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Constand Viljoen

General Constand Viljoen SSA SD SOE SM MMM
Viljoen in 1985
Leader of the Freedom Front
In office 1 March 1994 – 26 June 2001
Preceded by	Party established
Succeeded by	Pieter Mulder
Member of Parliament
In office 1994–2001
Personal details
Born	Constand Laubscher Viljoen (1933-10-28)28 October 1933[1] Standerton, Transvaal, Union of South Africa
Died	3 April 2020(2020-04-03) (aged 86) Ohrigstad, Mpumalanga, South Africa
Resting place	Bet-El farm, Ohrigstad
Political party	Freedom Front Plus (1994–2001)
Other political affiliations	National Party (pre–1994)
Spouse	Christina "Ristie" Heckroodt ​ ​ (m. 1957)​
Relations	Braam Viljoen (twin brother) Andries Carel Viljoen 1889–1947 (father) Geesie Maria Viljoen née Kotzé 1905–1990 (mother)
Children	5
Residence	Bet-El
Alma mater	University of Pretoria
Occupation	Soldier, farmer and politician
Profession	Gunner, artilleryman
Civilian awards
Military service
Allegiance	South Africa
Branch/service	South African Army
Years of service	1956–1985
Rank	General
Unit	4 Field Regiment
Commands	Chief of the South African Defence Force Chief of the Army GOC I South African Corps Director of General Operations Director of Artillery OCSouth African Army College Second in command Orange Free State Command OCSchool of Artillery[2] OC14 Field Regiment Battery Commander 10 Field Battery, 4 Field Regiment Chief Instructor Gunnery, School of Artillery & Armour
Battles/wars	South African Border War Operation Savannah
Military awards	Paratrooper Basic Master Gunner Badge

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General Constand Laubscher Viljoen SSA SD SOE SM MMM (28 October 1933 – 3 April 2020) was a South African Army officer and politician. He co-founded the Afrikaner Volksfront (Afrikaner People's Front) and later founded the Freedom Front (which in turn merged into the Freedom Front Plus before the 2004 election).^[3] He is partly credited with having prevented the outbreak of armed violence by disaffected white South Africans prior to post-apartheid general elections.^[4]

Military service[edit]

Viljoen matriculated at Standerton High School in 1951.^[5] He joined South Africa's pre-republic Union Defence Force at the Military Gymnasium in Voortrekkerhoogte for the Permanent Force Cadet Course of which he won the "Best Student" in 1952. He studied at the Military Academy from 1953 and graduated as Best Student in 1955 receiving a degree in military science at the University of Pretoria.^[1] He was among others Aide de Camp to Dr EG Jansen, Battery Commander at 4 Field Regiment, Instructor at the School of Artillery and Armour, OC 14 Field Regiment in Bethlehem, OC School of Artillery. Second in Command Orange Free State Command in 1968.

Col Viljoen qualified as a paratrooper at this time in Bloemfontein. OC Army College, Director of Artillery (on the staff of the Chief of the Army) and Director Management Services (on the staff of the Chief of Defence Staff). By 1974, Viljoen had been named the South African Army's Director of General Operations, subsequently serving as the Principal Staff Officer to the Chief of the South African Defence Force.^[5] He was appointed as Chief of the Army in 1977 and succeeded General Magnus MalanasChief of the South African Defence Force in 1980.^[6]: xv He was awarded the Master Gunner badge (crossed-barrels) in 1984.

Angolan service[edit]

Viljoen was the senior SADF military officer directing Operation Savannah in 1975. He is also credited with having planned the first major airborne assault in South African military history, the Battle of Cassinga, a raid carried out against SWAPO insurgents.^[7] Despite his rank, Viljoen was present during the battle,^[8] offering what was described as a "swashbuckling" front-line leadership, which won him the respect of many fellow soldiers.^[9]

Political career[edit]

Viljoen is credited by some with having made overtures which helped lead to white South Africans' acceptance of universal suffrage and free elections, such as with his famous speech at the Broederbond annual assembly in Voortrekkerhoogte, saying of the black South Africans in his army, As hulle kan veg vir Suid-Afrika, kan hulle stem vir Suid-Afrika! (Afrikaans: "If they can fight for South Africa, then they can vote for South Africa!").^[10]

In 1993, Viljoen and fellow retired generals formed the Afrikaner Volksfront (Afrikaner People's Front), an umbrella body for conservative Afrikaners. However, Viljoen reportedly had strained relationships with the leaders of other right-wing parties, who considered him too moderate.^[11]

Bophuthatswana action and decision to contest elections[edit]

Immediately prior to the 1994 general elections Viljoen had a force of between 50,000 and 60,000 trained paramilitary personnel at his command, with the ability to seize large sections of the country.^[12][13] The force was assembled in preparation for war with Umkhonto we Sizwe, the military wing of the African National Congress (ANC), as a potential contingency to protect Afrikaner interests.^[14]

In March 1994, Viljoen led an effort by several thousand Volksfront militia to protect the bantustan president, Lucas Mangope, in Bophuthatswana against a coup d'état.^[15] Despite being requested not to participate in the action because of extremist views, militants of the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging also advanced into Bophuthatswana, sparking clashes with the security forces.^[16]

Immediately after the incident, Viljoen split from the Volksfront^[17] and initiated a legitimate election campaign,^[18] co-founding and becoming leader of the Freedom Front (Vryheidsfront), a new political party representing white conservatives. His decision to take part in the elections is believed to have prevented armed resistance by the far right and on the occasion of his retirement from politics, the South African government recognised him for preventing bloodshed.^[19]

Viljoen's decision was at least partly influenced by the mediation of his identical twin brother, Abraham Viljoen (Braam), who was an anti-apartheid activist while his brother led the military.^[20][21]

In post-apartheid South Africa[edit]

In the 1994 general election, the Freedom Front, under the leadership of Viljoen, received 2.2% of the national vote and nine seats in the National Assembly. As the VF became the strongest party outside Nelson Mandela's Government of National Unity, as the provisional 1993 Constitution required the participation of all parties over 5% of the vote, Viljoen became the de facto leader of the opposition in South Africa until the NP's departure from government in 1996, although he did not officially hold the position.

Although his supporters were at odds with the government and the ANC, Viljoen praised Mandela on the occasion of his retirement from politics in 1999, even ending his Parliamentary speech speaking in Mandela's native language, Xhosa: Go and have yourself a well-earned rest. Go rest in the shadow of a tree at your home.^{[22][failed verification][23]}

In 2001, Viljoen handed over the leadership of the Freedom Front to Pieter Mulder and retired from politics, citing his frustration working with a parliament dominated by the ANC.^[24]

After retirement[edit]

In 2003, it emerged that Viljoen had been a target of the Boeremag paramilitary right-wing group, which considered him a traitor who had underhandedly sold out the Afrikaner people.^[25]

In 2008 Viljoen, aged 74, put up what was described as a spirited fight against two would-be muggers, who were subsequently arrested.^[26]

Death[edit]

Current Freedom Front Plus leader Pieter Groenewald announced on 3 April 2020 that Viljoen had died on his farm in Ohrigstad, Mpumalanga. He was 86 and was surrounded by his children. Viljoen died of natural causes.^[27]

He is survived by his wife Christina Susanna Heckroodt, four sons and a daughter.^[28]

Awards and decorations[edit]

• Star of South Africa (Gold) (SSAG) ^[29]
• Southern Cross Decoration (SD) ^[29]
• South African Police Star for Outstanding Service (SOE) ^[29]
• Southern Cross Medal (1952) (SM) ^[29]
• Military Merit Medal (MMM) ^[29]
• Pro Patria Medal (South Africa) (with Cunene Clasp) ^{[a] [29]}
• Good Service Medal (Gold (30 Years)) ^[29]
• Good Service Medal (Silver (20 Years)) ^[29]
• Permanent Force Good Service Medal ^[29]
• Order of the Cloud and Banner (2^nd Grade - with Grand Cordon) (ORB) ^[29]
• Paraguayan decoration^[29]

Proficiency badges

Master Gunner: 48 General Constand L. Viljoen[b] Year: 1984 ←47: WO1 Robbie Graham Commandant Piet D. Uys :49→

Paratrooper Basic (Qualification) Basic, Static Line Black on Thatch beige, Embossed Small Black wings

Notes[edit]

References[edit]