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(Top) 1 History 1.1 Definition 2 Fossil content 2.1 Insects 2.2 Arachnids 2.3 Fish 2.4 Amphibians 2.5 Squamata 2.6 Dinosaurs 2.7 Crocodylomorphs 2.8 Pterosaurs 2.9 Flora 2.10 Other fossils 3 See also 4 References 4.1 Bibliography 5 Further reading

Crato Formation

●മലയാളം ●Occitan ●Português Edit links ●Article ●Talk ●Read ●Edit ●View history Tools Actions ●Read ●Edit ●View history General ●What links here ●Related changes ●Upload file ●Special pages ●Permanent link ●Page information ●Cite this page ●Get shortened URL ●Download QR code ●Wikidata item Print/export ●Download as PDF ●Printable version In other projects ●Wikimedia Commons Appearance Coordinates: 7°06′S 39°42′W / 7.1°S 39.7°W From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Crato Formation
Stratigraphic range: Latest Aptian ~115–113 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Santana Group
Sub-units	Nova Olinda Member
Underlies	Romualdo & Ipubi Formations
Overlies	Barbalha Formation
Lithology
Primary	Mudstone, limestone
Other	Siltstone
Location
Coordinates	7°06′S 39°42′W / 7.1°S 39.7°W / -7.1; -39.7
Approximate paleocoordinates	8°36′S 8°00′W / 8.6°S 8.0°W / -8.6; -8.0
Region	Ceará, Pernambuco
Country	Brazil
Extent	Araripe Basin
Type section
Named for	Crato, Ceará
Extent of the Santana Group, to which the Crato Formation belongs, in blue

The Crato Formation is a geologic formationofEarly Cretaceous (Aptian) age in northeastern Brazil's Araripe Basin. It is an important Lagerstätte (undisturbed fossil accumulation) for palaeontologists. The strata were laid down mostly during the Aptian age, about 113 million years ago. It thought to have been deposited in a semi-arid lacustrine wetland environment.^[1]

The Crato Formation earns the designation of Lagerstätte due to an exceedingly well preserved and diverse fossil faunal assemblage. Some 25 species of fossil fishes are often found with stomach contents preserved, enabling paleontologists to study predator-prey relationships in this ecosystem. There are also fine examples of pterosaurs, reptiles and amphibians, invertebrates (particularly insects), and plants. Even dinosaurs are represented: a new maniraptor was described in 1996. The unusual taphonomy of the site resulted in limestone accretions that formed nodules around dead organisms, preserving even soft parts of their anatomy.

History[edit]

Schematic development of the depositional environments of the Santana Group

Fish fossils in the area were noted in 1823. When they were first methodically published, in 1993, the Crato Formation limestones provided a new site for pterosaurs, one that also preserved insects that fell into a brackish lagoon and semionotid fish preserved in phosphatized nodules. The fossils are usually compacted and preserved in layers of limestone. Fossil Odonata (dragonflies) and damselflies are especially rich in the Crato lagerstätte: currently 384 specimens have been recovered, 264 adults and 120 larvae. Hemiptera (true bugs) and Orthoptera (grasshoppers and crickets) are also abundant in number of species and in number of specimens. There are also plant remains.

Local mining activities for cement and construction damage the sites. Trade in illegally collected fossils has sprung up in the last decade, driven by the remarkable state of preservation and beauty of these fossils and amounting to a considerable local industry. An urgent preservation program is being called for by paleontologists.

In addition, the weathering of Crato and Santana Formation rocks has contributed soil conditions unlike elsewhere in the region. The Araripe manakin (Antilophia bokermanni) is a very rare bird that was discovered only in the late 20th century; it is not known from anywhere outside the characteristic forest that grows on the Chapada do Araripe soils formed ultimately from Crato and Santana Formation rocks.

Definition[edit]

Lake level cyclicity in the Santana Group

The Crato Formation has often historically been considered the lowest member of the Santana Formation (or, alternatively, the Araripina Formation) of the Araripe Group,^[2] later redefined as the Romualdo Formation of the Santana Group.^[3]^[4] The Crato Member is the product of a single phase, where complicated sequence of sediment strata reflect changeable conditions in the opening sea. The age of this strata has been controversial, though most workers have agreed that it lies on or near the Aptian-Albian boundary, about 112 million years ago.^[5]

The extent of the Crato unit and its relationship to the Romualdo Formation had long been ill-defined. It was not until a 2007 volume on the unit by Martill, Bechly and Loveridge that the Crato Formation was given a formal type locality, and was formally made a distinct formation separate from the Santana, which is about 10 Ma younger.^[5] The Crato Formation is considered time equivalent with the Paracuru Formation.^[6]

Fossil content[edit]

Insects[edit]

(Note: Many more insects have been described than are present in the table below)

Insects of the Crato Formation
Genus	Species	Presence	Description	Images
Araripenymphes^[7]	A. seldoni	Nova Olinda Member	ANymphid lacewing
Gracilepteryx	G. pulchra		AnEolepidopterigidae moth
Makarkinia^[8]	M. adamsi M. kerneri		A Kalligrammatid lacewing
Mickoleitia	M. longimanus		ACoxoplectopteran insect	Mickoleitia longimanus
Netoxena	N. nana		AnEolepidopterigidae moth
Principiala^[9]	P. incerta		AnIthonidae lacewing, type speciesofPrincipiala
Psamateia	P. calipsa		AnEolepidopterigidae moth
Rafaeliana	R. maxima		Neuropterida incertae sedis
Undopterix	U. cariensis		AnEolepidopterigidae moth
Astraeoptera^[10]	A. vitrea		AnAstraeopteridae mayfly.
	A. cretacica
	A. oligovenata
Eosophobia^[10]	E. acuta		AnAstraeopteridae mayfly.

Arachnids[edit]

Arachnids of the Crato Formation
Genus	Species	Presence	Description	Images
Protoischnurus	P. axelrodorum		Scorpion
Cratosolpuga	C. wunderlichi		Solifuge

Fish[edit]

Fish of the Crato Formation
Genus	Species	Presence	Description	Images	Notes
Araripelepidotes	Araripelepidotes temnurus				^[11]
Belonostomus	Belonostomus sp.				^[12]
Calamopleurus	Calamopleurus cylindricus				^[13]
Cladocyclus	Cladocyclus gardneri		AnIchthyodectidae fish		^[14]
Cratoamia	Cratoamia gondwanica				^[15]
Dastilbe	Dastilbe crandalli				^[16]
Lepidotes	Lepidotes wenzae				^[17]
Placidichthys	Placidichthys bidorsalis				^[18]
Santanichthys	Santanichthys diasii				^[19]

Amphibians[edit]

Amphibians of the Crato Formation
Genus	Species	Presence	Description	Images
Arariphrynus^[20]	Arariphrynus placidoi^[20]
Cratia^[20]	Cratia gracilis^[20]
Eurycephalella^[20]	Eurycephalella alcinae^[20]
Pipoidea^[20]	Possible indeterminate pipoid remains.^[20]

Squamata[edit]

Squamatans of the Crato Formation
Genus	Species	Presence	Description	Images
Calanguban	C. alamoi		A non-iguana lizard
Tetrapodophis	T. amplectus		A stem group snake with limbs

Dinosaurs[edit]

Dinosaurs of the Crato Formation
Genus	Species	Presence	Notes	Images
?Avialae	?Avialan species		Numerous isolated feathers
Cratoavis	C. cearensis		Anenantiornithine
Kaririavis^[21]	K. mater		Anornithuromorph
?Spinosauroidea	?Spinosaur species		Isolated tooth listed in a book appendix.^[5] It has later been suggested that the lithostratigraphic provenance of this specimen might have been incorrect.^[22]
"Ubirajara"	"U. jubatus"		Aninformally-named compsognathid known from a partial skeleton preserving integument
Sauropoda			Sauropoda footprints.^[23]

Crocodylomorphs[edit]

Crocodylomorphs of the Crato Formation
Genus	Species	Presence	Description	Images
Susisuchus	Susisuchus anatoceps^[24]
Susisuchus	cf. Susisuchus sp.^[25]		Undescribed species

Pterosaurs[edit]

Pterosaurs of the Crato Formation
Genus	Species	Presence	Description	Images
Arthurdactylus	A. conandoylei
Aymberedactylus	A. cearensis		A basal member of the Tapejarinae.	Holotype
Brasileodactylus	B. sp.
Lacusovagus	L. magnificens	Nova Olinda Member
Ludodactylus	L. sibbicki		Ananhanguerid	Ludodactylus sp.
Tupandactylus	T. imperator T. navigans			Tupandactylus navigans
?Tupuxuara	?T. sp.			Tupuxuara sp.

Flora[edit]

Flora of the Crato Formation
Species	Notes
Araucaria cartellei, Brachyphyllum obesum, B. castilhoi, B. insigne, Iara iguassu, Caytoniales sp., Ephedra sp., Araripia florifera, Araucarites vulcanoi, Cariria orbiculiconiformis, Cearania heterophylla, Cratonia cotyledon, Endressinia brasiliana,Klitzchophyllites flabellatus, Novaolindia dubia, Pluricarpellatia peltata, Podozamites lanceolatus, Protananas lucenae, Ruffordia goeppertii, Tomaxellia biforme, Welwitschiaprisca austroamericana, Welwitschiophyllum brasiliense, Welwitschiostrobus murili, Araucariostrobus sp., Frenelopsis sp., Isoetites sp., Lindleycladus sp., Schizoneura sp.	^[26]

Other fossils[edit]

Araripenaeus timidus^[27]

†Cratoalloneura

†Cratoalloneura acuminata
†Cratoalloneura verdandia

†Cratoatractocerus

†Cratoatractocerus grimaldii

†Cratoborellia

†Cratoborellia gorbi

†Cratochrysa

†Cratocora

†Cratocora crassa

†Cratocordulia

†Cratocordulia borschukewitzi

†Cratocoris

†Cratocoris shevchenkoae

†Cratocorydalopsis

†Cratocorydalopsis brasiliensis

†Cratocossus

†Cratocossus magnus

†Cratodactylus

†Cratodactylus ferreirai
†Cratodactylus kellneri

†Cratoelcana

†Cratoelcana damianii
†Cratoelcana zessini

†Cratoenigma

†Cratoenigma articulata

†Cratogomphus

†Cratogomphus erraticus

†Cratogryllus

†Cratohagenius

†Cratohagenius erichweberi

†Cratohaglopsis

†Cratohaglopsis santanaensis

†Cratohexagenites

†Cratohexagenites longicercus
†Cratohexagenites minor

†Cratokalotermes

†Cratokalotermes santanensis

†Cratolindenia

†Cratolindenia knuepfae

†Cratolocustopsis

†Cratolocustopsis araripensis
†Cratolocustopsis contumax' – type locality for species
†Cratolocustopsis cretacea

†Cratomacer

†Cratomacer ephippiger
†Cratomacer immersus

†Cratomastotermes

†Cratomastotermes wolfschwenningeri

†Cratomyia

†Cratomyia cretacica
†Cratomyia macrorrhyncha

†Cratonemonyx

†Cratonemonyx martinsnetoi

†Cratonemopteryx

†Cratonepa

†Cratonepa enigmatica

†Cratonerthra

†Cratonerthra corinthiana
†Cratonerthra estevezae

†Cratoneura

†Cratonympha

†Cratonympha microcelata

†Cratopelocoris

†Cratopelocoris carpinteroi

†Cratopetalia

†Cratopetalia whiteheadi

†Cratopetalura

†Cratopetalura petruleviciusi
†Cratopetalura petruleviciusi

†Cratopsychopsis

†Cratopsychopsis maiseyi

†Cratopteryx

†Cratopteryx nemopteroides
†Cratopteryx robertosantosi

†Cratoraricrus

†Cratoraricrus oberlii

†Cratoscalapha

†Cratoscalapha electroneura

†Cratosirex

†Cratosirex sennlaubi

†Cratosisyrops

†Cratosisyrops gonzagai

†Cratosmylus

†Cratosmylus magnificus

†Cratostenophlebia

†Cratostenophlebia schwickerti

†Cratotabanus

†Cratotabanus stonemyomorphus

†Cratotetraspinus

†Cratotetraspinus fossorius

†Cratotipula

†Cratotipula latialata

†Cratovitisma

†Cratovitisma oldreadi

†Cratovoluptia

†Cratovoluptia criptoneura

†Cratozeunerella

References[edit]

^ Ribeiro et al., 2021

^ Scherer et al., 2013, p. 28. Retrieved 2018-10-05.

^ Assine, 1992, p. 291. Retrieved 2018-10-05.

^ Fabin et al., 2018, p. 2050. Retrieved 2018-10-05.

^ ^a ^b ^c Martill et al., 2007. Retrieved 2018-10-06.

^ Leite da Silva, 2003. Retrieved 2018-10-06.

^ Myskowiak, 2016

^ Bechly et al., 2016. Retrieved 2018-10-06.

^ Makarkin & Menon, 2007. Retrieved 2018-10-06.

^ ^a ^b Storari, Arianny P.; Staniczek, Arnold H.; Godunko, Roman J. (2023-07-20). "A new Gondwanan mayfly family from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation, Brazil (Ephemeroptera: Siphlonuroidea: Astraeopteridae fam. nov.)". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 11735. Bibcode:2023NatSR..1311735S. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-36778-x. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10359310. PMID 37474555.

^ Aparecida et al., 2015, p. 25

^ Aparecida et al., 2015, p. 35

^ Aparecida et al., 2015, p. 29

^ Aparecida et al., 2015, p. 36

^ Aparecida et al., 2015, p. 31

^ Aparecida et al., 2015, p. 51

^ Aparecida et al., 2015, p. 26

^ Aparecida et al., 2015, p. 33

^ Aparecida et al., 2015, p. 47

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Báez et al., 2009. Retrieved 2018-10-06.

^ de Souza Carvalho et al., 2021

^ Caetano, João Marcus Vale; Delcourt, Rafael & Ponciano, Luiza Corral Martins de Oliveira (March 2023). "A taxon with no name: Ubirajara jubatus (Saurischia: Compsognathidae) is an unavailable name and has no nomenclatural relevance". Zootaxa. 5254 (3): 443–446. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5254.3.10. PMID 37044710.

^ Ismar de Souza, Carvalho Vale; Leonardi, Giuseppe; Rios-Netto, Aristoteles de Moraes; Borghi, Leonardo; Freitas, Alexandre de Paula; Andrade, José Artur & Freitas, Francisco Idalécio (2021). "Dinosaur trampling from the Aptian of Araripe Basin, NE Brazil, as tools for paleoenvironmental interpretation". Cretaceous Research. 117: 104626. Bibcode:2021CrRes.11704626C. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104626.

^ Salisbury et al., 2003. Retrieved 2018-10-06.

^ Figueiredo & Kellner, 2009. Retrieved 2018-10-06.

^ Jorge de Lima et al., 2015, p.102

^ Pinheiro, 2014, p. 4. Retrieved 2018-10-06.

Bibliography[edit]

Aparecida dos Reis Polck, Márcia; Sardenberg Salgado de Carvalho, Marise; Miguel, Raphael; Gallo, Valéria (2015). Guia de identificação de peixes fósseis das Formações Crato e Santana da Bacia do Araripe. Serviço Geológico do Brasil (CPRM). pp. 1–74.
Assine, Mario L (1992). "Análise estratigráfica da Bacia do Araripe, Nordeste do Brasil" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Geociências. 22 (3): 289–300. doi:10.25249/0375-7536.1992289300.
Báez, A.M.; Moura, G.J.B.; Gómez, R.O. (2009). "Anurans from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of northeastern Brazil: implications for the early divergence of neobatrachians". Cretaceous Research. 30 (4): 829–846. Bibcode:2009CrRes..30..829B. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.01.002.
Bechly, G.; Makarkin, V. N. (2016). "A new gigantic lacewing species (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil confirms the occurrence of Kalligrammatidae in the Americas". Cretaceous Research. 58: 135–140. Bibcode:2016CrRes..58..135B. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.10.014.
de Souza Carvalho, I.; Agnolin, F. L.; Rozadilla, S.; Novas, F. E.; Ferreira Gomes Andrade, J. A.; Xavier-Neto, J. (2021). "A new ornithuromorph bird from the Lower Cretaceous of South America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (4): e1988623. Bibcode:2021JVPal..41E8623C. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1988623. S2CID 244059488. S2CID 244059488
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Figueiredo, R.G.; Kellner, A.W.A. (2009). "A new crocodylomorph specimen from the Araripe Basin (Crato Member, Santana Formation), northeastern Brazil". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 83 (2): 323–331. Bibcode:2009PalZ...83..323F. doi:10.1007/s12542-009-0016-6. S2CID 129166567.
Jorge de Lima, Flaviana; Feitosa Saraiva, Antonio Álamo; Manso Sayão, Juliana (2012). "Revisão da paleoflora das Formações Missão Velha, Crato e Romualdo, Bacia do Araripe, nordeste do Brasil". Estudos Geológicos. 22 (1): 99–115. doi:10.18190/1980-8208/estudosgeologicos.v22n1p99-115.
Leite da Silva, Agnelo; Neumann, Virginio Enrique (2003). Formação Crato da Bacia do Araripe: um reservatório análogo ao Calcário Trairí (Formação Paracuru), Bacia do Ceará (PDF). 2o Congresso Brasileiro de P&D em Petróleo & Gás. pp. 1–6.
Makarkin, V.N.; Menon, F. (2007). "First record of fossil 'rapismatid-like' Ithonidae (Insecta, Neuroptera) from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of Brazil". Cretaceous Research. 28 (5): 743–753. Bibcode:2007CrRes..28..743M. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2006.11.003.
Martill, David M.; Bechly, Günter; Loveridge, Robert F. (2007). The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil: Window into an Ancient World. Cambridge University Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-139-46776-6.
Pinheiro, Allysson P.; Saraiva, Antônio Á.F.; Santana, William (2014). "Shrimps from the Santana Group (Cretaceous: Albian): new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Dendrobranchiata) and new record (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea)" (PDF). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 86 (2): 1–8. doi:10.1590/0001-3765201420130338. PMID 24789213. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-24.
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