Contents

Baikonur

Baikonur Baiqoñyr/Байқоңыр (Kazakh) Байконур (Russian)
From the top, View over Baikonur, Gagarin's Start, Gagarin Avenue An aerial view of Baikonur
Flag Seal
Baikonur Location in Kazakhstan Show map of Kazakhstan Baikonur Baikonur (Asia) Show map of Asia Baikonur Baikonur (Eurasia) Show map of Eurasia
Coordinates: 45°37′0″N 63°19′0″E / 45.61667°N 63.31667°E / 45.61667; 63.31667
Country	Kazakhstan Russia (administered)
Founded	1955
Incorporated (city)	1966
Government
• Administrator	Konstantin Dmitrievich Busygin
Area
• Total	57 km2 (22 sq mi)
Elevation	100 m (300 ft)
Population  (2020)[1]
• Total	39,341
• Density	690/km2 (1,800/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+05:00[2]
Postal code	710501
Area code	+7 73622
Vehicle registration	N, 11 (Kazakhstan), 94 (Russia)
Climate	BWk
Website	www.baikonuradm.ru

Baikonur (Kazakh: Байқоңыр, Baiqoñyr, Kazakh pronunciation: [bɑjqoŋəɾ]; Russian: Байконур, romanized: Baykonur, [bəjkɐˈnur]), formerly known as Leninsk, is a city in Kazakhstan on the northern bank of the Syr Darya river. It is currently leased and administered by the Russian Federation as an enclave until 2050.^[3] It was constructed to service the Baikonur Cosmodrome and was officially renamed Baikonur by Russian president Boris Yeltsin on December 20, 1995. During the Soviet period, it was sometimes referred to as Zvezdograd (Звездоград), Russian for Star City.^[4]

The rented area is an ellipse measuring 90 kilometres (56 mi) east to west by 85 km (53 mi) north to south, with the cosmodrome situated at the area's centre.

Foreign visitors and tourists can visit the cosmodrome and city but need to obtain a specific permit from Roscosmos.^[5]

 Soviet Union1955–1991
∟ Kazakh SSR
 Kazakhstan 1991–present
∟ Russian Federation lease 1991–2050

The original Baikonur (Kazakh for "wealthy brown", i.e. "fertile land with many herbs") is a mining town 320 kilometres northeast of the present location, near Dzhezkazgan in Kazakhstan's Karagandy Region. Starting with Vostok 1 in April 1961, the launch site was given this name to cause confusion and keep the location secret. (The original Baikonur's residents took advantage of the confusion by ordering and receiving many scarce materials before government officials discovered the deception.)^[6] Baikonur's railway station predates the base and retains the old name of Tyuratam. This was the original Soviet railway station (railhead) on the Moscow to Tashkent Railway that the Cosmodrome was initially named after.

The fortunes of the city have varied according to those of the SovietorRussian space program and its Baikonur Cosmodrome.

Due to the city's military and scientific significance, it was closed off by Soviet authorities. It did not appear on maps available to the general public during the Soviet period prior to perestroika.

The Soviet government established the Nauchno-Issledovatel'skii Ispytatel'nyi Poligon N.5 (NIIIP-5), or Scientific-Research Test Range N.5 by its decree of 12 February 1955. The U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance plane found and photographed the Tyuratam missile test range (cosmodrome Baikonur) for the first time on 5 August 1957.^[7][8]

The town has unique ties with space, and hence the history of the rocket building and space binds all the sights in the area and the cosmodrome. However, there are only a few exceptions: old locomotive, an Orthodox Church and a new mosque.^[9]

The city administratively belongs to the Odintsovsky DistrictofMoscow Oblast.^[10][11]

Baikonur features a cold desert climate (BWk). Summers are hot with July highs averaging slightly over 34 °C (93 °F), while winters are cold, with longer periods of sustained below-freezing temperatures.^[12]

South of city center, near the Syr Darya River there is a large park with several sports and amusement facilities. Among these is a ferris wheel, which is no longer in use. The park is located at coordinates 45°36′42″N 63°19′06″E / 45.61167°N 63.31833°E / 45.61167; 63.31833.

• 
  U-2 photograph of R-7 Launch Pad in Toretam
• 
  Baikonur and Syr Darya River
• 
  Entrance to the city
• 
  Kazakh boy wearing a national costume at the celebration of Nauryz event in Baikonur with a camel

• List of closed cities

• "Testing of rocket and space technology - the business of my life" Events and facts - A.I. Ostashev, Korolyov, 2001.[1];
• "Baikonur. Korolev. Yangel." - M. I. Kuznetsk, Voronezh: IPF "Voronezh", 1997, ISBN 5-89981-117-X;
• «At risk» – A. A. Toul, Kaluga, "the Golden path", 2001. ISBN 5-7111-0333-1
• "Unknown Baikonur" - edited by B. I. Posysaeva, M.: "globe", 2001. ISBN 5-8155-0051-8
• "Rocket and space feat Baikonur" - Vladimir Порошков, the "Patriot" publishers 2007. ISBN 5-7030-0969-3
• A.I. Ostashev, Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov - The Genius of the 20th Century — 2010 M. of Public Educational Institution of Higher Professional Training MGUL ISBN 978-5-8135-0510-2.
• "Bank of the Universe" - edited by Boltenko A. C., Kyiv, 2014., publishing house "Phoenix", ISBN 978-966-136-169-9
• "We grew hearts in Baikonur" - Author: Eliseev V. I. M: publisher OAO MPK in 2018, ISBN 978-5-8493-0415-1

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baikonur.

• RussianSpaceWeb.com on Baikonur town
• Baikonur cosmodrome placemark
• Launch of the manned spacecraft Soyuz from the Baikonur Cosmodrome
• Baikonur travel guide from Wikivoyage