Whereas d-borneol was the enantiomer that used to be the most readily available commercially, the more commercially available enantiomer now is l-borneol, which also occurs in nature.
Borneol may cause eye, skin, and respiratory irritation; it is harmful if swallowed.[10] Acute exposure may cause headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, lightheadedness, and syncope. Exposure to higher levels or over a longer period of time may cause restlessness, difficulty concentrating, irritability, and seizures.[11]
Borneol has been shown to have little to no irritation effect when applied to the human skin at doses used in fine fragrance formulation.[12] Skin exposure can lead to sensitization and a future allergic reaction even to small quantities.[11]
The bornyl group is a univalent radical C10H17 derived from borneol by removal of hydroxyl and is also known as 2-bornyl.[13] Isobornyl is the univalent radical C10H17 that is derived from isoborneol.[14] The structural isomerfenchol is also a widely used compound derived from certain essential oils.
^Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. p. 3.56. ISBN0-8493-0486-5.
^C. Gerhardt (1842)『Sur la transformation de l'essence de valériane en camphre de Bornéo et en camphre des laurinées』(On the transformation of the essence of valerian into Borneo camphor and into laurel camphor), Comptes rendus, 14 : 832-835. From p. 834: "Je donne, par cette raison, à l'hydrogène carboné de l'essence de valériane, le nom de bornéène, et, au camphre lui-même, celui de bornéol." (I give, for this reason [namely, that the compound that Gerhardt had obtained from valerian oil was identical to that obtained by Pelouze from camphor from Borneo], to the hydrocarbon from valerian essence, the name bornéène, and, to camphor itself, that of borneol.)
^Lincoln, D.E., B.M. Lawrence. 1984. "The volatile constituents of camphorweed, Heterotheca subaxillaris".
Phytochemistry 23(4): 933-934
^Begum, A.; Sandhya, S.; Shaffath Ali, S.; Vinod, K. R.; Reddy, S.; Banji, D. (2013). "An in-depth review on the medicinal flora Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae)". Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Technologia Alimentaria. 12 (1): 61–73. PMID24584866.
^Wong, K. C.; Ong, K. S.; Lim, C. L. (2006). "Composition of the essential oil of rhizomes of Kaempferia Galanga L.". Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 7 (5): 263–266. doi:10.1002/ffj.2730070506.
^The Beaver: Its Life and Impact. Dietland Muller-Schwarze, 2003, page 43 (book at google books)
