Contents

Benue–Congo languages

Major subdivision of the Niger–Congo language family

Benue–Congo
East Benue–Congo
Geographic distribution	Africa, from Nigeria eastwards and southwards
Linguistic classification	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Volta–Congo Benue–Congo
Subdivisions	Bantoid Cross River Defoid Jukunoid Kainji Plateau Ukaan Fali of Baissa Tita
Glottolog	benu1247
The Benue–Congo languages shown within the Niger–Congo language family. Non-Benue–Congo languages are greyscale.

Benue–Congo (sometimes called East Benue–Congo) is a major branch of the Volta-Congo languages which covers most of Sub-Saharan Africa.

Subdivisions[edit]

Central Nigerian (or Platoid) contains the Plateau, Jukunoid and Kainji families, and Bantoid–Cross combines the Bantoid and Cross River groups.

Bantoid is only a collective term for every subfamily of Bantoid–Cross except Cross River, and this is no longer seen as forming a valid branch, however one of the subfamilies, Southern Bantoid, is still considered valid. It is Southern Bantoid which contains the Bantu languages, which are spoken across most of Sub-Saharan Africa. This makes Benue–Congo one of the largest subdivisions of the Niger–Congo language family, both in number of languages, of which Ethnologue counts 976 (2017), and in speakers, numbering perhaps 350 million. Benue–Congo also includes a few minor isolates in the Nigeria–Cameroon region, but their exact relationship is uncertain.

The neighbouring Volta–Niger branch of Nigeria and Benin is sometimes called "West Benue–Congo", but it does not form a united branch with Benue–Congo. When Benue–Congo was first proposed by Joseph Greenberg (1963), it included Volta–Niger (as West Benue–Congo); the boundary between Volta–Niger and Kwa has been repeatedly debated. Blench (2012) states that if Benue–Congo is taken to be "the noun-class languages east and north of the Niger", it is likely to be a valid group, though no demonstration of this has been made in print.^[1]

The branches of the Benue–Congo family are thought to be as follows:

• Bantoid–Cross languages
  • Cross River
  • Northern Bantoid
  • Southern Bantoid
• Central Nigerian languages, also known as Platoid
  • Jukunoid
  • Kainji
  • Plateau

Ukaan is also related to Benue–Congo; Roger Blench suspects it might be either the most divergent (East) Benue–Congo language or the closest relative to Benue–Congo.

Fali of Baissa and Tita are also Benue–Congo but are otherwise unclassified.

Branches and locations (Nigeria)[edit]

Below is a list of major Benue–Congo branches and their primary locations (centres of diversity) within Nigeria based on Blench (2019).^[3]

Comparative vocabulary[edit]

Sample basic vocabulary for reconstructed proto-languages of different Benue-Congo branches:

See also[edit]

• List of Proto-Benue-Congo reconstructions (Wiktionary)
• Systematic graphic of the Niger–Congo languages with numbers of speakers

References[edit]

• Wolf, Paul Polydoor de (1971) The Noun Class System of Proto-Benue–Congo (Thesis, Leiden University). The Hague/Paris: Mouton.
• Williamson, Kay (1989) 'Benue–Congo Overview', pp. 248–274 in Bendor-Samuel, John & Rhonda L. Hartell (eds.) The Niger–Congo Languages – A classification and description of Africa's largest language family. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America.

External links[edit]

• ComparaLex, database with Benue-Congo word lists
• Web resources for the Benue–Congo languages
• Journal of West African Languages: Benue-Congo
• Proto-Benue-Congo Swadesh list Archived 2021-07-09 at the Wayback Machine (de Wolf 1971)