Casuarina glauca, commonly known as swamp she-oak, swamp buloke, swamp she-oak, marsh sheoak, grey she-oak, grey she-oak,[2]native pine,[3]orguman by the Gadigal people,[4] is a species of flowering plant that is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a dioecious tree that often forms root suckers and has fissured and scaly bark, spreading or drooping branchlets, the leaves reduced to scales in whorls of 12 to 20, the fruit 9–18 mm (0.35–0.71 in) long containing winged seeds (samaras) 3.5–5.0 mm (0.14–0.20 in) long.
Casuarina glauca is a dioecious tree that typically grows to a height of 8–20 m (26–66 ft), sometimes to 35 m (115 ft), rarely a shrub to about 2 m (6 ft 7 in), and that often forms root suckers. The bark is greyish brown, fissured and scaly. The branchlets are sometimes drooping, up to 380 mm (15 in) long, the leaves reduced to scale-like teeth about 0.6–0.9 mm (0.024–0.035 in) long, arranged in whorls of usually 12 to 17 around the branchlets, and long and curved back when young. The sections of branchlet between the leaf whorls (the "articles") are 8–20 mm (0.31–0.79 in) long and 0.9–1.2 mm (0.035–0.047 in) wide.
Male flowers are arranged in spikes 12–40 mm (0.47–1.57 in) long in whorls of 7 to 10 per centimetre (per 0.4 inch) and the anthers about 0.8 mm (0.031 in) long. The female cones are on a peduncle 3–12 mm (0.12–0.47 in) long and sparsely covered with soft, white to rust-coloured hairs when young. Mature cones are 9–18 mm (0.35–0.71 in) long and 7–9 mm (0.28–0.35 in) in diameter, the samaras 3.5–5.0 mm (0.14–0.20 in) long.[2][4][5][6]
This species is closely related to C. cunninghamiana,[12] and hybrids with C. cunninghamiana subsp. cunninghamiana have been recorded where the two species co-occur, such as at Lower Portland and Wisemans Ferry.[4][13]
Swamp she-oak is found along Australia's east coast from Yeppoon in central Queensland to Bermagui in southern New South Wales.[2] Some stands within the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney predate European settlement.[13] Populations along the New South Wales coastline are at risk due to clearing of habitat for development.[4] It has become highly invasive in Florida.[13]
Casuarina glauca grows in or near brackish water along the banks of rivers and estuaries. Suckering from the roots, the swamp oak can form dense stands of trees.[2] It grows on alluvial soils of sandstone or shale origin. The water table lies 30 cm or less under the surface. This tree then acts to turn shallows into land by preventing erosion and collecting material among its roots.[13] They are also a predominant species in the Coastal Swamp Oak Forests in southeastern Australia.[14]
Casuarina glauca is an actinorhizal plant producing root nitrogen-fixing nodules infested by Frankia. There is a regular pattern of cell layers containing flavans.[15] Although not a legume, C. glauca, produces a hemoglobin (not a leghemoglobin) in its symbiotic root nodules.[16]
Trees regenerate after fire by growing from the roots. Cut stumps sprout suckers vigorously, producing groves of new trees.[13]C. glauca trees drop large amounts of litter, mainly old cones and branchlets, which eventually rots down and enriches the soil unless removed by a flood event.[18]
Casuarina glauca has been planted widely as a street tree in Canberra.[21] It was introduced to Haiti to stabilise the soil and to be used as timber for poles, and to Florida where it was planted as an ornamental plant and windbreak.[13]
It tolerates waterlogged soils and even soils with some salinity. A significant inconvenience in urban settings is that its roots can invade underground water and sewer pipes if these are within 15 m (50 ft) of the tree.[21] It can also acidify acid sulphate soils as it lowers the water table.[22]
Two prostrate forms are commercially available: Casuarina 'Cousin It' is a cultivar arising from material from Booderee National Park on the New South Wales south coast collected in 1989 and named for its resemblance to Cousin Itt,[23] and C. ‘Kattang Karpet’ is propagated by the Australian Botanic Garden from material collected at Kattang Nature Reserve on the New South Wales mid-north coast in 1998.[24]
^ abcdWilson, Karen; Johnson, Lawrence A.S. "Casuarina glauca". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
^Boland, Douglas J.; Brooker, M. I. H.; Chippendale, G. M.; McDonald, Maurice William (2006). Forest trees of Australia. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. p. 84. ISBN0-643-06969-0.
^Fairley, Alan; Moore, Philip (2000). Native Plants of the Sydney District:An Identification Guide (2nd ed.). Kenthurst, NSW: Kangaroo Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN0-7318-1031-7.
^Sprengel, Kurt P.J. (1826). Systema Vegetabilium. Vol. 3. Göttingen. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
^ abElliot, Rodger W.; Jones, David L.; Blake, Trevor (1985). Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Vol. 2. Port Melbourne: Lothian Press. p. 482. ISBN0-85091-143-5.
^Dept. Industry & Investment (1 November 2010). "Swamp Oak or Swamp Sheoak"(PDF). Paddock Plants Fact Sheets. New South Wales Government. Archived from the original(PDF) on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
^Hitchcock, Bobbie (24 December 2015) [2005]. "Casuarina glauca prostrate forms". Growing Native Plants. (online version at www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian National Botanic Gardens, Australian Government. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
^Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney. "Growing Prostrate Casuarina Glauca Forms". Gardening. State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 11 May 2016.