Bragg–Gray cavity theory relates the radiation dose in a cavity volume of material to the dose that would exist in a surrounding medium
in the absence of the cavity volume. It was developed in 1936 by British scientists Louis Harold Gray, William Henry Bragg, and William Lawrence Bragg.
Most often, material is assumed to be a gas, however Bragg–Gray cavity theory applies to any cavity volume (gas, liquid, or solid) that meets the following Bragg-Gray conditions.
When the Bragg-Gray conditions are met, then
where
In an ionization chamber, the dose to material (typically a gas) is
where
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