was decked out with New Zealand flags in his honour.[3] The Australian Monarchist League, during their "No" campaign for the Australian republic referendum in 1999, displayed the New Zealand flag instead of the Australian flag in one of their pamphlets.[3] Again in 2013, the Australian Monarchist League mistakenly captioned the New Zealand flag as being the Australian flag on their website.[3]
It does not accurately connote Australia's status as an independent nation. The Union Jack at the canton suggests Australia is a British colony or dependency. New Zealand, Tuvalu and Fiji are the only other independent nations in the world to feature the Union Jack on their national flags. Other Commonwealth countries whose flags originally depicted the Union Jack have since changed them without becoming republics, while Canada, whose unofficial pre-1965 national flag was the Canadian Red Ensign, also adopted a new flag design without becoming a republic. The Australian flag's colours of red, white and blue are neither Australia's official national colours (green and gold) nor its traditional heraldic colours (blue and gold).
The current design of the flag acts as reminder of the history of unjust treatment towards Indigenous Australians, with Aboriginal activist Lowitja O'Donoghue arguing in the 1990s that it symbolises "dispossession and oppression" and that it "doesn’t reflect the reality of [modern] Australian life".[4]
The Australian flag was not historically the prime national symbol. For most of the time since Federation, it was flown alongside the British Union Jack which took precedence as the national flag from 1924 to 1954. Until the late 1920s, the Australian Federation Flag remained more popular than the Australian flag for public and even some official events. For example, the Federation Flag was flown during the 1927 visit to Australia of the Duke and Duchess of York.[5] The number of points of the stars have varied since 1901 and the present blue version was not adopted as the "national" flag until 1954. Before then, the Union Jack took precedence and confusion reigned between whether the red or blue version of the Australian flag was to be preferred, with the red often winning out.
It is wrong to claim that Australians have "fought and died under the flag", given that during most of the wars Australians have been involved in, they have usually "fought under" various British flags or the Australian Red Ensign.[6][7] Prior to 1941 only 10 percent of military ensigns were Blue and in 1945 Red ensigns were flown along the route of the official end of war parades.[8] The flag made in secret by the Changi prisoners-of-war was a red ensign.[9] The coffins of Australia's war dead were draped with the Union Jack.[10]
Although the flag was designed by four Australians, including two teenagers, and a man from New Zealand[11] and chosen through a public competition, the choice of designs was not completely free. Specifically, the conditions of entry for the Review of Reviews and subsequent government competition, were highly suggestive that the winning design must include the Union Jack and Southern Cross.[12][13][14] Additionally, final approval lay with King Edward VII and the British Admiralty, because both the red and blue versions were considered naval ensigns.[10]
Opponents of changing the flag have made the following arguments:
It is a popular symbol.[16] No alternative national flag has attained the same degree of acceptance accorded to the existing flag.[1]
The flag is a unique combination of devices recognised by law, custom and tradition as Australia's chief national symbol. It represents all Australian citizens regardless of background, race, religion or age.[17]
According to Nigel Morris of the Australian Flag Society, it is of historical importance, being the flag "that Australia has grown up under, and the flag that has been associated with all of her many achievements on the international scene".[18]
The flag is popular generally, and has particular support among young Australians, who do not appear to consider it a colonial symbol. The flag was the first national flag ever produced by a competition amongst the citizens themselves. The three elements of the flag represent Australia's heritage and values: the Southern Cross indicates Australia's geographic position, and is highly significant in Aboriginal mythology; the Union Jack acknowledges the large British settlements, which brought with them the national language, parliamentary government, and the rule of law; the "Commonwealth Star" represents the shared democratic future, the "ballot not the bullet".[19]
It was chosen through an open public competition. The competition was won by five entrants who had submitted similar designs, four Australians and a man from New Zealand, who would share the honour of being declared the designers.[11][20]
Some claim that the Southern Cross is not explicitly Australian but could represent any nation in the Southern Hemisphere. As well as the Australian flag, it also already appears on the flags of Brazil, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, New Zealand and the Mercosur trade bloc.[21]
a staled réchauffé of the British flag, with no artistic virtue, no national significance... Minds move slowly: and Australia is still Britain's little boy. What more natural than that he should accept his father's cut-down garments, – lacking the power to protest, and only dimly realising his will. That bastard flag is a true symbol of the bastard state of Australian opinion.
Initially the Department of Defence resisted, considering it to be a marine ensign and favouring King's Regulations that specified the use of the Union Jack. After being approached by the Department of Defence, Prime Minister Chris Watson stated in parliament that he was not satisfied with the design of the Australian flag and that implementation of the 1904 resolution could wait until consideration was given to "adopt another [flag] which in our opinion is more appropriate."[25]
On 14 April 1954 the Flags Act 1953 (Cth) became law after receiving all-party support. Tabling the legislation in parliament, the Prime Minister, Robert Menzies, stated: "The bill is very largely a formal measure which puts into legislative form what has become almost the established practice in Australia."[26]
The first proposal for a new Australian flag was made in 1956 by the Republican Socialist League. It was an evolutionary design in which the Union Jack was replaced with the Commonwealth Star.[27]
The Bulletin magazine launched an Australian National Flag Quest on 1 August 1971 in time for the visit of Queen Elizabeth II to open the Sydney Opera House in October 1973; 10 designs were chosen from the 2,000 submitted and these were displayed by major stores in the capital cities and main provincial centres during 1972.[28]
At the July 1982 National Conference of the Australian Labor Party in Canberra, the party changed its policy platform in regard to national symbols to: "Initiate and Support moves to establish with popular acceptance an Australian flag ... which will more distinctively reflect our national independence and identity."[citation needed]
It was reported in The Australian newspaper on 28 January 1984 that, "It is understood that Federal Cabinet will soon decide how best to ignite the debate on the pros and cons of changing the flag before the issue is put to a national vote before the 1988 bicentenary year. The Minister for Housing and Construction Mr Chris Hurford publicly revealed yesterday that the Government had not allowed economic discussions to completely swamp cabinet debate on the flag."
The prime minister, Bob Hawke, subsequently announced in the House of Representatives that the design of the Australian flag would not be reviewed by the Australian government before or during the bicentenary year.[29]
Paul Keating publicly championed the cause of a new flag during his term as prime minister, including on a state visit to Indonesia. He was quoted as saying:
I do not believe that the symbols and the expression of the full sovereignty of Australian nationhood can ever be complete while we have a flag with the flag of another country on the corner of it.[30]
On 6 June 1994, the Sydney Morning Herald reported the deputy prime minister, Kim Beazley, as saying that the Labor government was committed to its timetable for changes to Australia's flag by the Centenary of Federation in 2001; beyond commissioning a national survey that year, no further action was taken.[31]
In opposition from 1983 to 1996, coalition MPs unsuccessfully sponsored 10 private members bills to amend the Flags Act 1953 (Cth) to prevent the existing Australian flag from being replaced by the agreement of both houses of federal parliament alone, without the views of the Australian people being taken into account.[32]
Frequent Morgan polls showed the percentage of Australians wanting a new flag increasing from 27% in 1979 to 42% in 1992, to a majority of 52% in 1998.[33] In response to polls showing increasing support for a new flag, the Coalition government under John Howard established Australian National Flag Day in 1996 and introduced legislation, the Flags Amendment Bill 1996, to make a change more difficult. In 2002, the Howard government supplied ANFA's promotional video free to all primary schools and in 2004 required all schools receiving federal funds to fly the Australian flag.[34]
In the 1997 film Event Horizon, set in the year 2047, Sam Neill, playing an Australian astronaut, wears an Australian flag patch on his spacesuit with the Union Jack in the canton replaced with the Australian Aboriginal Flag. This was at Neill's suggestion, as he thought the flag might have been changed by that point in the future.[35][36][37][38]
On 24 March 1998, the Flags Amendment Bill 1996 received Royal Assent.
Malcolm Turnbull, former chairman (1993–2000) of the Australian Republican Movement and head of the official "Yes" case committee for the 1999 Australian republic referendum, left the board of Ausflag in 1994 after being asked for his resignation and in 2004 joined the Australian National Flag Association.[39]
A 2010 Morgan Poll that asked: "Do you think Australia should have a new design for our National Flag?" was supported by 29% of respondents and opposed by 66%, with 5% uncommitted.[33]
In 2015, with the flag debate in New Zealand continuing, discussion on the Australian Flag arose in the media. This included the issue being raised publicly by Labor MP Tim Watts.[40]
^"Australian Red Ensign – Myths and Facts". Ausflag. 12 June 2006. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007. Retrieved 17 December 2007. Australian forces in the Sudan War (1885), the Boxer Rebellion (1900–1901) and the Boer War (1899–1902) fought under the Union Jack. The First World War was the first to use the Red Ensign although the Union Jack dominated. World War II saw the Blue Ensign used for forts while the Red Ensign was used by the troops. In the Korean War, Australians fought under the United Nations' Flag. The first war to be fought under the Blue Ensign was Vietnam (1965–1972).
^ abCommonwealth Document. "Documenting a Democracy". National Archives of Australia: Flags Act 1953: History. Archived from the original on 2 June 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2008.
^Competition For A Flag The Evening Herald flag competition had stipulated that the flag must include both the Union Jack and the Southern Cross. The Review of Reviews competition specifically stated that "such absolute limitations" would not apply but that any entry "which omitted these symbols might have small chance of success." The Federal Government 1901 competition combined the Review of Reviews with their own. Of the 32,823 designs entered in the Government competition the "great majority" contained both the Union Jack and the Southern Cross. The judges in choosing the winners stated "it was apparent that a Commonwealth flag, to be representative, should contain: the Union Jack... it was felt that the only additional emblem required was one representing the Federation of the six States".
^Kirby, Michael (2000). "The Australian Referendum on a Republic – Ten Lessons". Australian Journal of Politics & History. 46 (4): 510–535. doi:10.1111/1467-8497.00111.
^"The Flag". The Bulletin. Vol. 22, no. 1128. Sydney, N.S.W. 28 September 1901. p. 9. Retrieved 7 August 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
