Malcolm Mackintosh of Torcastle, 33rd Chief of Clan Chattan, a resident of New Zealand represented by John Mackintosh of Mackintosh, 31st Chief of Clan Mackintosh and President of the Clan Chattan Association.[1]
Clan Chattan (Scottish Gaelic: Na CatanaichorClann Chatain)[5] is a unique confederation of Highland clans.[6] This distinctive allied community[7] comprised at its greatest extent seventeen separate clans (currently twelve),[8] who each had their own clan chief recognized under Scottish law, but were united under and bound to the superior chief of the Confederation for mutual solidarity, sustenance and protection in the Middle Ages and early modern period in the Great Glen and Cairngorms. A tribal coalition of this magnitude was a source of apprehension to both the Lord of the Isles and the Kings of Scots and records exist of machinations to "crying doon the Clan Chattan" by formenting internal dissension.[9]
There are multiple theories about the true origins of this clan:
The name Chattan may have come from the Catti who were a tribe of Gauls that had been driven out by the Romans.[6]
Another theory is that the name comes from Catav in Sutherland.[6]
The most widely accepted theory is that they descended from Gillichattan Mor who was the great servant of Saint Cathan.[6] Gillichattan is believed to have been appointed the co-arborbailie of the abbey lands of Ardchattan Priory, by the Lord of Argyll, Duncan MacDougall.[6][10]
In the time of Malcolm II of Scotland the Clan Chattan possessed the lands of Glen Loy and Loch Arkaig.[6] It was here that Tor Castle became the clan chief's seat.[6] Not much is certain about the history of the clan until towards the end of the 13th century.[6] Eva, daughter and heiress of Gilpatric or Dougal Dall, 6th chief of Clan Chattan in Lochaber, married Angus Mackintosh, 6th chief of Clan Mackintosh, in 1291.[6] Thus Angus Mackintosh also became 7th chief of Clan Chattan.[11] They resided at Tor Castle before withdrawing to Rothiemurchus due to the enmity of Aonghus Óg of Islay, chief of Clan Donald.[6] As a result, the lands at Arkaig were occupied by Clan Cameron who claimed that they had been abandoned.[6] This was the beginning of a long and bitter feud that was fought between the Clan Chattan and Clan Cameron until 1666.[6]
Another reason for the migration is explained in MacPherson clan traditions in that in 1309 Robert the Bruce offered the lands of Badenoch to them if they destroyed the Bruce's enemies, the Clan Comyn.[12]
The earliest official document, the MS 1467 which recognises the Clan Chattan is dated 1467; but the chronicler Bower, writing about 1440, speaks of Clan Chattan in 1429. Bellenden, in his translation of Boece, about 1525, is the first who talks of the clan having been at the Inches in Perth in 1396, and this probably owing to a misprint in the original, of Clan Quhete for Quhele'. He referred to it as Quhattan.[13]
Prior to the 14th century, the Clan Chattan was a conventional Scottish clan.[6] However it evolved into an alliance or confederation of at least seventeen clans which was made up of:
firstly of the descendants of the "blood" or the original clan (Clan Cattanach, Clan Vurich/Clan MacPherson, Clan MacPhail and Clan Dhai/Clan Davidson (according to Skene) and possibly Clan Vean/Clan MacBean (or McBain)).[10] The MacMartins of Clan Cameron[14][15] and Clan MacMillan[16] are also sometimes described as have being originally related to the Old Clan Chattan but parted ways.
The Vic Gories, who took protection around 1369.[20]
The Dhus of Strathnairn, who took protection around 1373.[21]
Clan Slioch Gow Chruim/The Gows or Smiths, who took protection around 1399.[22]
Clan Clerich/The Clarks, who took protection around 1400.[23]
Clan Tarril, the Kinrara MS also states, " In the time of Lachlan (8th of Mackintosh, who died in 1407), a small clan from Strathnairn settled in Petty, becoming followers of Mackintosh." Within two generations however, their status changed. Gillespie, a brother of the Earl of Ross, entered Petty with reivers driving off cattle and inhabitants. The invaders were surprised at Culloden by Duncan and two other sons of Malcolm Mackintosh, who recovered the stolen goods, but were too late for Clan Tarril, nearly all of whom were slain.[24]
The Sliochd Gillie vor MacAonas who took protection around 1485.[21]
The Finlay Cheir who took protection around 1502.[25] and
'Clan an t-Saoir', Clan Andrish or the MacAndrews ('Clan Gillandrish').[26][6] The Kinrara MS states a Donald MacGillandris, was part of a bridal retinue of Mora MacDonald of Moydart, future wife of the 10th Chief of Mackintosh. Settled at Connage in Petty. This family is mentioned in a royal summons for the “Maisterfull spoliatioun’’ of Halhill in 1513 with Dougal Mor Mackintosh.[27]
William Forbes Skene, however, gave a different version of how Clan Chattan was formed prior to the Mackintosh alliance.[28] Clan Vuirich (Clan MacPherson) and Clan Day (Clan Davidson) were the original co-founders and referred to as old Clan Chattan.[28] Added to these were six "stranger septs" who took protection from the clan.[28] These were Clan Vic Ghillevray (Clan MacGillivray), the Clan Vean (Clan MacBean), the Clan Vic Govies, the Clan Tarrel, the Clan Cheanduy, and the Sliochd Gowchruim or Smiths.[28]
However, Skene's phrase about "stranger septs" and the names linked to them is not supported by any of the works of the respected Clan Chattan historians,[29][30][31][32] and may therefore be a historical error by Skene, whose shortcomings have been noted by later writers – one of Skene's harshest critics was the Scottish philologist Alexander MacBain.
Sir Æneas Mackintosh/Charles-Fraser Mackintosh assumption
Noted historian of Clan Chattan, Charles Fraser-Mackintosh, in his 'An Account of the Confederation of Clan Chattan; its kith and kin' (the work known as 'Minor Septs of Clan Chattan') published a list of 16 associated tribes of Clan Chattan, along with an associated date reference, as written down by Sir Æneas Mackintosh. It begins with The Clan vic Gillivray, 1271. The second clan is The Clan Wurrich (Macpherson), 1291 and the third is The Clan Vean (Macbeans), 1292; then the fourth is The Clan Day (Davidsons), 1350. Others follow including (No.9) The Clan Tearlich (Macleans of the North), 1400, (No.10) The Clan Revan (Macqueens), 1400 and (No.14) The Clan Phail (Macphails), 1500.[33]
In his 'The Mackintoshes and Clan Chattan' (1903), A. M. Mackintosh arranges his chapters to provide a history of Clan Chattan, its chiefs and its Mackintosh branches, then in Chapter XV details the 'Tribes and Families of Clan Chattan other than the Mackintoshes of Inverness-shire'.
He begins (page 405) with the heading 'Clans Springing from the Mackintoshes': the Shaws, the Farquharsons, the Mackintoshes of Dalmunzie, the McCombies and Clan Thomas.
Then A. M. Mackintosh comes to Part II of this chapter headed 'Clans Supposed to be of the Blood of the Old Clan Chattan' (i.e. not Mackintoshes, but members of Eva's family): the MacPhersons, the Cattanachs, the MacBeans and the MacPhails.
The author then covers in Part III of the same chapter, headed (page 496) 'Clans Not of the Blood of either MackIntoshes or Old Clan Chattan': the MacGillivrays, the Davidsons, the Macleans of Dochgarroch, Clan Tarril, the Smiths or Gows, the MacQueens or Clan Revan, Clan Andrish and the Clarks or Clan Chlerich.
Members of Clan Chattan throughout the confederation lands. Note: Clan boundaries were known to change constantly and were not static. This is a general map of Clan Chattan lands at their greatest extent. This map also does not include any temporary Mackintosh lands in the Lochaber district.
Chiefs
[edit]Tree showing the ancestries and merging of Clans Chattan and MacKintosh, forming the early Confederation. (click to enlarge).
The following is a list of the traditional chiefs of the Clan Chattan before marriage between Eva, heiress of Clan Chattan, with the Chief of Clan Mackintosh, through whose marriage a new line of Mackintosh Captains (Chiefs) of Clan Chattan was created :[11]
No.
Name
1
Gillicattan Mor, first known chief of Clan Chattan
2
Diarmid
3
Gillicattan,
4
Muirach, father of Gillichattan, and Ewan Ban, father of the 3 branches of Clan Macpherson
5
Gillicattan
6
Dougal or Gilpatric, his daughter married Angus Mackintosh, 6th chief of Clan Mackintosh, thus Mackintosh became 7th chief of Clan Chattan.
Thereafter the Chiefs of Clan Mackintosh are also the Chiefs of Clan Chattan. See: Chiefs of Clan Mackintosh.
In 1942, the Lyon Court separated the leadership of Clan MacKintosh and Clan Chattan. The leadership of Clan Chattan passed to the Mackintosh of Torcastle line. The Chief of Clan Mackintosh had been at the same time Captain of Clan Chattan, until the death of Alfred Donald Mackintosh of Mackintosh CBE, who chose as his heir to the Mackintosh inheritance Rear-Admiral Lachlan Donald Makintosh CB DSO DSC. The omission of a stipulation in Alfred's will, concerning inheritance of the captaincy of Clan Chattan, led The Lord Lyon of the day to create the historic separation of the two titles. Lachlan became The Mackintosh of Mackintosh, and his cousin Duncan Alexander Eliott Mackintosh became Mackintosh of Mackintosh-Torcastle, and Head of the hail kin of Clan Chattan.[35]
At this juncture the chieftainship of Mackintosh and Clan Chattan split.
The last few Clan Chattan Confederation chiefs therefor were:
Duncan Alexander Eliott Mackintosh of Mackintosh-Torcastle, born 1 December 1884 and died 29 May 1966. He married Ellen Primrose Smith and they had three sons and two daughters.
Kenneth Mackintosh, born 23 November 1916, who became the 32nd Chief of Clan Chattan. He married Margaret Farmer and had two children.
Duncan Alexander John Mackintosh, born in 1946, according to Burke's Peerage.
However, a genealogy published in an updated history of the Clan Mackintosh noted that Duncan died young, and that his younger brother Malcolm Mackintosh (born 20 October 1950) succeeded their father, who died in 1976, as 33rd Chief of Clan Chattan, becoming styled as Malcolm Mackintosh of Mackintosh-Torcastle and Clan Chattan.[36][37]
Clan Mackintosh therefor remains the principal clan of the Clan Chattan Confederation and the current and past Mackintosh of Mackintosh has been President of the Clan Chattan Association.
1424 Clan Shaw ambush and skirmish with Clan Comyn at Lag na Cuimenach near Loch Pityloulish.[38]
1424 Comyns invasion of Mackintosh lands at Meikle, Geddes and Rait, as well as subsequent attack on Moy where they unsuccessfully tried to drown the Mackintoshes on their island of Moy. Subsequent reconciliation between the two parties at the Rait Castle led to the slaughter of the Comyn hosts.[39]
1526 Hector Mackintosh, uncle of the infant chief of Mackintosh raised the town of Dyke against the Earl of Moray who had the infant in his custody[42]
1528 King James V issues a commission of Fire and Sword against the entire Clan Chattan with the Earl of Moray to carry out "utter extermination and destruction" of the clan and its supporters "leaving none alive except priests, women and children" in an effort to catch Hector Mackintosh.
1592 Retaliatory Mackintosh raid into Strathdee and Glenmuick on 10 November, during which four Gordon lairds were killed.[44]
1592 Auchindoun Castle of the Gordons destroyed by Clan Mackintosh in retaliation due to the 6th Earl George Gordon, 1st Marquess of Huntly's, killing their ally, The Bonny Earl O’Moray.[45][46]
1602 Raid on GlenIsla, Largest recorded cattle raid in Scottish history when MacGregors, MacDonells of Glengarry and Clan Chattan, carried away over 2000 cattle, but were subsequently ambushed by the Robertson's of Straloch [47][48][49]
1602 Skirmish at Loch Garry, Clan Macpherson ambushes a Clan MacColl raiding party[50]
1606 Raid on Delreddy, Cattle raid by Donald Farquharson and others[51]
1607 Raid on Gask, Cattle raid by Clan Mackintosh[51]
1612 Raid on Kilvarock, Cattle raid by Clan Mackintosh[51]
1618 Fire and Sword: Sir Lauchlan Mackintosh obtained commission against Macdonalds of Keppoch for laying waste his lands in Lochaber. He conceived he had a right to the services of the whole Confederation but some were now tenants of the Marquis of Huntly, but were ordered nonetheless. This offended the Earl of Enzie, the marquis's son, who summoned Mackintosh before the Privy Council, for having, as he asserted, exceeded his commission.
1624 Raid on John Steward, Cattle raid by Gillichallum Mackintosh[51]
1634 Raid on Hew Ross, Cattle raid by Clan Mackintosh[51]
1665 Skirmish in Inverness, between of the MacDonells of Glengarry and Mackintoshes in Inverness resulting in £4,800 in damages and fees for a surgeon[55]
1688 Battle of Mulroy, Fort Dunachton destroyed, Clan MacPherson rescue MacKintosh chief[56][57]
The Chattan Confederation‟s first band may have been created in 1397 after the Battle of the North Inch, but it only lasted 14 years until 1411 when Clan MacPherson decided to take a different stand than the rest of the Chattan Confederation in regional politics.[42]
Signed at Inverness by most of the tribes of Clan Chattan in reaction mainly to threats on their lands in Rothiemurchus by Clan Grant. Lachlan Mackintosh of Mackintosh wrote to the Chief of Clan Grant that he wanted to repurchase his "own native country of Rothiemurchus", but was ignored. Mackintosh then threatened to raise the tribes of Clan Chattan against him.[58][59]
After the death of Mackintosh of Dunnachten in 1606, the Mackintoshes made an effort to reunite the clan and bring to an end the "controversies, questions, debates and hosts, that has fallen furth betwixt the said haill kin of Clan Chattan these times bygone, whereupon there followed groat incanvanisnciss" The Chattan Confederation came together at Termit about five miles from Inverness in 1609 to sign a new Band.[60][61]
Renewal of the 1609 Band, signed at Kincairne, but with an additional clause of action against Ewan Cameron in response to a Royal Commission seeing the Camerons as rebels at that point.[62]
The MacBeans of Faillie ventured into land holdings but had developed a huge debt. As the MacBean's estate was not enough to pay off the debt, these lands fell under control of the court. The whole debt, with interests and costs, then fell onto the wider Clan Chattan. The burden, however, was still too heavy, and the estate was of little use to the MacBeans after 1744. By 1756 William MacBean consented to MacKintosh's reclaiming the Laggau lands, signing a deed of consent. This deed was also signed by other leaders of Clan Chattan, such as Alexander MacPhail of Inverernie, Robert MacKintosh, Tacksman of Termite, William MacKintosh of Aberarder, William MacKintosh of Holme and John MacKintosh of Calclachie. These heads of Clan Chattan signed this agreement at Gask, in Strathnairn, on the 27th October, 1756, in presence of Donald MacBean and Alexander Fraser, farmer in the Mains of Tordarroch. This document is peculiarly interesting in respect that it is dated several years after the Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746 came into effect, which abolished such agreements and the powers of clan chiefs.[63]
To celebrate the 400th anniversary of the 1609 Clan Chattan Band of Union, a new Band of Union was signed in 2009 to renew the clans historic connection.[64][65]
1467: Friendship with Lord Forbes and others, on the one part; and Duncan Macintosh, of Clan Chattan, Hugh Rose of Kilravock and others, on the other part.
1481: Maintenance between Farquhar Macintosh, son and apparent heir of Duncan Macintosh, of Clan Chattan, to Hugh Rose of Kilravock.[66]
1490: Manrent and marriage between Duncan Mackintosh to Cawdor.[67][68]
1527: Friendship between Hector Mackintosh of Mackintosh and Hector Munro of Foulis, Chief of Clan Munro; John Campbell of Cawdor, Hugh Rose of Kilravock, Chief of Clan Rose; and "Donald Ilis of Sleat".[69]
1568: Friendship between Lachlan Mackintosh and Earl of Huntly as his superior and confirmation of control of the lands of Benchar, Clune, Kincraig, Schiphin, Essich, Bochrubin, Dundelchat and Tordarroch.[71]
1588: Friendship with William Macleod of Macleod, 13th chief of Clan Macleod.[72]
1589: Bond agreement between Mackintosh and MacDonald of Keppoch that he would pay 2000 pounds for rent in his lands.[73]
1590: Friendship and protection between clans Mackintosh and Grant of Freuchy and against aggressive Earls.[74]
Between clans MacPherson and Davidson as to which clan would form on the right wing of the Confederation Chief in battle in 1370.[79]
Between clans Mackintosh and MacPherson over the hereditary leadership of the Clan Chattan Confederation and sealing a separate agreement of manrent with the Earl of Huntly in 1591. In 1672, Duncan MacPherson of Cluny applied for and obtained from Lord Lyon the matriculation of arms as "the laird of Cluny MacPherson as the only true representer of the ancient and honorable family of Clan Chattan". However, the Chief of MacIntosh at that time successfully sued a reduction and Lyon apparently charged Cluny with adding supporters which had not been really granted in the text of the parchment. MacIntosh was thus upheld as the Chief of Clan Chattan.[80]
Between clans Mackintosh and MacPherson over the construction of a mill in the same river as that of the existing MacPherson one. This argument led to the Mackintoshes asking the Grants to assist them in the fight to which they refused and the MacPhersons pulling down the incomplete structure.[81]
Between clans Shaw and Farquharson: a fight between a party from Rothimurcus and Finla Mor Farquharson and his followers over of a claim made by Shaws to the lands of Invercauld.[82]
Between clans MacPhail with Shaw over debt owed to clan MacGillivray for land speculation in 1662.[83]
Between clans Farquharson and MacThomas over disputed grazing rights in upper Glenisla around 1673.[84]
It is not clear if the Confederation had a formal dispute resolution process for internal disputes. There is however a recorded agreement dated 4 June 1726, appointing Macgillivray of Dunmaglass arbiter between Lachlan, 20th chief of Mackintosh, and Lachlan Macpherson of Cluny, in any disputes that might arise in the carrying out of an agreement made between the two at Moy Hall on 15 September 1724.[85]
Throughout the 16th Century, the Clan Chattan Confederation was caught up in the machinations of the Earls of Mar, Moray and Huntly, particularly George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly, mainly to use parts of the clan in their respective earldoms in disputes between themselves. This led to external attempts to divide the various tribes of Clan Chattan by undermining known internal disputes.[86][87]
James Stuart, 3rd Earl of Moray tried to take back lands in Pettie and Strathern from Clan Chattan his father, James Stewart, 2nd Earl of Moray had gifted them for loyal support. This then resulted in an insurrection against the Earl. The Earl then issued at letter of intercommuning against the Clan Chattan, preventing anyone from assisting or harboring clan members under severe penalty. The matter was resolved after large fines were paid and several clan members executed. Details of this issue was recorded by John Spalding, a noted historian of the era.[88][89]
Clan Chattan lands affected by expanding Earldoms circa 17th century
The activities of the Clan are carried on by the Clan Chattan Association, a descendant of the original association established in 1727 for the purpose of defending the interests of the clan "against all who would seek the injury of any of its subscribers".[90]
In the nineteenth century, many clan societies and associations emerged, with the aim of promoting social interaction between people linked by a common name, and interest in their clan's history. Among these was the second Clan Chattan Association, founded in Glasgow in 1893. Initial support for the association was strong with the meetings, lectures and dances described as "a brilliant success", but it faded out by about 1900. Even so, clan historians of that period produced several works which are still used today.[90]
In the summer of 1933, the third Clan Chattan Association was founded in London. Now based in Scotland, the association has worldwide membership. It organizes a number of activities, such as the annual events in early August at Moy Hall in conjunction with the Highland Field Sports Fair. Members are kept informed of events through the annual journal of the association.[90]
Panorama South from Chattan Clan monument to Sarah Justina Macpherson of Cluny at Creag Dhubh, Laggan, Scotland
Left upper quadrant: A Rampant Lion used to denote the relation to ancient royalty,
Right upper quadrant: A bloody hand holding a heart depicts the heart of Robert the Bruce and the clans loyalty to him,
Left lower quadrant: A Boars Head | Depicts the clan connection to the House of Gordon through marriage, and
Right lower quadrant: A Sable (black) Lymphad of pre-1947 depicts the clan as originating from the Lord of the Isles, The Azure (blue) lymphad of post-1947 depicts the connection to the Chattan Confederation [95]
Clan's motto: Touch not the cat bot a glove[96][97] (The archaic spelling of 'catt', and the use of either 'but' or 'bot' are present in different sources in various combinations).
Clan Chattan tartan. Individual Clans of Clan Chattan each have their own tartans. There is however also a specific Clan Chattan tartan, formerly known as Mackintosh Chief, recognised by The Lord Lyon in 1938.[98] James Logan, author of the Scottish Gael[99] states that the Chief of the Clan Mackintosh, Sir Aeneas Mackintosh of that Ilk, acknowledged this sett as the Clan tartan in 1816. ('The Scottish Gael' 1831). It was also included in the recording of Arms by George C McChlery, Public Register of Arms and Bearings 44/66 on the 22 August 1960.[100]
In a book of Scottish Songs, published in Edinburgh in 1791, there is a ballad entitled "Hardyknute" which contains the following:
"Syne he has gane far hynd attowre
· Lord Chattan's land sae wyde
That Lord a worthy wight was ay
Quhen faes his courage seyd :
Of Pictish race by mother's syde,
Quhen Picts ruled Caledon,
Lord Chattan claim'd the princely maid,
Quhen he saift Pictish crown."[101]
The 1886 novel Kidnapped by author Robert Louis Stevenson details the Macpherson chief Ewen MacPherson of Cluny in the aftermath of the 1745 Jacobite rebellion.[103]
"The Curse of Moy" is a poem by Mr. Morrit of Rokeby, included in Scott's Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border. During the period 1704 and 1833 no Mackintosh Chief left a son to follow him, a circumstance known as "The Curse of Moy," with the result that the leadership of the clan passed from kinsman to kinsman.[104]
A PHD Thesis by Taylor, David Vaughan, A society in transition, Badenoch, 1750-1800, University of the Highlands and Islands, 2015 details the post Culloden Battle era for Mackintosh and Macpherson families in the Badenoch area presenting a analysis of the social and economic transformation.
^The clans, septs and regiments of the Scottish Highlands, by Frank Adam, F.R.G.S., F.S.A (Scot), W. & A. K. Johnston, Limited Edinburgh, 1907, pg 208-209
^ abHewison, James. King; The Isle of Bute in the Olden Time, with illustartions, maps and plans Vol 1 Celtic Saints and Heroes, Published by William Blackwood and sons, Edinburgh and London, 1893, pg 218-250
^ abMackintosh of Mackintosh, Margaret; Mackintosh of Mackintosh, Lachlan (1982). The Clan Mackintosh and the Clan Chattan. MacDonald (Publishers). ISBN0-904265-73-0.pg 12-13
^Way, George of Plean; Squire, Romilly of Rubislaw (1994). Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia. Glasgow: HarperCollins (for the Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs). pp. 256–257. ISBN 0-00-470547-5.
^Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Proceedings of the Society, March 10, 1873. Vol X. Part 1, Notes on the names of the Clan Chattan and what they indicate. John MacPherson, M.D. Communicated by John Stuart, ESQ., LL.D., SECRETARY.
^History of the Camerons; with genealogies of the principal families of the name by Alexander Mackenzie, F.S.A., SCOT., Editor of the "Celtic Magazine” Inverness: A & W Mackenzie 1884 pg 284-286
^History of Greater Britain (Historia majoris Britanniae, tam Angliae quam Scotiae) Paris 1521
^The Clan Macmillan Addresses given at the Annual Gatherings of the Clan Society, Hugh Macmillan, D.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E, F.S.A. Scot. For Private circulation Macmillan and Co, Limited 1901 pg 4,Other authorities claim the Macmillans as descendants of the Clan Chattan
^Cathcart, A. Patterns of kinship and Clanship: the Mackintoshes and Clan Chattan from 1291 to 1609, University of Aberdeen 2001 especially chapter 4
^An Account of the Confederation of Clan Chattan; its kith and kin. Prepared at the request of the Clan Association in Glasgow by Charles Fraser-Mackintosh of Drummond, LLD, F.S.A, Scot, Minor Septs of Clan Chattan, The MacGillivrays. Pg 33
^An Account of the Confederation of Clan Chattan; Its Kith and Kin. Prepared at the request of the Clan Association in Glasgow by Charles Fraser-Mackintosh of Drummond, 1898 pg 144
^ abAccount of the Confederation of Clan Chattan; Its Kith and Kin. Prepared at the request of the Clan Association in Glasgow by Charles Fraser-Mackintosh of Drummond, 1898 pg 145
^An Account of the Confederation of Clan Chattan; Its Kith and Kin. Prepared at the request of the Clan Association in Glasgow by Charles Fraser-Mackintosh of Drummond, 1898 pg 119
^An Account of the Confederation of Clan Chattan; Its Kith and Kin. Prepared at the request of the Clan Association in Glasgow by Charles Fraser-Mackintosh of Drummond, 1898 pg 112
^ abHistorical Memoirs, House and Clan of Mackintosh and the Clan Chattan, Mackintosh-Shaw A ,H. Clay, Sons, and Taylor, London 1880, pg 585
^Account of the Confederation of Clan Chattan; Its Kith and Kin. Prepared at the request of the Clan Association in Glasgow by Charles Fraser-Mackintosh of Drummond, 1898 pg 146
^Charles Fraser-Mackintosh of Drummond, LL.D., F.S.A., Scot. - An Account of The Confederation of Clan Chattan; its Kith and Kin, otherwise known by its shorter title as Minor Septs of Clan Chattan (Published 1898) pg 185
^The Mackintoshes and Clan Chattan by A.M. Mackintosh, Edinburgh, 1903 pp 517
^Margaret Mackintosh of Mackintosh: The History of the Clan Mackintosh and the Clan Chattan. 1st Edition by W. & A. K. Johnston, 1948; 2nd edition by Macdonald Publishers 1982. 3rd revised edition (edited by Celia Mackintosh of Mackintosh) by the Pentland Press, 1997
^Lachlan Mackintosh of Kinrara: A Chronicle of the Family of Mackintosh to the Year 1680. MS, Latin. An edition published in 2009 by the Clan Chattan Association, edited by Jean Munro.
^Home Page Clan Chattan Association. Archived from the original on 09 November 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
^The Edinburgh Gazette, 28 March 1947, page 125 - two entries, one for Mackintosh of Mackintosh-Torcastle and the other for Mackintosh of Mackintosh.
^Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, Volume 2, ed. Charles Mosley, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, pg 2510.
^The History of The Clan Mackintosh and The Clan Chattan, by Margaret Mackintosh of Mackintosh - 3rd Edition, revised by Lachlan Mackintosh of Mackintosh, 30th Chief of the Clan Mackintosh, published in 1997 by The Pentland Press, Copyright Celia Mackintosh of Mackintosh. The 1st Edition was published in 1948, and 2nd Edition in 1982.pg 92-93
^Way, George of Plean; Squire, Romilly of Rubislaw (1994). Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia. Glasgow: HarperCollins (for the Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs). pp. 230–231. ISBN 0-00-470547-5.
^Roberts, J. L. (1999). Feuds, forays and rebellions: History of the Highland clans 1475 - 1625. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
^Shaw, Lachlan (1827), The History of the Province of Moray (New ed.), Elgin: J Grant, pg 264
^ abcMacpherson, A. (1902). The loyal dissuasive and other papers concerning the affairs of Clan Chattan. Edinburgh: Scottish History Society.
^Macpherson, A. G. (1982). The seanchaidhean, Historians of the Macphersons (Part 2). Journal of the Clan Chattan Association, 7(6), pg 356-359
^MacFarlane Genealogical, 252; Gordon, A Genealogical History, pg 217, National Library of Scotland
^Garner, C.; Wright, P. (31 May 2008). "Auchindoun Castle". Dark Isle – Castles and other historic sites in Scotland. Archived from the original on 18 May 2017. pp 212 Retrieved 14 February 2011.
^Annie I. Cameron, Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 464-465, 468, 474.
^Dodgshon, Robert A. From Chiefs to Landlords. Social and Economic Change in the Western Highlands and Islands, c 1493-1820, Chapter 4 Patterns of chiefly display and behaviour, pg 87 Edinburgh University Press 1998
^Dr Peter McNiven Place-names of the Cateran Trail pg 4-5
^The Highland Clans of Scotland: Their History and Traditions. By George Eyre-Todd With an Introduction by A. M. Mackintosh with one hundred and twenty-two illustrations including reproductions of M‘ain’s celebrated paintings of the costumes of the clans. Pg 230 2nd paragraph
^ abcdefKoufopoulos, A. J, The cattle trades of Scotland, 1603-1745, University of Edinburgh, 2004 pg 220, 229, 260 Table 31
^Reid, Stuart, "The Campaigns of Montrose", Edinburgh, 1990, pp. 48-59.
^Roberts, J.L. Clan, King and Covenant History of the Highland Clans from the Civil War to the Glencoe Massacre, Edinburgh University Press, print 2009, ISBN 0 7486 1393 5 pg 49
^Way, George and Squire, Romily. Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia. (Foreword by The Rt Hon. The Earl of Elgin KT, Convenor, The Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs). Published in 1994. Pages 258–259.
^Mackenzie, Alexander (1881a). History of the Macdonalds and Lords of the Isles; with genealogies of the principal families of the name. Inverness: A. & W. Mackenzie. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. pp. 335–340.
^Shaw, Lachlan (1827), The History of the Province of Moray (New ed.), Elgin: J Grant, Pg 67, 69-72, 250, 261
^Mackintosh-Shaw, Alexander (1880). "Principal Branches of the Clan Mackintosh - Killachie Branch with Offshoots of Holm and Farr". Historical Memoirs of the House and Clan of Mackintosh and of the Clan Chattan. London: printed for the author by R. Clay, sons, and Taylor. pp. 508–51
^An account of the Confederation of Clan Chattan; its Kith and Kin. Prepared at the request of the Clan Association in Glasgow, Charles Fraser-Mackintosh, of Drummond, LL.D., F.S.A., Scot. Glasgow: John Mackay, "Celtic Monthly ' Office, 9 Blythewood Drive 1898 pg 45
^MacDonald, Fiona Anne (1994) Ireland and Scotland: historical perspectives on the Gaelic dimension 1560-1760. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow pg 318
^“The Chiefship of Clan Chattan.” A Lecture delivered to the Inverness Field Club in November 1895 by Alexander MacBain, M.A. pg 17
^The Chiefs of Clan Macpherson, Macpherson of Dalchully, W. Cheyne-Macpherson F .S.A. SCOT., 1947, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh: Tweedale Court, London: 98, Great Russel street, pg 121
^The Braemar Highlands, by Elizabeth Taylor (Edin., 1869), p. 137.
^Historical memoirs of the House and Clan of Mackintosh and of the Clan Chattan by Alexander Mackintosh Shaw, printed for the author by R. Clay and sons and Taylor, London 1880. pg 544
^A Genealogical account of the Highland families of Shaw by Alexander Mackintosh Shaw London 1877 Pg 93
^Charles Fraser-Mackintosh, Dunachton, Past and Present, History of the Mackintoshes, Printed at the Advertiser Office, 1866
^Cathcart A (2002) Crisis of Identity: Clan Chattan’s response to government policy in the Scottish Highlands, c. 1580-1609’. In: Fighting for Identity: Scottish Military Experience, 1550-1990. History of Warfare, HW 15. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, pp. 163-84.
^James Browne, The History of the Highlands & of the Highland Clans, Volume 1, Part 2, 1849 Pp 287-288
^The Scottish Nation; or the Surnames, Families, Literature, Honours and Biographical History of the people of Scotland by William Anderson Vol 2, A Fullerton and Co, London 1864, Pp749
^Matriculation and Confirmation of Arms and Chiefship to Duncan Alexander Mackintosh of Clan Chattan as 31st Hereditary Chief of Clan Chattan, 9th April 1947, Lyon Register, xxxvi. 36. See 1950 Scots Law Times, p.5; Lyon Court Reports.
^The Chiefs of Clan Macpherson, Macpherson of Dalchully, W. Cheyne-Macpherson
F .S.A. SCOT., 1947, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh: Tweedale Court, London: 98, Great Russel street, pg 91
^As recorded, for example, by Andrew of Wyntoun, writing a few years after the event: "Qwhen thretty for thretty faucht in barreris, at Sanctjohnstoun, on a day, bysyde the Blackfreris." Andrew of Wyntoun, (c. 1350-c.1420), The Orygynale Chronykil of Scotland, edited by David Laing, (Edinburgh: William Paterson, 1879 – The Historians of Scotland series no. 9), Vol. Three, Book IX, Ch. XVII, p. 63.
^MacLachlan, Chistopher (2006). "Further Thoughts on Robert Louis Stevenson's Kidnapped"
