1937 commission recommending US federal government reforms
Charles Merriam (left) and Louis Brownlow, members of the Brownlow Committee, leave the White House on September 23, 1938, after they discussed government reorganization with President Roosevelt.
The President's Committee on Administrative Management, commonly known as the Brownlow CommitteeorBrownlow Commission, was a presidentially-commissioned panel of political science and public administration experts that in 1937 recommended sweeping changes to the executive branch of the United States government. The committee had three members: Louis Brownlow, Charles Merriam, and Luther Gulick. The staff work was managed by Joseph P. Harris, director of research for the committee.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the committee on March 22, 1936, and charged it with developing proposals for reorganizing the executive branch.[1] The three-person committee consisted of Louis Brownlow, Charles Merriam, and Luther Gulick.[2][3] Gulick's POSDCORB served as the basis and framing idea[4] and not all parts of their team's research were used. Their work revealed a profound constitutional understanding and confidence, not only about improving public management, but how to improve democracy within the American administrative state.[5] On January 8, 1937, the committee released its report, famously declaring "The President needs help,"[6]
Roosevelt submitted the Brownlow Committee's report to Congress and on January 12, 1937, sought legislative approval to implement the committee's recommendations.[1][7]
The committee delivered a 53-page report, which included 37 recommendations. Some of its most important recommendations included the creation of aides to the president to deal with administrative tasks of the president. It also suggested that the president should have direct control over the administrative departments. In its third suggestion, the committee said that the managerial agencies – the Civil Service Administration, the Bureau of the Budget, and the National Resources Board – should be part of the Executive Office.[8]
The committee warned that the existing agencies had grown increasingly powerful and independent, and proposed reforms designed to tighten the president's control over these agencies. The committee proposed a plan to consolidate over 100 agencies into 12 departments and allowed the president to appoint several assistants.
The committee advocated a strong chief executive, including a significant expansion of the presidential staff, integration of managerial agencies into a single presidential office, expansion of the merit system, integration of all independent agencies into existing Cabinet departments, and modernization of federal accounting and financial practices.[2]
The Reorganization Act of 1939 incorporated two of the committee recommendations, and provided President Roosevelt with authority to make changes so that most of the existing agencies and government corporations became accountable to cabinet-level departments.
The most important results of the actions taken by Roosevelt were the creation of the Executive Office of the President and the creation of a group of six executive level assistants. Roosevelt combined several government public works and welfare agencies into the Federal Works Agency and the Federal Security Agency. He also transferred the powerful Bureau of the Budget from the Treasury Department to the Executive Office of the President.[9] The new law also made possible in 1940, the Office of Emergency Management, which enabled the immediate creation of numerous wartime agencies. The reorganization is best known for allowing the President to appoint numerous assistants and advisers. Those who built a network of support in Congress became virtually independent "czars" in their specialized domains.[10]
Most Americans opposed giving the president any more power, as a Gallup poll found in April 1938.[11]
Nevertheless, after winning the approval of Congress, Roosevelt signed the Reorganization Act of 1939 and then established the Executive Office of the President, which increased the president's control over the executive branch.[citation needed]
^ abKarl, Barry Dean. Executive Reorganization and Reform in the New Deal: The Genesis of Administrative Management, 1900–1939. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963. [ISBN missing][page needed]
^ abDickinson, Matthew J. Bitter Harvest: FDR, Presidential Power and the Growth of the Presidential Branch. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN0521653959[page needed]
^Parrish, Michael E. The Hughes Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2002. ISBN1576071979[page needed]
^Newbold, Stephanie; Terry, Larry (2006). "The President's Committee on Administrative Management: The Untold Story and the Federalist Connection". Administration & Society. 38 (5): 522–555. doi:10.1177/009539970603800503. S2CID144821334.
^U.S. President’s Committee on Administrative Management. Report of the President’s Committee. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1937, p. 5.
^Ciepley, David. Liberalism in the Shadow of Totalitarianism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006. ISBN0674022963[page needed]
^Barry Dean Karl, Executive Reorganization and Reform in the New Deal (1963) [ISBN missing][page needed]
^McJimsey, George (2000). The Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, pp. 171–84. [ISBN missing]
^Relyea, Harold C. 『The Coming of Presidential Czars and their Accountability to Congress: The Initial Years: 1937–1945.』White House Studies 11#1 (2011), pp. 1–20.
Fesler, James W. (August 1987), "The Brownlow Committee Fifty Years Later", Public Administration Review, 47 (4): 291–296, doi:10.2307/975308, JSTOR975308
