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F r o m W i k i p e d i a , t h e f r e e e n c y c l o p e d i a
Extinct genus of litoptern South American ungulate
Cramauchenia is an extinct genus of litoptern South American ungulate . Cramauchenia was named by Florentino Ameghino .[1] The name has no literal translation. Instead, it is an anagram of the name of a related genus Macrauchenia . This genus was initially discovered in the Sarmiento Formation in the Chubut Province , in Argentina , and later it was found in the Chichinales Formation in the Río Negro Province and the Cerro Bandera Formation in Neuquén , also in Argentina, in sediments assigned to the SALMA Colhuehuapian (in the Early Miocene), as well as the Agua de la Piedra Formation in Mendoza , in sediments dated to the Deseadan (during the Late Oligocene).[2] [3] [4] [5] In 1981 Soria made C. insolita a junior synonym of C. normalis .[6] A specimen of C. normalis was described in 2010 from Cabeza Blanca (Chubut, Argentina) in the Sarmiento Formation, in sediments assigned to the Deseadan SALMA (Upper Oligocene).[7]
Description [ edit ]
This animal had an appearance vaguely similar to that of a small llama or perhaps that of a stocky antelope . The skull of this animal was relatively elongated and provided with a slightly recessed nasal opening, which would indicate the presence of a strong, muscular lip, likely prehensile. In similar but larger and more recent forms, such as Theosodon and Scalabrinitherium , this lip gradually developed, eventually giving rise to a possibly proboscis-like structure with Macrauchenia .[7]
Taxonomy [ edit ]
Cramauchenia was first described by Florentino Ameghino in 1902 , based on fossils found in the Sarmiento Formation of Argentina. It is a primitive representative of the Macraucheniidae , a group of South American mammals belonging to the Litopterna, with forms similar to those of camelids , despite not being closely related.[7] Cramauchenia is known for the sole species C. normalis . Another species, C. insolita, was initially described as a separate species, but following a study by Soria 1981 it has since been attributed to the type species.[6] Furthermore, Cramauchenia has been assigned to the Cramaucheniinae , a subfamily including the most basal macraucheniids, however, many recent studies tend to indicate that the subfamily is paraphyletic , with Cramauchenia being most closely related to Pternoconius .[8] [9]
The following position of the Macraucheniidae is based on McGrath et al. 2018, showing the position of Cramauchenia .[8]
Paleoenvironment [ edit ]
Fossils of Cramauchenia have been found in various fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South America. Several specimens come from the Sarmiento Formation in the Golfo San Jorge Basin in central Patagonia , with other finds from the Agua de la Piedra , Cerro Bandera , and the Chichinales Formation of the Neuquén Basin .
In the Chichinales Formation, which is known for its local mammal fauna, Cramauchenia would have coexisted with astrapotheres , the notoungulates Cochilius volvens , Colpodon , Hegetotheriopsis , Hegetotherium [10] and Protypotherium , the rodents Australoprocta , Caviocricetus , Eoviscaccia , and Willidewu ,[11] the armadillos Proeutatus and Stenotatus , and the sparassodont Cladosictis . Bird remains from the formation are comparatively poor. A part of a tibiotarsus has previously been classified as an undetermined species of psilopterine phorusrhacid. Other birds include an undetermined wading bird , Opisthodactylus horacioperezi , a species of rhea , and Patagorhacos , a phorusrhacid. During the Miocene the area likely consisted of open but wooded environment with temperate climate and a proximity to freshwater.[2]
The Sarmiento Formation has provided a wide assemblage of mammals, including the astrapotheres Astrapotherium and Parastrapotherium ,[12] the notoungulates Argyrohippus ,[13] Cochilius , Colpodon ,[14] Interatherium , Pachyrukhos and Protypotherium ,[15] the fellow litopterns Lambdaconus , Paramacrauchenia , Proheptaconus ,[16] Prolicaphrium ,[17] Pternoconius ,[18] [19] [20] Tetramerorhinus [15]
and Theosodon ,[21] the xenarthrans Hapaloides , Holomegalonyx , Nematherium , Peltephilus , Proeutatus , Proschismotherium , Prozaedyus , Stegotherium , and Stenotatus ,[22] the metatherians Acyon , Acrocyon , Arctodictis , Borhyaena , Cladosictis Palaeothentes , Patagonia , and Sipalocyon ,[23] the rodents Acarechimys , Acaremys , Caviocricetus , Eosteiromys , Eoviscaccia , Hypsosteiromys , Neoreomys , Paradelphomys , Parasteiromys , Perimys , Prospaniomys , Prostichomys , Protacaremys , Protadelphomys , Sarremys and Soriamys ,[11] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] and the primates Homunculus , Mazzonicebus and Tremacebus .[34] [35] [36] The late-surviving meridiolestidan Necrolestes was also present.[23]
References [ edit ]
^ Federico L. Agnolin and Pablo Chafrat (2015). "New fossil bird remains from the Chichinales Formation (Early Miocene) of northern Patagonia, Argentina" . Annales de Paléontologie . 101 (2 ): 87–94. Bibcode :2015AnPal.101...87A . doi :10.1016/j.annpal.2015.02.001 .
^ Kramarz, Alejandro; Garrido, Alberto; Forasiepi, Analía; Bond, Mariano; Tambussi, Claudia (2005). "Stratigraphy and vertebrates (Aves and Mammalia) from the Cerro Bandera Formation, Early Miocene of Neuquén Province, Argentina" . Revista Geológica de Chile . 32 (2 ). doi :10.4067/S0716-02082005000200006 .
^ Schmidt, Gabriela Ines; Cerdeño, Esperanza; Pino, Santiago Hernández Del (2019-05-31). "Macraucheniidae and Proterotheriidae (Mammalia, Litopterna) from Quebrada Fiera (Late Oligocene), Mendoza Province, Argentina" . Andean Geology . 46 (2 ): 368–382. doi :10.5027/andgeoV46n2-3109 . hdl :11336/80129 . ISSN 0718-7106 .
^ a b Soria, Miguel Fernando (1981). "Los Litopterna del Colhuehuapense (Oligoceno tardío) de la Argentina". Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia." (3 ): 1–54.
^ a b c Dozo, M.T.; Vera, B. (2010). "First skull and associated postcranial bones of Macraucheniidae (Mammalia, Litopterna) from the Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene) of Cabeza Blanca (Chubut, Argentina)" . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 30 (6 ): 1818–1826. Bibcode :2010JVPal..30.1818D . doi :10.1080/02724634.2010.521534 . hdl :11336/93665 . S2CID 86291795 .
^ a b Andrew J. McGrath; Federico Anaya; Darin A. Croft (2018). "Two new macraucheniids (Mammalia: Litopterna) from the late middle Miocene (Laventan South American Land Mammal Age) of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia" . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 38 (3 ): e1461632. Bibcode :2018JVPal..38E1632M . doi :10.1080/02724634.2018.1461632 . S2CID 89881990 .
^ Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Ferrero, Brenda S. (September 2014). "Taxonomic Reinterpretation of Theosodon hystatus Cabrera and Kraglievich, 1931 (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) and Phylogenetic Relationships of the Family" . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 34 (5 ): 1231–1238. Bibcode :2014JVPal..34.1231S . doi :10.1080/02724634.2014.837393 . hdl :11336/18953 . S2CID 86091386 .
^ Kramarz, Alejandro Gustavo; Paz, Ernesto Rodrigo (2013). "Un Hegetotheriidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) basal del Mioceno temprano de Patagonia" . Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas (in Spanish). 30 (1 ): 186–195. ISSN 1026-8774 .
^ a b Madden, Richard H.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Vucetich, Maria Guiomar; Kay, Richard F. (2010-06-17). "Colhuehuapian rodents from Gran Barranca and other Patagonian localities: the state of the art." . The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87241-6 .
^ Madden, Richard H.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Vucetich, Maria Guiomar; Kay, Richard F. (2010-06-17). "Colhuehuapian Astrapotheriidae (Mammalia) from Gran Barranca south of Lake Colhue Huapi." . The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87241-6 .
^ G.M López; A.M. Ribeiro; M. Bond (2010). "The Notohippidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Gran Barranca: preliminary considerations" . In Richard H. Madden; Alfredo A. Carlini; Maria Guiomar Vucetich; Richard F. Kay (eds.). The Paleontology of Gran Barranca. Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia . Cambridge University Press. pp. 143–151. ISBN 978-0-521-87241-6 .
^ Madden, Richard H.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Vucetich, Maria Guiomar; Kay, Richard F. (2010-06-17). "The Leontiniidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from the Sarmiento Formation at Gran Barranca, Chubut Province, Argentina." . The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87241-6 .
^ a b A. G. Kramarz; M. G. Vucetich; A. A. Carlini; M. R. Ciancio; M. A. Abello; C. M. Deschamps; J. N. Gelfo (2010). "A new mammal fauna at the top of the Gran Barranca sequence and its biochronological significance.". In Richard H. Madden; Alfredo A. Carlini; Maria Guiomar Vucetich; Richard F. Kay (eds.). The Paleontology of Gran Barranca. Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia . Cambridge University Press. pp. 143–151. ISBN 978-0-521-87241-6 .
^ Cifelli, Richard; Soria, Miguel Fernando (1983). "Systematics of the Adianthidae (Litopterna, Mammalia)" . American Museum Novitates (2771): 1–25. hdl :2246/5255 .
^ Vera, Bárbara Soledad; Fornasiero, Mariagabriella; Del Favero, Letizia (December 2015). "The Egidio Feruglio's collection in the Museum of Geology and Palaeontology of the University of Padova: its importance to the knowledge of Cenozoic mammals from South America" . Museologia Scientifica . 9 : 35–44. ISSN 1123-265X .
^ Cifelli, Richard L.; Soria, Miguel F. (1983). "Notes on Deseadan Macraucheniidae" . Ameghiniana (in Spanish). 20 (1–2): 141–153. ISSN 1851-8044 .
^ Soria (h ), Miguel Fernando; Hoffstetter, Robert (1985). "Pternoconius tournoueri, nueva especie de Macraucheniidae (Mammalia; Litopterna) de edad Colhuehuapense (Oligoceno Tardio); Pcia. Del Chubut, República Argentina" . Ameghiniana (in Spanish). 22 (3–4): 149–158. ISSN 1851-8044 .
^ Cheme-Arriaga, Lucas; Dozo, MarÍa Teresa; Gelfo, Javier N. (2016-11-01). "A new Cramaucheniinae (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) from the early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina" . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 36 (6 ): e1229672. Bibcode :2016JVPal..36E9672C . doi :10.1080/02724634.2017.1229672 . ISSN 0272-4634 . S2CID 88586687 .
^ Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Bond, Mariano (2005). "Los Litopterna (Mammalia) de la Formación Pinturas, Mioceno Temprano-Medio de Patagonia" . Ameghiniana (in Spanish). 42 (3 ): 611–625. ISSN 1851-8044 .
^ Carlini, Alfredo Armando; Ciancio, Martin R.; Scillato-Yané, G. J. (2010). "Middle Eocene-early Miocene Dasypodidae (Xenarthra) of Southern South America, successive faunas in Gran Barranca; Biostratigraphy and Palaeoecology". The Paleontology of Gran Barranca. Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia . Cambridge University Press. pp. 143–151. ISBN 978-0-521-87241-6 .
^ a b Goin, Francisco J.; Abello, María Alejandra (February 2013). "Los Metatheria Sudamericanos de Comienzos Del Neógeno (Mioceno Temprano, Edad MamÍFero Colhuehuapense): Microbiotheria y Polydolopimorphia" . Ameghiniana . 50 (1 ): 51–78. doi :10.5710/AMGH.9.11.2012.570 . hdl :11336/76812 . ISSN 0002-7014 .
^ Vucetich, M.G.; Dozo, M.T.; Arnal, M.; Pérez, M.E. (2015-02-17). "New rodents (Mammalia) from the late Oligocene of Cabeza Blanca (Chubut) and the first rodent radiation in Patagonia" . Historical Biology . 27 (2 ): 236–257. Bibcode :2015HBio...27..236V . doi :10.1080/08912963.2014.883506 . hdl :11336/17958 . ISSN 0891-2963 . S2CID 84157246 .
^ Arnal, M.; Vucetich, M.G. (2015-01-02). "Revision of the fossil rodent Acaremys Ameghino, 1887 (Hystricognathi, Octodontoidea, Acaremyidae) from the Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina) and the description of a new acaremyid" . Historical Biology . 27 (1 ): 42–59. Bibcode :2015HBio...27...42A . doi :10.1080/08912963.2013.863881 . hdl :11336/13646 . ISSN 0891-2963 .
^ Vucetich, María Guiomar; Kramarz, Alejandro G. (2003-06-17). "New Miocene rodents from Patagonia (Argentina) and their bearing on the early radiation of the octodontoids (Hystricognathi)" . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 23 (2 ): 435–444. doi :10.1671/0272-4634(2003)023[0435:NMRFPA]2.0.CO;2 . ISSN 0272-4634 . S2CID 85705842 .
^ Vucetich, M. G.; Verzi, D. H. (1996-06-05). "A peculiar octodontoid (Rodentia, Caviomorpha) with terraced molars from the Lower Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina)" . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 16 (2 ): 297–302. Bibcode :1996JVPal..16..297V . doi :10.1080/02724634.1996.10011317 . ISSN 0272-4634 .
^ Kramarz, Alejandro Gustavo (2001). "Registro de Eoviscaccia (Rodentia, Chinchillidae) en estratos colhuehuapenses de Patagonia, Argentina" . Ameghiniana (in Spanish). 38 (3 ): 237–242. ISSN 1851-8044 .
^ Dozo, María T.; Vucetich, María G.; Candela, Adriana M. (2004-03-25). "Skull anatomy and neuromorphology of Hypsosteiromys, a Colhuehuapian erethizontid rodent from Argentina" . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 24 (1 ): 228–234. Bibcode :2004JVPal..24..228D . doi :10.1671/18.1 . hdl :11336/103980 . ISSN 0272-4634 . S2CID 86327308 .
^ Patterson, B.; Pascual, R. (1968). "New echimyid rodents from the Oligocene of Patagonia, and a synopsis of the family" . Breviora . 301 : 1–14. ISSN 0006-9698 .
^ Arnal, Michelle; Kramarz, Alejandro G. (2011-09-01). "First complete skull of an octodontoid (Rodentia, Caviomorpha) from the Early Miocene of South America and its bearing in the early evolution of Octodontoidea" . Geobios . 44 (5 ): 435–444. Bibcode :2011Geobi..44..435A . doi :10.1016/j.geobios.2010.12.003 . hdl :11336/69014 . ISSN 0016-6995 .
^ Álvarez, Alicia; Arnal, Michelle (2015-12-01). "First Approach to the Paleobiology of Extinct Prospaniomys (Rodentia, Hystricognathi, Octodontoidea) Through Head Muscle Reconstruction and the Study of Craniomandibular Shape Variation" . Journal of Mammalian Evolution . 22 (4 ): 519–533. doi :10.1007/s10914-015-9291-z . hdl :11336/19056 . ISSN 1573-7055 . S2CID 16937577 .
^ Busker, Felipe; Pérez, María E.; Dozo, María T. (2019-07-01). "A new chinchilloid (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the early Miocene of the localities of Bryn Gwyn and Gran Barranca (Patagonia, Argentina)" . Comptes Rendus Palevol . 18 (5 ): 525–540. Bibcode :2019CRPal..18..525B . doi :10.1016/j.crpv.2019.05.003 . ISSN 1631-0683 . S2CID 202185808 .
^ Hershkovitz, Philip (1981-01-31). "Comparative Anatomy of Platyrrhine Mandibular Cheek Teeth dpm4, pm4, m1 with Particular Reference to Those of Homunculus (Cebidae), and Comments on Platyrrhine Origins" . Folia Primatologica . 35 (2–3): 179–217. doi :10.1159/000155972 . ISSN 0015-5713 . PMID 7021372 .
^ Novo, Nelson M.; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Ruiz, Laureano R. González (2018-11-08). "Previously unknown fossil platyrrhines (Primates) of Patagonia from the Tournouër collection at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris" . Geodiversitas . 40 (4 ): 529–535. doi :10.5252/geodiversitas2018v40a22 . hdl :11336/82708 . ISSN 1280-9659 .
^ Hershkovitz, Philip (1974). "A New Genus of Late Oligocene Monkey (Cebidae, Platyrrhini) with Notes on Postorbital Closure and Platyrrhine Evolution" . Folia Primatologica . 21 (1 ): 1–35. doi :10.1159/000155594 . ISSN 0015-5713 . PMID 4210697 .
External links [ edit ]
R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cramauchenia&oldid=1233256543 "
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